Search

Purpose: This study assessed the reliability and load–velocity profiles of 3 different landmine-punch-throw variations (seated without trunk rotation, seated with trunk rotation, and standing whole body) with different loads (20, 22.5, and 25.0 kg), all with the dominant hand and nondominant hand. Methods: In a quasi-randomized order, 14 boxers (24.1 [4.3] y, 72.6 [10.1] kg) performed 3 repetitions of each variation with their dominant hand and their nondominant hand, with maximal effort and 3 minutes of interset rest. Peak velocity was measured via the GymAware Power Tool (Kinetic Performance Technologies). The interclass correlation coefficients and their 95% CIs were used to determine the intrasession reliability of each variation × load × hand combination. Additionally, a 2 (hand) × 3 (variation) repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the load–velocity profile slope, and a 3 (variation) × 2 (hand) × 3 (load) repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the peak velocity of each variation. Results: Most variations were highly reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient >.91), with the nondominant hand being as reliable or more reliable than the dominant hand. Very strong linear relationships were observed for the group average for each variation (R2 ≥.96). However, there was no variation × hand interaction for the slope, and there was no main effect for variation or hand. Additionally, there was no interaction for the peak velocity, but there were main effects for variation, hand, and load (P <.01). Conclusion: Each variation was reliable and can be used to create upper-body ballistic unilateral load–velocity profiles. However, as with other research on load–velocity profile, individual data allowed for more accurate profiling than group average data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explore the intersection between the ancient philosophical concept of àskēsis and contemporary boxing discipline, investigating boxing’s potential as an educational tool for cultivating ethics, personality, and virtues. Drawing on Hadot and Foucault’s theories, the study analyzes the ethopoietic purposes of Stoic spiritual exercises and technologies of the self, examining their relevance to modern boxing practices. By scrutinizing the cultural practices of boxing, the article elucidates how they can judiciously be employed to foster ethical development. By analyzing the parallels between philosophical doctrines and boxing ethics, an attempt is made to emphasize the embodiment of virtues that boxing champions could potentially have. In addition, the author, a former boxer turned coach, reflects on the changes in sporting values within boxing over the past two decades and discusses the practical and moral paradox of the problem of sub-concussions and concussions versus the formative purposes of ethos. While acknowledging the risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, the author argues that boxing, if approached consciously, can contribute positively to the development of personality and ethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal load training is a method of training that aims to maximize power output. This is achieved by arranging optimal loads (optimal ratios of load intensity and load volume) during strength training. The fixed load intensity and number of repetitions employed in traditional strength training. The present study will investigate the applicability of these two load arrangements to female elite boxers. Twenty-four elite female boxers were divided into three groups [optimal load (OL = 8), traditional load (TL = 8) and control group (CG = 8)]. The six-week intervention consisted of strength training with different loading arrangements. The punching ability and strength were tested before and after the intervention. We found that optimal load training enhances a boxer's punching ability and economy, which aligns with the demands of boxing and is suitable for high-level athletes, whose strength training loads require a more individualised and targeted approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitating the restoration of upper limb functionality is a key objective of stroke rehabilitation. This study aimed to compare the effects of boxing and scapular stabilization training on scapular mobility, balance angle, muscle strength, motor function, and satisfaction in hemiparetic patients. A total of sixty patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the boxing group (BG; n = 20), the scapular stabilization group (SSG; n = 20), or the control group (CG; n = 20) which received no treatment at all. Each treatment group participated in three sessions per week for a total of eight weeks. The scapular mobility, balance angle (SBA), muscle strength, upper extremity motor functions (Manual Function Test-MFT), and treatment satisfaction were evaluated. The BG group showed greater improvements in the SBA (F = 59,951; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.682), mobility-frontal plane (F = 7998; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.222), mobility-sagittal plane (F = 91,632; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.766), and mobility-transverse plane (F = 48,713; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.635) than did the CG group. BG strengthened the serratus anterior (F = 42,227; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.601), while SSG strengthened the infraspinatus (F = 31,772; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.532) more than did CG. Compared with those in the SSG, supraspinatus (F = 52,589; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.653), upper trapezius (F = 42,890; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.605), anterior deltoideus (F = 30,844; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.524), latissimus dorsi (F = 84,345; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.751), MFTs (F = 52,363; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.652) and satisfaction (p = 0.008) were greater in the BG. Both approaches had a beneficial impact on the recovery process. However, boxing training was more effective than scapular stabilization training for several parameters. Clinical Trial Number: NCT05568173 date 5/10/2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of Ringside Physicians (ARP) is committed to the concept of fair competition. It advocates for two equally skilled and matched athletes to keep bouts fair, competitive, entertaining, and, most importantly, safe for all combatants. Numerous studies have proven that transgender women may have a competitive athletic advantage against otherwise matched cis-gender women. Likewise, transgender men may suffer a competitive disadvantage against cis-gender men. These differences – both anatomic and physiologic – persist despite normalization of sex hormone levels and create disparities in competitive abilities that are not compatible with the spirit of fair competition. More importantly, allowing transgender athletes to compete against cisgender athletes in combat sports, which already involve significant risk of serious injury, unnecessarily raises the risk of injury due to these differences. Hence the ARP does not support transgender athlete competition against cisgender athletes in combat sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combat sports, such as boxing and mixed martial arts [MMA], have the unique objective to finish a bout by way of knockout [KO] or technical knockout [TKO]. There are potentially both short- and long-term neurological injuries that can happen as a result of the repeated head trauma sustained in bouts, and thus it is imperative to identify the athletes that are at increased risk. Using an online database of professional boxing bouts [boxrec.com] over a 6-month period, KO/TKO rates were calculated across different states, weight classes, sex, and Fight Exposure Score [FES] categories. There was found to be a significant association between KO/TKO rates and weight class, sex, and FES category with heavyweights, males and FES 0 boxers having higher KO/TKO rates. KO/TKO rates were increased in winless boxers. KO/TKO rates across the states are documented in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport visual ability plays an important role in the performance of elite athletes in competition. However, its relationship with boxers' performance has not been fully understood. This study investigated the relationship between sports visual abilities and in-competition punching performance in 26 highly trained male amateur boxers. Ten visual abilities of the boxers were tested using the Senaptec Sensory Station (Senaptec, Beaverton, OR, United States), including Visual Clarity (VC), Contrast Sensitivity (CS), Depth Perception (DP), Near Far Quickness (NFQ), Target Capture (TC), Perception Span (PS), Multiple Object Tracking (MOT), Eye- Hand Coordination (EHC), Go/No Go (GNG), and Reaction Time (RT). Performance analyses were conducted on national boxing championships conducted by the boxers to analyze their punching accuracy. Correlation and regression analyses showed that punch performance %Hit was very strong correlated with DP, EHC, GNG, and RT, and showed a strong correlation with VC, CS, and PS. %Hit was moderate correlated with MOT, while there was no correlation with NFQ and TC. In addition, RT, EHC, and DP are important visual ability variables for boxers. The results of this study indicate that there is an overall relationship between sports visual ability and boxing performance, but there is also a specific relationship between variables in visual ability and boxing performance, especially faster reaction times, better processing of visual information, and decision-making abilities, and the ability to accurately recognize the distance and position of an opponent and their punches are essential for enhancing boxing performance. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between sport visual ability and more comprehensive performance in boxers, and the possibility of enhancing performance through specific visual training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article examines athletes preparing for, transitioning into, or going through the developmental stages of a professional sports career, referred to as the emerging athlete career transition. This transition includes events such as selections, Junior-to-Senior promotions, contracting, migration, and early exits. The article presents the collective findings of a multi-case study in three professional sports: rugby league, basketball, and boxing. Method: Consistent with pragmatic qualitative research methodology, a stratified data set was collected and analysed, incorporating researcherpractitioner fieldwork, interviews, documents and artefacts for these cases. This article explores unique events and the demographic and cultural implications of navigating emergent transitions along professional sporting pathways in New Zealand. Findings: These findings highlight the importance of building self-efficacy as a pre-condition for coping through preparation and experience. Recommendations: Recommendations include fostering collaborative cultures and authentic support relationships to facilitate better coping alongside athletic and personal development in these high-pressured environments. Furthermore, understanding existential perspectives of meaning, choice, and responsibility provides insights for developing the resources that allow emerging athletes to thrive in life beyond sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Robust surveillance of injury aetiology and epidemiology is recognised as fundamental for effective injury reduction and management programmes. However, while sex-specific differences in injury type and nature are noted in the literature, it is unclear if these are reflected in surveillance practices, and how the athlete is affected. Objective: Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review contact breast injuries (CBIs) among adult female athletes. Methods: The following databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus including MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. The literature search was conducted in May 2023 and the search was limited to articles in the English and German language. Studies including female athletes, aged 18 years and above, in any sports (team or individual) at any level (amateur, semi-professional and professional), where an occurrence of CBI was documented were included. Studies were included irrespective of their investigated timeframes (e.g. the whole career, one or multiple seasons). Findings were categorised (e.g. sport, level of competition and investigated timeframe of the study) to enable possible comparisons. Case studies were excluded due to the non-generalisability of findings. Results: Of the six studies included, rugby codes (rugby union, rugby league and rugby sevens) had the highest occurrence rate (62.0%) of CBIs among eight different investigated sports (rugby codes 62.0%, softball 59.5%, Australian Football League (AFL) 51.0%, water polo 50.0%, soccer 46.7%, basketball 27.6–48.8%, volleyball 34.6%, boxing 0.0%). Between 25.6% and 62.0% of participants reported incurring a CBI and between 0.0% and 42.9% of CBIs were reported to a medical professional or support staff. The reported treatment rate for CBIs ranged between 0.0% and 2.1%, The main mechanisms for CBIs (where reported) were contact with another athlete (AFL 37.6%, rugby codes 56%) the ball (AFL 31.6%, rugby codes 25.5%) and the ground (AFL 6.6%, rugby codes 22%). Between 18.2% and 48% of the participants reported that CBIs negatively affected their performance. Risk factors increasing CBIs were positional differences, larger breast size and higher body mass index (BMI). In-season injury data collection and surveillance supported through education of both players and medical staff were identified to be of relevance for future CBI prevention. None of the studies reported incidence rate. Conclusion: Despite the frequent occurrence of CBIs among female athletes, reporting and treatment remains low. Awareness and education of all stakeholders are fundamental to ensuring better breast safety in female sport. Identifying the mechanics, severity and risk factors of CBIs through thorough injury surveillance must be a focus of further research. Registration: The study was preregistered on Open Science Framework (OSF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurological effects and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of sports‐related concussion (SRC) in active young boxers remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the impairment of white matter microstructure and assess changes in glymphatic function following SRC by utilizing neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) on young boxers who have sustained SRC. A total of 60 young participants were recruited, including 30 boxers diagnosed with SRC and 30 healthy individuals engaging in regular exercise. The assessment of whole‐brain white matter damage was conducted using diffusion metrics, while the evaluation of glymphatic function was performed through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS) index. A two‐sample t‐test was utilized to examine group differences in DTI and NODDI metrics. Spearman correlation and generalized linear mixed models were employed to investigate the relationship between clinical assessments of SRC and NODDI measurements. Significant alterations were observed in DTI and NODDI metrics among young boxers with SRC. Additionally, the DTI‐ALPS index in the SRC group exhibited a significantly higher value than that of the control group (left side: 1.58 vs. 1.48, PFDR = 0.009; right side: 1.61 vs. 1.51, PFDR = 0.02). Moreover, it was observed that the DTI‐ALPS index correlated with poorer cognitive test results among boxers in this study population. Repetitive SRC in active young boxers is associated with diffuse white matter injury and glymphatic dysfunction, highlighting the detrimental impact on brain health. These findings highlight the importance of long‐term monitoring of the neurological health of boxers. Highlights: Boxing is a contact sport involving direct physical impact, leading to the occurrence of repeated concussions and sub‐concussions among boxers throughout their careers; however, the routine detection of brain tissue lesions through CT and MRI remains a challenging task.Advanced magnetic resonance diffusion imaging diffusion MRI is performed on young active boxers to assess the extent of white matter damage and glymphatic function.The brains of active young boxers have extensive white matter microstructure damage and glymphatic dysfunction, which is associated with poorer cognitive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study is to further the limited body of evidence regarding the effects of a group-based boxing intervention for those with Parkinson's disease (PD). Design: A retrospective cohort study was performed analyzing data collected on outcome measures at 6-month intervals up to 2 years. Individuals participated in the standardized "Rock Steady Boxing" (RSB) program for up to 24 months. Every 6 months, measures were taken of balance (Fullerton Advanced Balance [FAB] Scale), functional mobility (Timed-Up and Go [TUG]), lower extremity strength (30-second Chair Stand [30CST]), and gait speed (10 Meter Walk Test [10MWT]). Methods: Statistical significance (P <.05) was determined by a two-tailed t test. Data were collected from RSB-affiliated programs at 4 locations across the southeastern United States. Current and/or past participants in RSB with baseline and at least one subsequent outcome measure were included, resulting in 68 participants (54 male, 14 female, and mean age of 71.2 years ± 8.56 standard deviation). Results: Statistically significant improvements in FAB scale, TUG, and 30CST over time were found at both 6- and 12-month time points. Significant changes continued through 18 months for FAB and 30CST. No significant changes in 10MWT were observed; however, a moderate effect size was observed at the 1-year point. Conclusions: Participants with PD were able to achieve statistically significant improvements in standard measures of functional mobility, balance, and strength within the timeline of this study. Limitations include the retrospective nature, an inability to monitor adherence, and lack of control over pharmaceutical or other interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the variations in power performance and perceptual training responses and compare the physical performance of national boxing athletes qualified or not qualified for the Tokyo Olympic Games over a 7-month training period. Methods: Twelve amateur boxers from the Brazilian national team were tested 6 times across 7 months. In the first assessment, boxers performed squat and countermovement jumps and bench press, prone bench pull, half squat, and jump squat power tests. In the following testing sessions, only countermovement jump and bench press power were assessed. In addition, the rating of perceived exertion and total quality recovery status were assessed in 106 training sessions across the study. Independent t test and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used for data analysis purposes. Results: No significant differences (P >.05) were observed between Olympic and non-Olympic groups for any test variables (effect size [95% CI] ranging from 0.01 [−1.13 to 1.13] to 0.69 [−0.53 to 1.79]). No significant changes (P >.05) were detected throughout the study for countermovement jump height and bench press power in either group (effect size [95% CI] ranging from 0.01 [−1.13 to 1.13] to 1.03 [−0.25 to 2.14]). Overall, both groups exhibited similar variations in both rating of perceived exertion and total quality recovery over the 7-month period. Conclusions: Within the same national team, power-related performance was similar between Olympic and non-Olympic boxers. The maintenance of power abilities and optimization of technical and tactical skills seem to be key issues to consider during the final stages of preparation for international boxing competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Combat-sport athletes commonly undergo rapid weight loss prior to prebout weigh-in and subsequently rapid weight gain (RWG) prior to competition. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of RWG and weight differential (WD) between opponents on competitive success. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using data from professional mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing events held between 2015 and 2019. The primary outcome was RWG (relative and absolute) between weigh-in and competition stratified by bout winners and losers. Binary logistic regression was used to explore the relationships among bout outcome, RWG, and WD between competitors on the day of their bout. Results: Among 708 MMA athletes included, winners regained more relative body mass (8.7% [3.7%] vs 7.9% [3.8%], P <.01) than losers. In 1392 included male boxers, winners regained significantly more relative body mass (8.0% [3.0%] vs 6.9% [3.2%], P <.01) than losers. Each percentage body mass increase resulted in a 7% increased likelihood of victory in MMA and a 13% increase in boxing. The relationship between RWG and competitive success remained significant in regional and male international MMA athletes, as well as boxers. WD predicted victory in international mixed martial artists and boxers. WD predicted victory by knockout or technical knockout in international MMA athletes and regional boxers. Conclusion: This analysis of combat-sport athletes indicates that RWG and WD influence competitive success. These findings raise fair-play and safety concerns in these popular sports and may help guide risk-mitigating regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of boxing in Cape Town, South Africa, remains a minor focus of study amongst sport historians, compared to rugby, soccer or cricket. This article endeavours to address this situation by presenting a boxing narrative from 1932 to 1935. A literature review on boxing history in the British and American world is used to introduce the reader to this narrative. It shows how organised boxing in Cape Town’s black communities was historically rooted in all classes of people. It also reveals how the current body of academic research on black boxing is gaining momentum but is still in its infancy in South Africa. There are, however, many popular narratives from which researchers can draw. A methodological account is presented that outlines the reconstructionist method of historical research. Next, the article proceeds with a history of organised boxing, and it is shown how this sport was driven by class considerations from the nineteenth century onwards. The article concludes with the notion that professional boxing brought relief for promoters, boxers and gamblers during the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s. This ran parallel with the ‘upliftment’ project of the club movement with its theme of ‘keep the boys off the street’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methodology Results Conclusions To explore self‐reported dentofacial trauma and their potential endodontic sequelae in boxers using a questionnaire, followed by clinical and radiographic assessment to (1) compare the nature and number of self‐reported dentofacial injuries with physical evidence of injury sequelae; and (2) investigate potential risk factors influencing dentofacial trauma and their endodontic sequelae.A focus group validated questionnaire was completed by 176 boxers recruited from 16 London boxing clubs; 61 boxers from this cohort then attended a London dental hospital, for a clinical and radiographic assessment. Data from the questionnaire and clinical assessments were then collated and analysed using Chi‐squared or t‐tests.Questionnaire data revealed 87.5% of boxers reported a history of dentofacial trauma during boxing activity. The clinical and radiographic assessment detected evidence of dentofacial trauma in 91.8% of boxers and dental injury or endodontic‐related injury sequelae in 68.9% of boxers. There was a significant association between dentofacial trauma and boxers who did not participate in weekly neck weight sessions (p < .001), and there was a significant association between trauma‐related endodontic sequelae and: boxer age (p = .01); competitions per month (p = .002); and defensive skill (p = .007).A majority of the cohort had suffered dentofacial injuries and endodontic sequelae. The questionnaire data under‐reported musculoskeletal injuries and endodontic sequelae, suggesting that some hard‐tissue injuries following repetitive dentofacial trauma may have a subclinical presentation. Injury risk may be related to increased boxer age, defensive skills, frequency of participation in competitions, and frequency of neck weight sessions per week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For years, generations of medical students have complained that practice-oriented learning is neglected in medical studies. Further training assistants also complain about limited opportunities to learn subject-specific practical activities. Material and techniques: We are presenting a pilot project at the University Women's Hospital in Homburg, in which medical students complete an endoscopic hands-on course as part of the block internship gynaecology and obstetrics. During the course the students perform classic skills training and hand–eye coordination exercises and learn the first steps in endoscopic suturing (suture and rows of knots). The training concepts used can be implemented on simple boxing trainers and can therefore also be reproduced in clinics or in a private setting. Outcome: Altogether, 73 medical students did participate in the laparoscopy course. We were able to prove that the knotting time for a simple knot can be reduced from an average of 247 s to 40 s (80%) after completing our training programme. Based on the evaluation sheet that the students filled out after the course, we found a very-high acceptance for surgical simulation training within the student cohort. Discussion: Practical surgical exercises can complement the curriculum well and, as we can show with our work, are rated very positively by the students. For students in higher semesters, such practical courses can also provide an insight into the respective subject area and thus counteract the lack of skilled workers in surgical subjects. The practical year should not be the first contact with these practical courses, as at this timepoint a certain favoured subject has often already being chosen by the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on post-activation performance enhancement has been applied in several sporting settings, although this is lacking in a boxing setting. This study explored the effectiveness of 2 upper-body conditioning activities in improving punch-specific performance during an amateur boxing-simulated bout. On 3 separate occasions, 10 male senior elite amateur boxers performed the following conditioning activities before a boxing-specific simulation protocol: isometric (ISO) punch, elastic resistance (ER) punch, and a control trial. Boxers performed maximal punches against a vertically mounted force plate, and countermovement jumps (CMJ) at baseline, before round 1, after each round, and 4 minutes after the simulation. Both conditioning activities, but not the control trial, produced small worthwhile increases (effect size ≥ 0.20; equal to or greater than the smallest worthwhile change) in punch force, although worthwhile increases in rate of force development were limited to the cross during the ISO trial. No group-based improvements in CMJ performance were observed. Individual analysis revealed that 6 boxers improved punch-specific performance to the greatest extent in the ISO trial; in contrast, only 1 boxer did so in the ER trial. Three boxers exhibited similar performance increases across trials. In conclusion, both conditioning activities may be applied to an amateur boxer's warm-up to acutely enhance punch-specific performance. The ISO conditioning activity seems most effective; however, the interindividual variability suggests a need for protocols to be individualized to each athlete. The conditioning activities in the present study may be applied to sparring, competitive bouts, or to other combat sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No-contact boxing is becoming a popular exercise-based program to improve symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD), with growing scientific evidence. While many studies have demonstrated its physical, cognitive, and social benefits, fewer studies have focused on how participants perceive its benefits on everyday activities. This exploratory study aimed to investigate participants' experiences with no-contact boxing and self-perceived improvement in the completion of everyday tasks. A descriptive qualitative design was used. Two focus groups were conducted. Nine participants completed the study. Six themes emerged: (1) Camaraderie in the group creates a sense of social connection, (2) Self-perceived improvement in self-care and productivity (3) Positive experience due to the program approach, (4) Self-perceived physical and mental benefits, (5) Punching the bag as a symbolic of fighting PD, and (6) Increased motivation to pursue other exercise programs. No-contact boxing brings many self-perceived benefits to older adults living with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to see whether the death of a boxing athlete has legal consequences for the opposing athlete in terms of existing laws and regulations and who can be responsible if a boxing athlete dies in a match. In 1967, PERTINA officially entered as a member of KONI along with other parent organizations through the inauguration of Presidential Decree No. 57 of 1967, so that since then boxing has been considered a sport and articles 182 to 186 of the Criminal Code concerning sparring cannot be applied to boxing, the law that applies because boxing is Law no. 11 of 2022 concerning sports (Sports Law). Article 103 of the Sports Law does not recognize criminal penalties against athletes so that the death of an athlete in a match has no legal consequences for their opponents, however article 103 paragraph 1 of the Sports Law threatens criminal penalties for organizers who do not comply with the provisions of article 52 of the Sports Law. The world of sports knows the principle of Lex sportiva which can be explained as a special law governing sports created by the sports institution itself which applies and is enforced by and for the sports institution itself without intervention from the positive law of a country or international law. Article 61 and article 102 paragraph 5 of the Sports Law explicitly recognize this principle and the consequence of recognizing sports statutes in the Sports Law makes the boxing sports statutes (IBA statutes) become specialist lex for the Sports Law. Violations by organizers in article 103 paragraph 1 of the Sports Law are also regulated in article 9 in conjunction with article 26 in conjunction with article 32 of the IBA code of ethics so that in this case article 103 paragraph 1 in conjunction with article 52 of the Sports Law cannot be applied to organizers in the event of the death of an athlete in a match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headguard use is appropriate during some combat sports activities where the risks of injury to the face and ears are elevated. Headguards are highly effective in reducing the incidence of facial lacerations in studies of amateur boxers and are just as effective in other striking sports. They should be used in scenarios – especially sparring prior to competitions – where avoidance of laceration and subsequent exposure to potential blood-borne pathogens is important. Headguards are appropriate where avoidance of auricular injury is deemed important; limited data show a marked reduction in incidence of auricular injury in wrestlers wearing headguards. Headguards should not be relied upon to reduce the risk of concussion or other traumatic brain injury. They have not been shown to prevent these types of injuries in combat sports or other sports, and human studies on the effect of headguards on concussive injury are lacking. While biomechanical studies suggest they reduce linear and rotational acceleration of the cranium, changes in athlete behavior to more risk-taking when wearing headguards may offset any risk reduction. In the absence of high-quality studies on headguard use, the Association of Ringside Physicians recommends that further research be conducted to clarify the role of headguards in all combat sports, at all ages of participation. Furthermore, in the absence of data on gender differences, policies should be standardized for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Displaying nonverbal pride after a boxing match leads to judgements of success. However, it is not clear the extent to which this effect generalises nor whether it can override competing information. An experimental design had 214 participants watch two boxing clips that were manipulated so that one was evenly matched and the other had a fighter with an advantage (i.e. demonstrating more skill). Nonverbal behaviour at the completion of the fight varied between fighters (pride versus neutral). When the fight was evenly matched, the fighters displaying nonverbal pride were judged as winning the fight, but the fighter did not garner increased social influence. In contrast, when fighters demonstrated superior skill, the more skilled fighters who displayed neutral postures rather than the less-skilled ones displaying pride were judged as winning the fight, and the skilled fighters garnered increased social influence. These results suggest that in a boxing context, a pride bias works in evenly matched scenarios, but when differences in skill are more clearly present, a skill bias is more pronounced and leads to more social influence. Furthermore, perceptions of skill were associated with judgments of victory across stimuli, suggesting the importance of skill perceptions in such judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Boxing exposes fighters to head impacts and potential traumatic brain injury (TBI). Though research has explored the neuropsychiatric consequences of contact sports, there is limited research into Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) and its relationship to other outcomes, such as impulsiveness and depression. Therefore, this study aimed to describe EDS in retired boxers using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and to examine how boxing and sleepiness relate to impulsiveness and depression symptomatology. Methods: 86 male retired professional boxers from the Professional Fighters Brain Health Study (PFBHS) met the inclusion criteria. Adjusted multivariable models analyzed relationships between professional boxing bouts, EDS (ESS), impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11)), and/or depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)). A causal mediation analysis was performed to assess whether boxing bouts and ESS scores predicted BIS-11 and PHQ-9 scores. Results: Mean age was ∼51 years, fighters averaged ∼36 professional bouts, and ESS mean(SD) was 7.5(5.3). ESS scores were significantly associated with raw BIS-11 (Beta = 1.26, 95%CI = 0.77–1.75, p < 0.001) and ordinal PHQ-9 (OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.11–1.31, p < 0.001) scores in adjusted models, and the significant relationship between boxing bouts and BIS-11/PHQ-9 was mediated by ESS. Conclusions: EDS in retired male professional boxers may be strongly associated with other neuropsychiatric sequelae of TBI (impulsiveness and depression). Sleepiness; sleep; boxing; contact sports; impulsiveness; impulsivity; depression; Epworth sleepiness scale box [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire testing enables an individual or an organisation to make a claim about how a material, product, or system will perform in operational use. This paper describes and analyses the various reaction-to-fire tests that have used over the last 100 years in the UK. By analysing the commonalities and differences between these tests we propose a 'taxonomy of testing'. We suggest that tests may be classified by the degree to which users may unthinkingly apply the results—without leading to negative fire safety outcomes. We propose three categories: unrepresentative tests; model tests; and technological proof tests. Unrepresentative tests are those which do not mimic building fire scenarios, but have thresholds so conservative that users need not consider whether the test was applicable to their intended application. Model tests are those based on 'models' of expected fire scenarios—users must therefore be confident that the model is sufficiently similar to their application. Technological proof tests are those which provide a more realistic test of a real building system—users must carefully analyse the similarities between their test and the real building before applying the results. From this we conclude that where user competence is low, policymakers should cite only unrepresentative (and conservative tests) within their guidance. Conversely where user competence is high, policy makers may more safety cite model or technological proof tests. The kinds of tests that may be safely cited in guidance are therefore indelibly linked to the expertise of the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who box professionally in Accra recognize that bouts are physically harmful and that they involve violently subordinating one another. Yet they also share a sense that bouts can be spaces of mutual becoming and affirmation. To navigate the tension between harm and affirmation, boxers and coaches couch their work between the ropes in idioms of care and mutual support. These idioms reflect their understanding that their lives and futures are mutually dependent and intertwined. Yet conflicting accounts of what constitutes appropriate care in the ring arise when boxing's violence is framed in relation to different imagined futures, and when mutual benefit is imagined to occur in the more or less distant future. In the boxing ring and beyond, divergent forms of temporal work animate the unsettled and ambiguous nature of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PODIUM- Revista de Ciencia y Tecnologia en la Cultura Física is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The bodies of African American heavyweight boxers are political objects, regardless of the individual athlete's public persona, personal opinion, or possible activism. The cultural history of American boxing in general, and of the heavyweight championship in particular, is so infused with racial conflict and protest that no individual athlete can exist outside of its grasp. This article investigates the politicization of the Black masculine body in American heavyweight boxing. We are interested in affect-targeting strategies to either stage athletes' bodies as political instruments or to downplay and muzzle the weaponization of their bodily presence for political ends. As the fighter's public image—and, therefore, the image of his body—is necessarily a mediated one, the article analyses the mediation and media representations of Black heavyweight champions in the context of the historical commodification and fungibility of African American bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adapted boxing can help improve the physical functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Whether these benefits persist longitudinally is unclear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of a community-based adapted boxing program on the physical functioning and HRQoL of individuals with PD over 1–1.5 years. METHODS: Twenty-six individuals with PD agreed to share their results on tests administered upon enrollment in the program (PRE) and ∼431 days later (POST). The tests included the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale, (FAB), the Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG), the 30-second Sit-to-Stand test (30-STS), and the PD questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). RESULTS: From PRE to POST, performance significantly improved on the TUG and 30-STS tests (both p < 0.001), but not on the FAB (p = 0.79). Over the same period, PDQ-39 scores significantly increased (p = 0.05). No PRE to POST changes surpassed the minimal detectable change threshold. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that adapted boxing is at worst non-detrimental and at best potentially beneficial for muscle strength, endurance, and functional mobility in individuals with PD. However, adapted boxing probably cannot fully counteract the HRQoL decrements that accompany PD progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kumite is a karate sparring competition in which two players face off and perform offensive and defensive techniques. Depending on the players, there may be preliminary actions (hereinafter referred to as "pre-actions"), such as pulling the arms or legs, lowering the shoulders, etc., just before a technique is performed. Since the presence of a pre-action allows the opponent to know the timing of the technique, it is important to reduce pre-actions in order to improve the kumite. However, it is difficult for beginners and intermediate players to accurately identify their pre-actions and to improve them through practice. Therefore, this study aims to construct a practice support system that enables beginners and intermediate players to understand their pre-actions. In this paper, we focus on the forefist punch, one of kumite's punching techniques. We propose a method to estimate the presence or absence of a pre-action based on the similarity between the acceleration data of an arbitrary forefist punch and a previously prepared dataset consisting of acceleration data of the forefist punch without a pre-action. We found that the proposed method can estimate the presence or absence of a pre-action in an arbitrary forefist punch with an accuracy of 86%. We also developed KARATECH as a system to support the practice of reducing pre-actions using the proposed method. KARATECH shows the presence or absence of pre-actions through videos and graphs. The evaluation results confirmed that the group using KARATECH had a lower pre-action rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the multi‐states (MuSt) theory framework, this study examined the interplay between self‐confidence, emotional arousal control, worry, concentration disruption, challenge and threat appraisals, psychobiosocial experiences, and self‐evaluated performance of medalist kickboxers involved in the WAKO World Kickboxing Championship 2021. Participants were 103 gold, silver, or bronze medalists (58 women and 45 men), aged 18–39 (M = 25.16 ± 4.54 years), who were contacted via email and social media and asked to fill an online survey 3 months after the event. According to the MuSt theory predictions, self‐confidence and emotional arousal control were positively related to challenge appraisal, functional psychobiosocial experiences, and self‐evaluated performance. Worry and concentration disruption were positively associated with threat appraisal, and negatively related to functional psychobiosocial experiences; concentration disruption was also negatively related to self‐evaluated performance. Results from path analysis revealed a positive indirect link from self‐confidence to self‐evaluated performance via challenge appraisal and psychobiosocial experiences. Negative indirect links from worry and concentration disruption to self‐evaluated performance through threat appraisal and psychobiosocial experiences were significant. A positive indirect effect from emotional arousal control to self‐evaluated performance via psychobiosocial experiences was also shown. The findings are discussed in light of the MuSt theory. Highlights: According to the multi‐states (MuSt) theory predictions, we observed that self‐confidence and emotional arousal control were positively related to challenge appraisal, functional psychobiosocial experiences, and self‐evaluated performance.We also showed that worry and concentration disruption were positively associated with threat appraisal, and negatively related to functional psychobiosocial experiences, with concentration disruption being also negatively related to self‐evaluated performance.We provide preliminary support to the multidimensional interplay between functional (i.e., self‐confidence and emotional arousal control) and dysfunctional (i.e., worry and concentration disruption) individual dispositions, challenge and threat appraisals, psychobiosocial experiences, and performance.We recommend that athletes adopt self‐regulation strategies, such as self‐talk, imagery, cognitive restructuring, mindfulness, and action monitoring to improve their self‐confidence, challenge appraisal, functional emotions, and ability to manage competitive pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Boxing, a globally popular combat sport, demands technical precision and powerful strikes at the same time. The kinetic assessment of straight punches, specifically the rear cross and lead jab, is crucial for understanding the biomechanical factors influencing punch effectiveness. This study aims to explore the kinetic properties of these punches in trained boxers, focusing on punch force, acceleration, and the concept of a proximal-to-distal pattern. Methods: Thirteen advanced-level male boxers (body weight 90.6 ± 19.2 kg, height 184.0 ± 7.4 cm, experience 9.5 ± 6.5 y) from local clubs participated in this study. Using a force plate and wireless IMU sensors, we recorded punch force and limb acceleration during the execution of rear-cross and lead-jab punches. Data analysis involved statistical tests to compare the kinetic differences (Mann–Whitney U-test) between the two punch types and assessment of the influence of body mass and training tenure on punch effectiveness (multiple regression analysis). Significant differences were observed between the rear cross and lead jab in terms of total ground reaction force ( x ¯ = 1709.28 N vs. x ¯ = 1176.55 N), acceleration of the fist ( x ¯ = 94.33 m/s2 vs. x ¯ = 66.07 m/s2), forearm ( x ¯ = 67.11 m/s2 vs. x ¯ = 41.62 m/s2) and arm ( x ¯ = 88.40 m/s2 vs. x ¯ = 81.36 m/s2), and target contact time ( x ¯ = 0.03 s vs. 0.02 s). The rear-cross punch exhibited higher kinetic values, indicating greater effectiveness. Additionally, body mass and training tenure were identified as significant factors influencing punch force (R2 score = 0.640). Conclusions: This study confirmed the biomechanical superiority of the rear cross over the lead jab in terms of generated force among trained boxers. The findings highlight the importance of coordination between each segment's acceleration to generate a powerful strike. These insights are valuable for coaches and athletes in optimizing training strategies for boxing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injuries in combat sports can happen to any athlete, regardless of gender, age, training experience or whether he or she is an amateur or a professional. The range of injuries varies from superficial, short-term damage to severe injuries with serious consequences, including death. There are many types of combat sports, each with different rules and specific injuries. Amongst various divisions of combat sports, one of the basic ones is the division into ground and stand-up sports. In the following work, using the available literature, we wanted to present the specifications of several of the most popular combat sports and compare their most common locations of injuries, types of injuries and mechanisms of their formation, paying attention to which of these categories a given sport belongs to. We also discuss differences in the rate of injury for different age, genders, prevalence of injuries during situations of practice and competition. In the end, it is presented what are the possible long-term complications of injuries in combat sports and which actions such as protective gear, bans on certain techniques or behavioural changes might reduce the injury rate to protect the athletes health, well-being and decrease the economic burden on healthcare systems.

IntroductionThis article examines athletes preparing for, transitioning into, or going through the developmental stages of a professional sports career, referred to as the emerging athlete career transition. This transition includes events such as selections, Junior-to-Senior promotions, contracting, migration, and early exits. The article presents the collective findings of a multi-case study in three professional sports: rugby league, basketball, and boxing.MethodConsistent with pragmatic qualitative research methodology, a stratified data set was collected and analysed, incorporating researcher-practitioner fieldwork, interviews, documents and artefacts for these cases. This article explores unique events and the demographic and cultural implications of navigating emergent transitions along professional sporting pathways in New Zealand.FindingsThese findings highlight the importance of building self-efficacy as a pre-condition for coping through preparation and experience.RecommendationsRecommendations include fostering collaborative cultures and authentic support relationships to facilitate better coping alongside athletic and personal development in these high-pressured environments. Furthermore, understanding existential perspectives of meaning, choice, and responsibility provides insights for developing the resources that allow emerging athletes to thrive in life beyond sport.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of upper-body punch-specific isometric (ISO) and elastic resistance (ER) conditioning activities (CAs) on the punch force and neuromuscular performance of amateur boxers. Methods: Ten male senior elite amateur boxers (19.7 [1.2]| y; height 180.9 [7.0] cm; mass 78.7 [9.6] kg) visited the laboratory on 4 separate occasions. Initially, the participants performed baseline physical tests comprising bench-press 1-repetition maximum and countermovement jumps. On the other 3 occasions, the boxers performed maximal punches against a vertically mounted force plate and maximal countermovement jumps prior to and following an ISO or ER CA, as well as a control trial. Results: No interactions between CA × time were found in all performance variables. As observed by mean changes, effect sizes, and signal:noise ratio, both the ISO and ER, but not the control trial, consistently produced small to moderate, worthwhile increases in punch force and rate of force development, with the greatest increases in performance typically observed in the ISO trial. No meaningful improvements were observed in countermovement jump performance in all trials, indicative of a localized postactivation performance enhancement effect. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ISO and ER CAs may be implemented in an amateur boxers' warm-up to acutely enhance punch-force variables, although the ISO punch appears to be the superior CA to improve punch-specific performance. The CAs used in the present study may also be relevant to other combat sports inclusive of a striking element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]