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consists in "knowing what is happening around or within us". It can be defined in a more technical way as a cognitive function allowing an operator to make sense of a situation, by perceiving the signals that characterize it, interpreting these signals into information to give them a meaning, and projecting them into the future to be able to use this interpreted information (Endsley, 1995). CS characterizes many professional activities - surgeon, pilot, cyclist, waiter... - where the perception of elements of the environment, then the comprehension of the events and their meaning, and then the projection of the state of the situation in the near future, allow the operator to accomplish his activity through a series of cognitive loops influenced by certain variables in dynamic evolution. To illustrate, during a medical operation, the surgeon must be aware of what is happening in the whole operating room (patient, medical technologies, global organization of the work team, communication modalities, types of psychosocial relationships), in order to understand how information, events, and each person's own actions will impact on the goals and objectives, both immediately and in the near future. The performance of the operation, here, implies having strong CS, that is, a high degree of knowledge about the information in and out, as well as a spontaneous ability to discern the situation and its evolution, the colleagues involved in the operation, the events influencing the variables that the surgeon can or cannot control. In contrast, lack of CS has been identified as one of the major factors in accidents and incidents attributed to human error. Thus, SA is particularly important in areas of work where the coordinated flow of reliable information is necessary for effective and safe decisions, as its absence leads to potentially serious consequences. Indeed, having a complete, immediate and accurate CS is essential when the complexity of the situation and the coordination of the technical gesture are a permanent concern of the operator., consiste à « savoir ce qui se passe autour de ou en nous ». Elle peut être définie de manière plus technique comme une fonction cognitive permettant à un opérateur de donner du sens à une situation, par la perception des signaux qui la caractérise, l'interprétation de ces signaux en information pour leur donner un sens, et la projection dans le futur pour pouvoir utiliser cette information interprétée (Endsley, 1995). La CS caractérise de très nombreuses activités professionnelles-chirurgien, pilote, cycliste, serveur…-où la perception d'éléments de l'environnement, puis la compréhension des événements de leur signification, et ensuite la projection de l'état de la situation dans un futur proche, permettent à l'opérateur d'accomplir son activité par des séries de boucles cognitives influencées par certaines variables en évolution dynamique. Pour illustration, lors d'une opération médicale, le chirurgien doit être conscient de ce qui se passe dans toute la salle d'opération (patient, technologies médicales, organisation globale de l'équipe de travail, modalités de communication, types de relations psychosociales), afin de comprendre comment l'information, les événements, et les propres actions de chacun auront un impact sur les buts et objectifs, à la fois immédiatement mais aussi dans un avenir proche. La performance de l'opération, implique ici d'avoir une forte CS, c'est-à-dire un degré élevé de connaissances relatives aux informations en entrées et sorties, ainsi qu'une capacité spontanée à discerner la situation et son évolution, les collègues impliqués dans l'opération, les événements influençant les variables que le chirurgien peut ou ne peut pas contrôler. A l'opposé, le manque de CS a été identifié comme l'un des principaux facteurs d'accidents et d'incidents attribués à l'erreur humaine. Ainsi, la CS est particulièrement importante dans les domaines de travail où la circulation coordonnée d'information fiable est nécessaire à des décisions performantes et sûres, car son absence entraine des conséquences potentiellement graves. En effet, disposer d'une CS qui soit complète, immédiate et exacte est essentiel lorsque la complexité de la situation et la coordination du geste technique sont une préoccupation permanente de l'opérateur.

International audience; This book is a follow-up of previous contributions in Human-Centered Design and practice in the development of virtual prototypes that requires progressive operational tangibility toward Human-Systems Integration (HSI). The book discusses flexibility in design and operations, tangibility of software-intensive systems, virtual human-centered design, increasingly-autonomous complex systems, Human-Factors and Ergonomics of sociotechnical systems, and systems of systems integration. This is an attempt to better formalize a systemic approach to HSI. Good HSI is a matter of maturity… it takes time to mature. It takes time for a human being to become autonomous, and then mature! HSI is a matter of human-machine teaming, where human-machine cooperation and coordination are crucial. We cannot think engineering design without considering people and organizations that go with it. We also cannot think new technology, new organizations and new jobs without considering change management, especially in digital organizations. The book will be of interest to industry, academia, those involved with systems engineering, human factors and the broader public. Features: • Discusses flexibility in design and operations of complex systems • Offers tangibility of software-intensive systems • Presents virtual human-centered design • Covers autonomous complex systems • Provides human factors and ergonomics of sociotechnical systems

International audience; Human Systems Integration (HSI) is a new multidisciplinary approach that combines hard sciences together with human and social sciences to the benefit of engineering problem stating and solving, as well as solutions delivery. It is strongly based on Human Centered Design (HCD) that benefits from cognitive engineering, advanced interaction media, organization design and management, life-critical systems, modeling and simulation, and complexity analysis (Boy, 2013). HCD is associated with systems engineering through systemic representation of Technology, Organizations and People (the TOP Model). System's functions and structures are intimately associated toward improving HSI. A system is composed of physical and cognitive functions and structures. A system is recursively defined as a system of systems, in the same way an agent is an agency of agent. HSI, as a discipline, is a natural evolution of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE), extending it to engineering design practices. It is also an evolution of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) by deepening user interface design to human-centered systems engineering design. Industry 4.0 innovations and developments promote 3D printing and Artificial Intelligence (AI) that facilitate HSI by enabling human-in-the-loop simulations and therefore virtual HCD, but require considering the tangibility concept seriously. If 20 th century's automation led to rigidity of practices, 21 st century's autonomy should lead to flexibility of practices both in engineering design and operations. Automation is typically based on single-agent approaches. Conversely, it becomes crucial to investigate autonomy on TOP-Model-based multi-agent approaches. Finally, developing a human-machine system requires us to consider other drivers such as complexity, maturity, stability and sustainability, which shape the structure-function relationships. This keynote will present a plan for HSI research, education, training and practice.

International audience; Human-systems integration can advantageously use artificial intelligence to reach socio-technical flexibility. This paper proposes a systemic approach combined human and machine intelligence based on the shift from rigid automation to flexible autonomy. It emphasizes various issues, including maturity , life-critical systems (considering not only cognitive but also physical properties), systems as representations of people and machines, and the need to consider expertise and experience. It provides a deeper definition of the concept of system as a system of systems, represented by a network of systems where a network of functions could be dynamically allocated onto a structure of structures. The TOP model is introduced (technology, organizations and people). Three dual design and operations processes for human-machine function allocation are introduced: substitution/automation; amplification/interaction; and specula-tion/amplification. Three kinds of operational processes, leading to allocation of human and machine functions, are presented: procedure following that leads to automation of people; automation monitoring that results from automation of machines ; and problem solving that involves coordination of increasingly-autonomous people and machines. This is precisely where AI could be efficient and effective by supplying tools that augment people's capabilities in problem solving. The overall approach has been coined "FlexTech".

International audience