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Felodipine, a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension, is a BCS Class II drug characterized by low solubility, high permeability and significant hepatic metabolism, which limits its bioavailability to 15 %. This study focuses on improving the bioavailability of Felodipine by developing oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) incorporating lipid nanoparticles. Felodipine loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared using glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as lipid and Poloxamer 407 as the surfactant, and then incorporated into OFDFs using the solvent casting technique. A Box-Behnken design with Design Expert Stat-Ease® 360 was used to evaluate the impact of GMO, Poloxamer 407 concentration, and sonication time on particle size and entrapment efficiency. The resulting nanoparticle dispersions had particle sizes ranging from 74.92 nm to 112.1 nm and entrapment efficiencies between 80.43 % and 95.23 %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed successful drug encapsulation. The OFDF showed optimal mechanical properties, disintegration within (41.33 ± 3.51) s, and an in-vitro drug release of (89.82 ± 2.75) % in 6 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a smooth, uniform, porous surface and the films remained stable for three months. The study concludes that Felodipine loaded lipid nanoparticles in fast-dissolving OFDFs improve permeability, dissolution, and onset of action, making them a promising approach for antihypertensive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycopene, a lipophilic antioxidant, was extracted from a Moroccan industrial tomato peels by-product using essential oils (EOs) as eco-friendly solvents. Peppermint essential oil (PEO), rosemary essential oil (REO), verbena essential oil (VEO), and thyme essential oil (TEO) were used as solvents. The highest extraction yield was obtained with REO. Response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken design was used to maximize the extraction yield of lycopene. Optimal conditions were determined as follows: a solvent-to-material ratio of 35:1 (mL/g), a time of 60 min and a temperature of 60 °C. As a plant-based antioxidant, the lycopene extract was added to refined olive oil (ROO) to evaluate its oxidative stability during 5 months of storage at 40 °C. ROO enriched with lycopene extract at a concentration of 1 mg/g showed the lowest degree of oxidation, as evidenced by the lowest values of peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, free acidity, and specific extinction coefficients K232 and K270, compared to ROO containing 0.5 mg/g of lycopene extract and ROO containing 0.2 mg/g of BHA + BHT. The results of this study demonstrate that EOs are effective solvents for producing a value-added lycopene extract that can be an effective alternative to synthetic antioxidants. The study also highlights the synergistic effect of lycopene extract on ROO oxidation stability, shelf life and nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Trichoderma filamentous fungi in the wide concept of biocontrol is still a highly relevant topic. The multifaceted nature of their impact on phytopathogenic microorganisms results from the species diversity and complexity of their antagonistic action. The presented research aimed to determine optimal cultivation conditions of two T. citrinoviride strains for the biosynthesis of major enzymes especially those involved in the biocontrol process. Culture conditions were optimized using a three-factor Box-Behnken design to maximize the yield of chitinase and lichenase. The following independent variables were included in the model: incubation temperature, initial pH, and supplementation with fungal biomass. As a result of statistical optimization, unprecedented activities of extracellular lytic enzyme were achieved. For the B1 and B3 strains, the optimal pH was 3.5 or 7.5, respectively, in the determination of chitinase biosynthesis. It was similar for the biosynthesis of β-1.3 and β-1.4 glucanases, but at higher cultivation temperature. The exception was the B3 strain, for which the optimal pH in glucanase biosynthesis was 5.5. The most stimulating culture temperature in the process of chitinase biosynthesis and β-1.3 and β-1.4 glucanases was above 25 °C. In that, the levels of enzyme biosynthesis and corresponding composition culture environment were confirmed to be strain-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrome steel is a quality high-carbon alloy steel that offers a high degree of hardness with compressive strength, abrasion resistance, good ductility relatively good impact properties at low temperatures. This paper aims to determine the best set of process parameters for TIG welding on chrome steel alloys (EN31 and AISI 52100) to achieve higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness (BHN). Current (A: 150–200 A), weld speed (B: 2–4 mm/s), and electrode diameter (C: 2–3 mm) were used as input parameters for TIG welding process. The Box–Behnken method of the RSM approach was used to conduct the Design of Experiments (DoE). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) employs an arithmetical approach to determine the perfect amount of dependent variables to make best-designing limitations via confirmation readings. UTS and BHN values are observed from 225 to 321.5 MPa and 78.5 to 97.5 HV respectively. From the SN ratio response table, it is noticed that the optimal conditions for UTS are obtained at current-175 A (level 2), welds speed-4 m/s (level 3), and electrode diameter-2.5 mm (level 2) and the current is the main parameter to improve the UTS and BHN of the joint followed by weld speed and electrode diameter. Based on SEM analysis, it is been noted that the presence of voids in the weld pool can be attributed to the absorption of oxygen and nitrogen from the surrounding atmosphere as well as inadequate shielding gas. The primary cause of fracture is overload with the failure being predominantly influenced by the coalescence of microporosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the relationships between cutting parameters and their effects on surface roughness during the turning process of aluminum alloy 6063 when dry machining is used. In order to construct a model utilizing Box–Behnken Design and analyze the surface quality of the three machining variables, experiments were conducted. The factors employed in this study are input factors Spindle speed depth of cut and feed rate, in order to predict surface roughness. The experiment was designed by using Box–Behnken Design in which 17 samples were machined in a lathes machine. Each of the experimental results was measured using an SRT-6210S surface roughness tester. After achieving the data the Box–Behnken Design was used to predict the surface roughness. The ANOVA shows the significant factors and their interaction effects on the surface roughness and the model developed shows an accuracy of 95% which is realistically reliable for surface roughness prediction. With the obtained optimum input factors of 165 rev/min, depth of cut 1 mm, and feed rate 0. 5 mm/rev achieved predicted surface roughness of 9 μm. Therefore, the optimum input factors will greatly reduce the surface roughness and it will have improved manufacturing operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative effects of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut on surface quality of the turned 316 LVM stainless steel work piece and tool wear of the TiAlN/CrN coated insert was investigated using Response surface methodology. Subsequently, FEM analysis of the tool wear using DEFORM-3D software was carried out. ANOVA analysis was formulated and regression was performed to understand the interactive effect of the process variables on the quality indicators. Further, a FEM-based method is defined to predict the advancement of tool wear during cutting operations. The cutting process was simulated using Deform 3D FEM software, and a suitable subroutine was added to the software to assess tool wear. An estimation of the tool wear value is made using well-known analytical models. The FEM model was calibrated and validated through experimental tests by turning 316 LVM stainless steel with ISO P40 TiAlN/CrN coated tools. The results from the FEM analysis and the experimental data were in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research focuses on the development and characterization of oil-wetted spun-bonded polypropylene (PP) non-woven filters for improved air intake systems in automobiles. The study aims to enhance engine performance, durability, fuel economy and emission reduction by addressing key aspects such as contaminants filtration efficiency, loading capacity, pressure drop, temperature performance and longevity. Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology involves the utilization of textile fabrics, particularly oil-wetted spun-bonded PP non-woven filters, renowned for their effective particle collection capability from intake air. Experiments were conducted using a Box–Behnken design with three variables – oil concentration, areal density and dust quantity – each at three different levels to establish correlations with the filter's dust holding capacity (DHC) and pressure drop. Findings: The findings indicate that immersing particles in oil-coated medium significantly enhances the filter's DHC. Notably, castor oil as a coating demonstrates remarkable results, with a 97.53% increase in DHC and a high particulate matter filtration efficiency of 94.12%. Originality/value: This study contributes to the originality of research by emphasizing the importance of oil density in determining the filter's DHC and filtration efficiency. Furthermore, it highlights the superiority of castor oil over coconut oil-coated filter media, advancing air intake and/or filter systems for automotive engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) is a beneficial natural source for obesity due to its rich content of phenolic compounds. It has been shown that phenolic compounds have antiobesity properties through a variety of molecular mechanisms. The goal of the current study was to identify the optimal conditions of green ultrasonic extraction (UAE) for Caucasian whortleberry via phenolic compounds and lipase inhibition. The experimental design was carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) to detect optimum conditions of ultrasonic extraction. Three levels of three independent variables were incorporated into the BBD: ethanol concentration, temperature and time. RP‐HPLC analysis was utilised to quantify the phenolic content, and the spectroscopic method was used to evaluate the lipase inhibitions. Quadratic response surface models were suggested according to the results of the BBD model adequacy test (p < 0.0001) performed by multiple regression analysis. The data showed that the sinapic acid concentration and lipase inhibition are significantly impacted by the extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for sinapic acid content and lipase inhibition were detected as 100% ethanol concentration, 60°C and 60 min. The highest sinapic acid content (13.66 mg/g dry extract) and lipase inhibition level (IC50 = 66.22 μg/mL) with desirability of 0.8583 resulted under optimal conditions. In comparison with the conventional extraction method, optimal conditions resulted in a notable rise of 57.01% for sinapic acid content and a substantial increase of 53.12% for lipase inhibitory effect. These optimal conditions mediated more sinapic acid content and lipase inhibitor activity can be suggested for the development of food supplements or herbal medicine with Caucasian whortleberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this work, we present a simple method for the pyrofabrication of a new kaolinite‐ silver oxide quantum dots nanocomposite (Kao‐Ag2O/QDs) that is used for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. A homogenous combination of kaolinite and silver nitrate was sintered up to 350 °C to create the extremely effective photocatalyst (Kao‐Ag2O/QDs). Various analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Kao‐Ag2O/QDs photocatalyst such as XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM–EDX, TEM, DTA/TGA, ZP, BET, and UV–Vis DRS. The degradation of RhB and IC dyes through the photocatalyst was carried out in aqueous solutions utilizing several pH dye solutions and sustainable solar energy in atmosphere conditions. The nanocomposite that was prepared had shown an enhanced specific surface area of 53.3005 m2/g, a pore size of 8.1197 nm, and a total pore volume of 0.216 cm3/g. It also displayed an optical band gap energy of 2.9 eV. The study creates that employing the ideal dose of 2000 and 1500 mg/L of the Kao‐Ag2O/QDs photocatalyst at neutral conditions (pH = 7) resulted a maximum degradation effectiveness of RhB and IC of 91.06 and 93.46% after 90 min, respectively. RhB and IC dyes degradation followed Langmuir first‐order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0217 and 0.0216 min−1 at pH = 7, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation activity for RhB dye is based on hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and superoxide radicals (˙O2−), while the mechanism of IC removal is based on superoxide radicals (˙O2−), as revealed by scavenger‐based radical trapping studies. A triple reusability study found that the Kao‐Ag2O photocatalyst is highly stable with degradation efficiencies of RhB and IC dyes from the initial 91.09 to 90.04, 88.54, and 86.27% and from the initial 93.46 to 92.8, 91.4 and 89.32%, respectively. The optimal situations for the parameters were identified by the Box–Behnken design (BBD), which was well matched with photocatalytic degradation tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application In this study, Phylloporia fontanesiae polysaccharide was successfully isolated through a sequential water extraction and alcohol precipitation process. Utilizing the Box–Behnken design, the extraction process was optimized based on single‐factor experiments, considering variables such as the material‐to‐liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and the number of extractions. The polysaccharide composition of P. fontanesiae is predominantly composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, and galactose, with a molar mass ratio of 4.31:4.10:36.83:1, along with minor amounts of aminoglucose and fucose. The polysaccharide fraction of P. fontanesiae comprises two distinct components, possessing relative molecular masses of 8.85 kDa and 134.03 kDa. Notably, the polysaccharide exhibited significant antioxidant activity. After undergoing simulated gastrointestinal digestion, no significant changes were observed in its antioxidant activity, molecular weight, or monosaccharide composition. This study not only enhanced the extraction efficiency of P. fontanesiae polysaccharide but also provided valuable insights into its composition, structure, and digestion characteristics.The optimum extraction process, stability, and antioxidant activity of Phylloporia fontanesiae polysaccharide during simulated digestion of gastrointestinal tract were studied. The results provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of this polysaccharide in the field of food and health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel approach to addressing environmental issues by developing fish-scale carbon nanoparticles (FSCNPs) with a wide range of colors from discarded fish scales. The process involves hydrothermally synthesizing raw tamban (Sardinella) fish scales sourced from Universal Canning, Inc. in Zamboanga City, Philippines. The optimization of the synthesis was achieved using the response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design. The resulting FSCNPs exhibited unique structural and chemical properties akin to carbonized polymer dots, enhancing their versatility. The solid-state fluorescence of these nanoparticles can be modulated by varying their concentration in a polyvinylpyrrolidone matrix, yielding colors such as blue, green, yellow, and red-orange with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.23, 0.38), (0.32, 0.43), (0.37, 0.43), and (0.46, 0.48), respectively. An analysis of the luminescence mechanism highlights cross-linking emissions, aggregation-induced emissions, and non-covalent interactions, which contribute to concentration-dependent fluorescence and tunable emission colors. These optical characteristics suggest that FSCNPs have significant potential for diverse applications, particularly in opto-electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to develop and optimize Khellin-loaded ethosomes formulation to enhance the topical delivery of Khellin for the management of psoriasis. Based on vesicle size, polydispersity (PdI) and encapsulation efficiency, the formulation was optimized using the "3-factor 3-level", Box-Behnken design (BBD). Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-psoriatic activity were further assessed for the optimized formulation. The optimized formulation carried vesicles with a size of 214.64 ± 0.04 nm, PdI 0.387 ± 0.001 and an encapsulation efficiency of 68.38 ± 0.01%. Rhodamine-B loaded formulation was applied to mice skin, and the penetration depth was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). It was found that the Rhodamine-B solution penetrated mice’s skin to a depth of 20.0 µm. However, the Rhodamine-B loaded ethosomes formulation penetrated mice’s skin to a depth of 55.0 µm. Further, the Khellin-loaded ethosomes formulation possessed strong antioxidant activity, presented a good reduction in paw edema, and showed good anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the prepared Khellin-loaded ethosomes formulation exhibited considerable effects against psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on an experimental investigation aiming at simultaneously optimizing tensile strength and elastic modulus of 3D-printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) filament material while considering raster angle, printing speed, and layer thickness as the independent process-related control parameters. The Box-Behnken design of experiments (BBD) was applied to design the necessary number of experiments and establish the experimental design for fabricating experimental dog-bone samples of standard geometry. Further on, second-order regression models for tensile strength and elastic modulus were generated and employed to predict the three independent structural parameters and maximize tensile strength and elastic modulus. A neural network model was examined for its efficiency in terms of predicting the two responses. Results show a high correlation between inputs and outputs, enabling reliable modeling towards the objective of optimizing both the strength and elasticity of PMMA-fabricated parts. Regression models exhibited high correlation (R2) equal to 97.81% and 97.26% for tensile strength and elastic modulus, respectively. Simulation results referring to the neural network suggest a high correlation between outputs and targets during training (R = 0.9762), validation (R = 0.9974), and testing (R = 0.9808). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the hard turning process of AISI M2, due to its high hardness and high strength, the tool wear is serious. Tool wear seriously restricts the economic feasibility of hard turning and the machining quality of workpiece. Therefore, it is very necessary to take optimization measures of cutting parameters to reduce tool wear. In this research, 15 groups of hard turning experiments were carried out based on BBD. The relative wear of tool flank in hard turning per unit material volume was taken as the optimization objective, and the prediction model of relative wear of tool flank was established. The research results were as follows: (1) the wear forms of CBN tool were crater wear of tool rake, abrasive wear of tool flank and cutting edge wear; (2) the correlation coefficient R2 of the prediction model was 0.9922, and the adjusted correlation coefficient R adj 2 was 0.9843; and (3) the contribution of feed rate to the relative wear of tool flank was 48.83%, and that of depth of cut was 22.05%. A = 81.17 m/min, B = 0.15 mm/rev and C = 0.2 mm were the optimal cutting parameters. This research is helpful to reduce the tool wear in hard turning and improve the economic feasibility of hard turning precision machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barite is an inorganic mineral mainly constituted by barium sulfate (BaSO4) which finds applications across a variety of industries. Low quality barite can be beneficiated to meet high-purity requirement. Thus, in this work, we developed an optimum beneficiation process for upgrading barite-bearing ore from Azare in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The optimum condition for the beneficiation was established using response surface methodology (RSM) while the beneficiated barite was characterized using standard tests such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). After beneficiation, the specific gravity and other properties, such as moisture content were determined and found within acceptable standards, indicating that impurities were removed. XRD structural patterns revealed highly crystalline peaks after treatment, while XRF analysis indicated BaSO4 as the primary component with reduced gangue impurities. The presence of barite in the samples was evidenced by the identified absorption peaks from FTIR analysis. Surface morphology characteristics revealed that the barite morphology changed significantly following beneficiation. The results of the beneficiation process showed that for the optimized process using RSM, the maximum yield of BaSO4 obtained was 99.78%. The properties of the barites obtained under the optimized conditions were all within the API standard. Accordingly, the beneficiated barite sample has prospective applications in drilling mud formulation, pharmaceuticals, medicine, rubber, paint, ceramics and glass industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Box-Behnken design (B.B.D.) experiment was used to optimise the extraction parameters of Swietenia mahogany Jacq. (L) bark, and the chemical constituents responsible for the antibacterial property were examined. Independent variables including time, temperature, and concentration were optimised to produce the maximum yield percentage. The quadratic model was created using the dependent variable as yield percentage (Y%), and three independent variables such as temperature (40 to 70 oC), extraction duration (1 to 2 h), and concentration (acetone and plant extract ratio) (4 to 10%). The yield of 17 sample runs was coated on cotton fabric to measure the antibacterial activity by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test method. The maximum extract yield (23.25%) was found in the study's results with the independent parameters of temperature (55°C), extraction time (2h), and concentration (4%). Chemical analysis using ATR-FTIR was performed to identify significant chemical bonding groups in the extract at maximum yield conditions. The process parameters were used to create a quadratic regression model, and it was found that all the model's chosen components were significant. The effect of concentration on extraction yield is most significant among the three factors. The antibacterial activity of all 17 extracts coated on cotton fabric revealed mild to strong activity against four test organisms, and Gram-positive strains showed stronger activity than the Gram-negative strains. The higher yield % (23.25) was found in the sample run 10, and the antibacterial result of the sample 10 performed higher ZOI (zone of inhibition) value of 20 mm against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) strains and 18mm and 13 mm against Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) respectively. It is now known that Swietenia mahogany Jacq. (L) bark extract is a suitable surface active agent on textile for the production of medical and healthcare textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the synergistic antioxidant activity of the compositions of Trisamo (TSM) herbal formula containing the dried fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, and Terminalia bellirica. An augmented simplex lattice design was utilized to investigate the synergistic antioxidant activity, finding an equal mass ratio among the three herbal drugs to exhibit optimal synergistic antioxidant activity, with a combination index of less than 0.8. The optimal TSM extract was used to prepare directly compressible tablets employing a Box–Behnken design response surface methodology, optimizing compressional force (500, 1000, and 1500 psi), sodium starch glycolate (0%, 2%, and 4%), and magnesium stearate (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%). Optimal parameters were a compressional force of 1000 psi, 2% sodium starch glycolate, and 0.5% magnesium stearate. The TSM extract tablet had a weight of 600.06 mg, a diameter of 12.78 mm, a thickness of 4.12 mm, a hardness of 6.85 kP, a friability of 0.30%, and a disintegration time of 1.81 min. Computer model predictions were verified with a low percentage error (≤ 10.00%). After 6 h, phenolic compounds were dissolved to an extent of approximately 40%–80%, including gallic acid (57.11%), corilagin (38.64%), chebulagic acid (58.49%), and chebulinic acid (81.44%). Stability data revealed that the phenolic compounds were retained for 3 months compared to the initial time point, with gallic acid at 81.43% and 100.27%, corilagin at 94.81% and 87.85%, chebulagic acid at 92.22% and 69.83%, and chebulinic acid at 107.00% and 85.54% at 30°C/75% RH and 45°C/75% RH, respectively. The summation of these four compounds did not change significantly when stored under either set of conditions. In summary, mixture design and response surface design were successfully utilized in the optimization of TSM extract tablets with synergistic antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe use of adsorbent materials in powder form presents significant challenges for industrial wastewater treatment due to their poor regeneration after use. Our research described here aimed to prepare a low-cost and eco-friendly film with excellent regeneration capabilities for the efficient removal of Telon Orange dye (TO) from water. The film was fabricated by incorporating a natural clay, DD3, into a poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix using the solvent casting method. The prepared film was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The characterization results confirmed that the DD3 interacts and disperses within the PVA matrix. The influence of film dose and composition, pH, contact time, and initial concentration were studied in batch adsorption. Response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design matrix was then used to find the best conditions for dye adsorption. An ANOVA analysis approved the proposed quadratic model with a high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.98). The F-value of the model was 46.39, indicating that the model was significant. The PVA/DD3 composite film achieved a 93.45% efficiency in removing TO dye under optimal conditions. The recyclability studies showed a removal efficiency of 90.13% after five uses of the film, making it suitable for large-scale applications and adaptable for use in water purification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berberis genus is recognized as a significant source of β‐sitosterol and polyphenols. The inclusion of β‐sitosterol into various health‐related formulations has widened its potential in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Process optimization ensures the maximum efficiency, consistency, and yield. In the current study, we employed mutual interaction effect to extract the β‐sitosterol from the root bark of Berberis jaeschkeana using ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) technique. In order to identify the optimal extraction parameters, we conducted a series of 29 experiments, varying factors, such as amplitude level, solid‐to‐liquid ratio, extraction time, and temperature. The mutual interaction effect encompasses several key components, including the Box–Behnken design, assessment of model fitness, coefficient of determination, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the creation of three‐dimensional (3D) response curves of response surface methodology (RSM). The outcomes of the analysis revealed notable model fitness, highlighting the presence of linear, quadratic, and interactive effects among the various factors examined. The optimized UAE conditions (amplitude level of 30%, time of 10 min, solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 20, and temperature at 50°C) were applied. Under the most favorable extraction conditions, the β‐sitosterol was identified and quantified from Berberis jaeschkeana using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The β‐sitosterol yield was measured at 43.52 mg per gram of the sample. Conclusively, the optimization approach for UAE using the mutual interaction effect contributes to a more rapid extraction process, resulting in a higher yield of β‐sitosterol. Furthermore, this study design could be extended to other valuable species or compounds to efficiently extract nutraceutical compounds and enhance the sustainable utilization of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the optimal moulding process parameters of biomass seedling pots prepared from fermented cow dung mixed with corn stover, the moulding pressure, baking time, and baking temperature of biomass seedling pots were taken as the influencing factors, and the expansion rate, durability rate, wet swelling rate (48 h), and resistance to damage were taken as the evaluation indexes, and the Box–Behnken design of the response surface method was used to analyze the significance of interactions among the different influencing factors in the moulding process of biomass seedling pots and to optimize the moulding process. The experiment was conducted in the Biomass Laboratory of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University. The response surface method Box–Behnken design was used to analyze the significance of the interaction between different influencing factors in the biomass seedling pots moulding process and optimize the moulding process. The results showed that the optimum moulding process conditions obtained using the Box–Behnken design were the following: a moulding pressure of 520.393 kN, baking temperature of 202.870 °C, and baking time of 8.573 min. The model was validated by testing and a response value of 10.522% was obtained for expansion, 99.598% for durability rate, 11.145% for wet swelling (48 h), and 4503.545 N for resistance to damage. The experimental verification showed that the deviation of the actual value obtained under this condition from the predicted value is less than 5%, indicating that the model reproduces well and meets the experimental requirements. Based on the optimal moulding process conditions determined in this experiment, the total porosity, EC, and pH of the Biomass seedling pots were determined to be 67.32%, 1.63 mS/cm, and 6.7, respectively, which met the seedling requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A pelletizer paired with hot-melt extrusion technology (HME) was used to develop colon-targeted pellets for ketoprofen (KTP). Thermal stability and side effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract made ketoprofen more suitable for this work. Methods: The pellets were prepared using the enzyme-triggered polymer Pectin LM in the presence of HPMC HME 4M, followed by pH-dependent Eudragit® S 100 coating to accommodate the maximum drug release in the colon by minimizing drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used for response surface optimization of the proportion of different independent variables like Pectin LM (A), HPMC HME 4M (B), and Eudragit® S 100 (C) required to lower the early drug release in upper GIT and to extend the drug release in the colon. Results: Solid-state characterization studies revealed that ketoprofen was present in a solid solution state in the hot-melt extruded polymer matrix. The desired responses of the prepared optimized KTP pellets obtained by considering the designed space showed 1.20% drug release in 2 h, 3.73% in the first 5 h of the lag period with the help of Eudragit® S 100 coating, and 93.96% in extended release up to 24 h in the colonic region. Conclusions: Hence, developing Eudragit-coated hot-melt extruded pellets could be a significant method for achieving the colon-specific release of ketoprofen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the use of plastics during the past few decades has caused environmental pollution due to the non-biodegradable and recalcitrance nature of the plastics. This has caused great problems for the solid waste management efforts. The development of biodegradable polymers from natural and renewable ingredients can address the challenges caused by plastic pollution. The present work deals with the optimization of the preparation process of sago starch-based biodegradable bioplastic films. The sago starch, glycerol-sorbitol mixture, and chitosan were used as polysaccharides, plasticizers, and antimicrobial agents, respectively. The factors screening and design optimization were performed using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken Design to investigate the interactions between all components in the film preparation. Furthermore, the developed bioplastic films were characterized through field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed the inhibition of the growth of Bacillus pumilus and Alcaligenes faecalis XF1 by incorporation of cinnamon essential oil into the film. Moreover, the developed films successfully reduced the proliferation of fungal growth on packaged bread samples. The microbial analysis found that the shelf life of the wheat bread was improved from 3 to 15 days. The sago starch bioplastic films developed in this study can potentially meet the requirements for food packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most abundant by-product of the brewing industry, the valorization of proteins from brewers' spent grains (BSG) is critical to reducing processing waste and meeting the growing demand for plant-derived protein globally. However, the applicability of brewers' spent grain proteins in food manufacturing has been constrained by the high extraction cost and undesirable functionalities. In this research, BSG was used as the substrate to ferment with the mixed strains Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus and then subjected to protein extraction. The solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions were optimized using single-factor tests together with Box-Behnken Design to 50% initial moisture content, 10% strain inoculum ratio, fermented at pH 5.8 under 32 °C for 6 days, with the highest soluble protein concentration of 0.678 ± 0.0047 µg/µL (equivalent to bovine serum albumin). Furthermore, proteins were extracted from unmalted raw barley grains and BSG control (with a yield of 0.338 ± 0.016 µg/µL and 0.352 ± 0.015 µg/µL, respectively) and then evaluated for their physiochemical characterizations as a comparison of solid-state fermented proteins. The physicochemical attributes of all the intact proteins were similar, except that the fermented samples showed a smaller molecular mass on the SDS-PAGE gel. In conclusion, these results indicated that SSF is a feasible strategy for the bioconversion of BSG into valuable food ingredients as it enhances protein extraction efficiency while reducing the production cost, thereby being beneficial to alleviate the associated environmental pollution and to broaden its possibilities for further integration into the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized via easy route "green process" using plant extract of Albizia procera. The purpose of this research is to investigate the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye via advanced oxidation process (AOP) in the presence of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the ZnO photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that the ZnO NPs had a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The average crystalline size of around 20 nm was observed by the Debye–Scherrer formula. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed a range of sizes 23 nm. This study aims to analyze the influence of operating parameters and their interactive effect on the overall removal efficiency of the targeted component by response surface methodology (RSM). The Box–Behnken design (BBD) in RSM was used to optimize several process variables. In order to optimize the responses of MB elimination rate, parameters such as pH (A: 3–11), molar ratio [H2O2]/[ZnO] (B:1–3), concentration dye (C: 10–30 mg L−1), and contact time (D:30–70 min) were used as independent factors. The values obtained from the experiment and model predictions were discovered to be in adequate approval, and the model equation's performance confirmed the experimental observation with only a small divergence. These results confirmed the efficient environmental remediation of heterogeneous photocatalytic process thanks to ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemp seed oil cake, a by-product of hemp seed oil extraction, is characterized by its high protein content and bioactive components, making it a valuable resource for the development of functional products through enzymatic hydrolysis. Hemp seed oil itself is renowned for its rich content of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, contributing to its widespread use in health and wellness products. Consequently, the residual cake presents significant potential for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries as a source of high-quality protein ingredients. The optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions is crucial for maximizing the efficiency and quality of the resulting protein hydrolysates. This study aims to optimize the hydrolysis process of hemp seed oil cake with bromelain, focusing on three key factors: enzyme concentration (E/S ratio), temperature, and time, to achieve hydrolysates with superior antioxidant activity. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied using a Box–Behnken design to model and optimize the hydrolysis conditions. The experimental design involved three levels for each factor: 1%, 2%, and 3% for bromelain concentration; 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C for temperature; and 60, 120, and 180 min for hydrolysis duration, resulting in 21 experimental runs. The antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays (%RSA), and the derived regression models were statistically analyzed and validated. The findings indicate that the optimal conditions for obtaining protein hydrolysates with the highest antioxidant activity are a bromelain concentration of 3.0%, a temperature of 40 °C, and a hydrolysis time of 60 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to reduce the methane (CH4) emissions originating from dam lake treatment using malt dust-derived biochar, which is an agro-industrial byproduct of the brewery industry. Optimum operating and water quality parameters for CH4 reduction were determined using statistical analyses based on the Box–Behnken design method. Also, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to determine the correlation between CH4 emissions and operating parameters. According to the simulation, dissolved oxygen (DO) and the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) had the highest correlation with CH4 emissions, with values of 92.03% and 94.57%, respectively. According to the Box–Behnken design methodology, the optimum operating parameters were 4 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, −359 mV of ORP, and 7.5 pH for the minimum CH4 emissions. There was a reported reduction of up to 19.4% in CH4 emissions for the dam lake treatment using malt dust-derived biochar. Finally, a new methane capture index, based on the biochar application (MCI), was developed and validated. The largest methane capture capacity was related to the malt dust-derived biochar produced at the lowest temperature (M1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The fruit wastes, in particular agricultural wastes, are considered potential and inexpensive sources of bioactive compounds. Objective: The current study was aimed at the preparation of an optimized extract of sugarcane bagasse using microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) technology and comparative evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities with extract prepared through maceration technique. Methodology: Box–Behnken Design (BDD) with response surface methodology was applied to observe interactions of three independent variables (ethanol concentrations [%], microwave power [W], and extraction time [min]) on the dependent variables (total phenolic content [TPC] and antioxidant status via 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] to establish optimal extraction conditions. The ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) analysis was applied for untargeted metabolite profiling, and in vitro assays were used for evaluation of the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of the extract. Moreover, an in silico study was used to predict the interaction of five dominant compounds from the UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS profile against the dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) enzyme. Results: The optimal conditions for the extraction were established at 60% (v/v) ethanol, 500 W microwave power, and 5 min time with TPC 12.83 ± 0.66 mg GAE/g d.w. and DPPH 45.09 ± 0.07%. The UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS analysis revealed the presence of a total of 106 compounds in the extract. Moreover, the extract prepared through MAE technology presented higher TPC and DPPH findings than the extract prepared through maceration. Similarly, the extract was also found with good antidiabetic activity by inhibiting the DPP‐IV enzyme which was also rectified theoretically by a molecular docking study. Conclusion: The current study presents a sustainable and an optimized approach for the preparation of sugarcane bagasse extract with functional phytoconstituents and higher antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Box‐Behnken design was employed to determine the optimal microwave conditions for the preparation of sugarcane bagasse extract. The optimized batch was obtained by using 60% ethanol concentration, 500 W microwave power, and 5 min time. The extract exhibited high TPC, DPPH activity and 106 compounds in UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS analysis. It showed potent antidiabetic activity by inhibiting DPP‐IV enzyme, confirmed by molecular docking. The MAE extract was found with higher TFC contents and antioxidant activity than the extract prepared by maceration technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal lymphatic transport offers an alternative and effective way to deliver drugs, such as avoiding first-pass metabolism, enhancing oral bioavailability, and facilitating the treatment of targeted lymphoid-related diseases. However, the clinical use of luteolin (LUT) is limited by its poor water solubility and low bioavailability, and enhancing lymphatic transport by nanoemulsion may be an efficient way to enhance its oral bioavailability. The objective of this work is to prepare the luteolin nanoemulsions (LUT NEs), optimized its preparation parameters by using Box-Behnken design optimization (BBD) and evaluated it in vitro and in vivo. An Caco-2 / Raji B cell co-incubation monolayer model was established to simulate the M-cell pathway, and the differences in the transmembrane transport of LUT and NEs were compared. Cycloheximide (CHX) was utilized to establish rat chylomicron (CM) blocking model, and for investigating the influence of pharmacokinetic parameters in rats thereafter. The results showed that LUT NEs have good stability, the particle sizes were about 23.87 ± 0.57 nm. Compared with LUT suspension, The Papp of LUT NEs was enhanced for 3.5-folds, the oral bioavailability was increased by about 2.97-folds. In addition, after binding with chylomicron, the oral bioavailability of LUT NEs was decreased for about 30% (AUC 0–∞ (μg/L*h): 5.356 ± 1.144 vs 3.753 ± 0.188). These results demonstrated that NEs could enhance the oral absorption of luteolin via lymphatic transport routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bright print images help any product on the shelf stand out, attract the consumer, and add a unique value to the product. This research work is to empirically identify significant factors and optimize printing press parameters like press speed (x1: 5000, 7000, and 9000 sheets per hour), ink viscosity (x2: 15, 25, 35 Pa·s), and blanket rubber hardness (x3: 65, 70 and 75 shore A) to achieve prints with rich chroma yet with low dot gain in the lithography process, the most economical and widely used process today in the field of label and packaging industry. The parameters used during the printing process can affect the physical dot gain and the color of printed images. To study this, measurements were taken of the dot gain (y1) and color (measured in terms of lightness (y2) and chroma (y3)) at three different dot areas - highlight (25 %), middle tone (50 %), and shadow (75 %). Box-Behnken Design was used to test fifteen different print conditions. The second-order polynomial model's fit quality was good concerning the responses. The optimum printing machine conditions determined to minimize dot gain and lightness and maximize chroma were a press speed of 5000 sheets per hour, 30 Pa·s ink viscosity, and blanket rubber having 70 A shore hardness. The optimized values agreed with the predicted responses were acceptable, considering the right balance of minimum dot gain, higher chroma, and lower lightness to give the vibrant yet controlled halftone dot area in print production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates the photodegradation of Malachite Green (MG) using a new composite of river sediment (Sd) and synthesized TiO2 (Sd-TiO2-X%). TiO2 powder was synthesized using the sol–gel method and catalyst composites Sd-TiO2-X% (X = 10%, 15%, and 20%) were obtained using the wet impregnation. The photocatalytic performance of the composites was investigated using Box–Behnken design and results in the optimal parameters of %TiO2 (%) = 19.73, [MG] (ppm) = 42.25, and pH 9.58. Furthermore, Sd-TiO2-20% demonstrated exceptional stability and performance after undergoing five cycles. The scavenging tests for free radicals strongly confirmed the activity of superoxide ions (O2⋅−) and hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) as the primary species responsible for degrading MG. The findings highlight the synergetic effect between river sediment and TiO2 in the photodegradation of organic pollutants-contaminated wastewater. This confirms the potential of valorizing sediments for promising and sustainable depollution applications using sediment-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the development of red, scaly patches (National Psoriasis Foundation). It affects a significant portion of the global population, with estimates suggesting around 2% worldwide and 0.44% in India. Acitretin, a second-generation retinoid derived from vitamin A, emerged as a recognized treatment for severe psoriasis following its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) in 1997. Aim: The objective of this study was to enhance the topical delivery of acitretin by formulating it into a transethosomal gel. Acitretin, being poorly water-soluble, has limited penetration into the deep layers of the skin. The incorporation of transethosomal technology in this formulation aims to enhance acitretin's penetration into the skin and potentially improve its bioavailability. Method: Transethosomes were prepared using the cold method. A 17-batch Box-Behnken design (Design-Expert® software) was employed to optimize the formulation with varying concentrations of lipid, ethanol, and Tween 80. Entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, and zeta potential were determined to characterize the transethosomes. The optimized batch containing acitretin-loaded transethosomes was then incorporated into a xanthan gum gel base. In vitro and ex-vivo and flux studies were conducted to assess drug diffusion and release patterns. Additionally, the formulation's irritancy and anti-psoriatic activity were evaluated in-vivo using Wistar rats. Results: The Box-Behnken design optimization identified a formulation with a combination of 38.1% ethanol, 1.9% lipid, and 0.3% Tween 80 as optimal. This formulation exhibited a vesicle size of 105 nm, an entrapment efficiency of 80.4%, and a zeta potential of -28.25 mV. An optimized transethosome-based gel formulation was developed for its potential application in psoriasis therapy. The gel underwent a comprehensive evaluation of its physicochemical properties (pH, viscosity, spreadability) and in-vitro antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and zone of inhibition assays were employed, demonstrating the gel's potent antibacterial activity. In-vivo studies on Wistar rats were subsequently conducted to evaluate skin irritation and imiquimod-induced anti-psoriatic activity. A pharmacokinetic study further compared the bioavailability of the transethosome gel with a conventional gel formulation. Notably, the results revealed a significant enhancement in bioavailability with the Transethosomal formulation. Conclusion: The acitretin-loaded transethosomal gel demonstrated enhanced skin penetration and efficacy in managing psoriasis, achieving better outcomes than conventional treatments, while maintaining biocompatibility and minimal local side effects such as erythema, edema, and irritation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of temperature, pressure, and specific solvent consumption on extraction yield from Leptocarpha rivularis stalks was studied using a Box–Behnken design. The effect of pressure on extraction yield was the most important, followed by temperature and specific solvent consumption (p ≤ 0.05). The extraction yield correlated (p ≤ 0.05) positively with the CO2 density. A diffusion model adequately described the cumulative extraction curve with the highest yield at the selected extraction condition. The inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and the inhibition of lipoxygenase enzyme were higher in the supercritical (SC) extract than in the hydroethanolic extract. SC extraction could be used to isolate compounds from L. rivularis stalks with functional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research efforts are focusing on investigating cost-effective and ecologically friendly ways to create nanoparticles as a result of promising developments in green technology (NPs). This experiment focused on the effectiveness of using biochar (TWB) made from coffee waste to extract levofloxacin (LEV) from water. The conclusive results of the trials showed that TWB is an effective adsorbent for removing LEV from liquid solutions. The TWB produced through biological processes underwent comprehensive analysis using techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurement (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The bioengineered TWB's exceptional crystalline properties, which closely resemble the monoclinic structure of bulk TWB, were confirmed by the XRD analysis. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data, the synthesis of TWB Nanoparticles resulted in the formation of spherical particles with an approximate diameter of 40 nm, accompanied by a substantial surface area of 285.55 m²/g. The Pseudo-Second-Order model, which best captured Levofloxacin's adsorption characteristics, was evaluated on the TWB, and the results showed that external mass transfer was the main determinant of response rate. It was also found that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The system was optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) methodology. The achieved removal capacity of 1119.19 mg/g utilizing the tested adsorbent was determined to be reasonable when compared to the performance of other previously used adsorbents when evaluating the effectiveness of eliminating LEV. The process of LEV adsorption onto TWB involves a number of different mechanisms, such as ion exchange, π-π interactions, electrostatic pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. Following extensive testing in connection with a real-world sample, the adsorbent demonstrated remarkable efficacy, and it maintained good performance even after undergoing three further regeneration cycles. By adjusting the annealing temperature, we controlled the synthesis of TWB nanoparticles across a range of sizes in order to maximize their antibacterial capabilities. This research utilized a pair of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and a pair of Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of TWB. Highlights: Green synthesis of biochar via using tea waste. Adsorption studies of harmful pesticides Levofloxacin (LEV). The adsorbents exhibited good reusability for four adsorption/desorption cycles. Adsorption fit with pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetically. This system will provide helpful guidance for coloured effluent treatment. Optimized the results by using Box-Behnken design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic contamination in aqueous media is a serious environmental problem, especially in developing countries. In this research, the Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to optimize the most relevant variables affecting arsenic adsorption on the ZnO-halloysite surface, including temperature, adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and As (III) initial concentration. The regression analysis indicated that the experimental data were appropriately fitted to a quadratic model with the adjusted R-squared value (R2) of 0.982 for As(III) adsorption capacity and a linear model with R2 of 0.931 for As(III) removal. The p-values for both adsorption capacity and removal efficiency were below 0.05, with F-values of 116.91 and 115.58, respectively, supporting the model's validity. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of As(III) were determined through numerical and graphical optimization using the desirability function. It was found that the optimum conditions for adsorption were pH = 7.99, contact time of 3.99 h, As(III) initial concentration of 49.96 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 0.135 g/40 ml. The accuracy of the optimization procedure was confirmed by a confirmatory experiment, which showed a maximum arsenic removal of 91.31% and an adsorption capacity of 12.63 mg/g under optimized conditions. Moreover, XPS analysis was performed at different pH levels to investigate the As (III) adsorption mechanism. The results demonstrated that As(III) adsorption occurs at acidic and neutral pH levels. On the other hand, when pH is increased to 8, As (III) oxidizes to As (V), and then adsorption occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorbent muscovite mineral clay was used to remove the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CPx) from the aqueous media. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersion spectrometer (EDX), and surface charge were some of the methods used to characterize the clay (pHpzc). The Box-Behnken design (BBD), a potent tool in this process, was used to find the stationary points of the three primary independent parameters, adsorbent mass, time, and pH. The model's significance and sufficiency were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the statistics, these settings resulted in a pH of 3.4, an adsorbent mass of 0.09942 g, and an optimum dye removal rate of 90.16%. To assess the kinetic research, three models were used: pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intraparticle diffusion. The PFO and PSO kinetic models agree with the stated kinetics. As a result, the isotherms Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin presented an excellent fit to the data from the adsorption equilibrium. The three main elements of a thermodynamic analysis (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) provided additional proof that the adsorption of CPx onto Musc-MC was a spontaneous endothermic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to characterize the produced activated carbons based on Phoenix dactylifera rachis (date palm rachis: RP) using steam with different burn-off values (45, 55, and 65%), and then use those carbons to eliminate BEZAKTIV Red S-MAX (RS), a commercial textile dye. The characterization of the carbons was carried out by analyzing N2 adsorption–desorption, SEM, FTIR, TGA/SM, Boehm titration, and pHPZC. The specific surface area S2D-NLDFT was 500, 646, and 507 m2/g for the activated carbons PRAC45, PRAC55, and PRAC65, respectively. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) of experiments was applied to determine the influence of burn-off (A), initial concentration (B), and pH of the solution (C) for the RS dye elimination from the aqueous system. The significant interactions between the factors were AB and BC with p-value < 0.05. The RS dye adsorption experiments were examined by applying the kinetic and isotherm models and by studying temperature and pH effect. It was found that the RS adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (R2 > 0.99) and the removal data were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity Qm of RS dye was 198 mg/g for PRAC55. The regeneration of the carbons using thermal treatment was tested, and it revealed that the specific surface area S2D-NLDFT and the RS adsorption capacity Qm increased after the regeneration to 965 m2/g and 56.3 mg/g, respectively, for PRAC55. The Phoenix dactylifera rachis adsorbents could eliminate industrial wastewater (IW) which contains BEZAKTIV dyes with an adsorption rate superior to 55%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid that is the primary pigment in shrimp and has powerful biological effects. This molecule comprises a 40-carbon chain with multiple double bonds at the end that connects to ketone and hydroxyl groups. The terminal hydroxyl groups can react with fatty acids and form monoester and diester of astaxanthin. Shrimp waste is an inexpensive source of this compound, whose extraction and purification can improve the economy of fishery production and processing in addition to solving the problem of shrimp waste disposal. The efficiency of astaxanthin extraction from Penaeus semisulcatus and Penaeus merguensis wastes was compared for the first time in the present study, employing the fermentation process with two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria. The extraction conditions and effects of various treatments on astaxanthin yield were then adjusted using a Box-Benken design with three parameters: fermentation temperature (30–40 °C), fermentation time (12–72 h), and specifically by modifying the waste particle size (40–60 mesh). Following purification of the pigment, H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies, as well as Rf values, were clearly utilized to identify the astaxanthin present in the waste. The findings demonstrated that P. semisulcatus shrimp waste had considerably greater extraction yield with both bacterial strains than P. merguiensis shrimp (p<0.05). Also, L. plantarum bacteria had a higher ability to create better fermentation conditions and, as a result, higher extraction of astaxanthin from both shrimp species. Optimum conditions for this bacterium include a fermentation temperature of 35°C, a time of 72 h, and a particle size of 80 mesh. The Rf value for mono (0.59) and diester (0.76) of astaxanthin obtained were in accordance with international standards. FTIR analysis determined the recognizable peaks of mono and diester of astaxanthin, including hydroxyl functional groups and the vibrational mode related to its ester at the end of the polyene chain of astaxanthin. Also, an examination of H-NMR data showed the presence of indicative protons related to astaxanthin and fatty acids attached to it in the chemical shift regions of the spectra of extracted astaxanthin esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ag2CrO4@NiFe-LDH nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method for photocatalytic degradation of Alizarin Red (AR) dye. Three composites with different molar percentages were prepared, among which 50%Ag2CrO4@50%NiFe-LDH composite was the best sample with a removal rate of 97.1% in AR degradation. Also, the properties, structure, and characteristics of pure Ag2CrO4 and NiFe-LDH and their composites were determined by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, EDX mapping, and UV–visible analyses. It was found that Ag2CrO4@NiFe-LDH composites with the formation of heterogeneous structure of Z-scheme, in addition to increasing the active sites and increasing the specific surface, decrease the recombination rate of pure Ag2CrO4 and NiFe-LDH. Also, the Box–Behnken design technique, which is one of the most common designs used in response surface methodology, was used to optimize the operating conditions and investigate the effect of 4 independent parameters: catalyst amount, solution concentration, pH, and light intensity. The importance of independent parameters and their interactions were determined by ANOVA. By means of numerical optimization, the optimal values of the selected parameters equal to 1.34 g/L of catalyst, concentration of 16.45 mg/L, pH = 10.74, and light intensity of 15.53 W were obtained as optimal conditions with a desirability coefficient of 1.00 and an absorption value of 89.34%. The closeness of adjusted R2 (0.9838) and predicted R2 (0.9507) values show that this model can be successfully used for prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic dyestuff are mostly toxic compounds that pose serious dangers to the environment. Adsorption using low-cost adsorbents is the most favorable method for its economic aspects. Recently, geopolymers have been introduced as an effective adsorbent for dyes and heavy metals. In this investigation, the synthesis of geopolymers from fired brick waste (Homra) was studied with full characterization using X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Energy dispersive X-ray, Scanning electron microscope tests and Transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized nano-Homra geopolymer (NHGP) was then subjected to the removal of one of the most used basic dyes, Methylene Blue (MB). Adsorption optimization was applied using Response surface methodology to study dye adsorption by the synthesized nano-geopolymer. The independent variables studied were: temperature, contact time, and concentration of dye in the elimination process, which were varied in the range of (25–60 ℃), (10–180 min), and (20–300 mg/L) respectively. The results obtained from ANOVA indicated that the maximum removal efficiency of 95% and adsorption capacity of 80.65 mg/g at a temperature of 59 ℃, contact time of 163 min, and an initial concentration of 254 mg/L. The results showed that the data obtained from the adsorption of MB onto NHGP was compatible with the Pseudo second order (R2 = 0.9838) and Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9882). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop and validate a robust reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method for quantifying stigmasterol in both Moringa oleifera powder and tablets. The analysis was conducted using a Box–Behnken design. Stigmasterol separation was achieved with a Phenomenex Luna C‐18 column (4.6 × 150 mm2, 5 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% formic acid in an 80:20% v/v ratio. The separation was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and stigmasterol was detected at a wavelength of 210 nm using a photodiode array detector. Method validation followed the guidelines set forth by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2 (R1). This rigorous validation process evaluated critical parameters, including linearity, accuracy, system suitability, precision, and robustness. The results for each parameter were well within the acceptable range, confirming the reliability and efficacy of the established RP‐HPLC method. The findings of this study highlight the potential of the RP‐HPLC method as a dependable tool for the routine analysis of stigmasterol in herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the preparation and optimization of caffeic acid (CA)-loaded casein nanoparticles (CS NPs) via the Box–Behnken design (BBD) for potential applications in cancer treatment. CS NPs were loaded with CA as a promising anti-cancer molecule. Non-hazardous green materials were exploited for nanoparticle fabrication. The BBD was used, followed by a desirability function to select the optimum formulation. The BBD was adopted as it avoids the runs implemented in extreme conditions, hence making it suitable for proteins. CS NPs were characterized regarding particle size (PS), size distribution (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), drug entrapment, morphology using TEM, differential scanning calorimetry, molecular docking, in vitro release, and cytotoxicity studies. PS, PDI, and ZP had significant responses, while EE% was insignificant. The suggested models were quadratic with high fitting. Optimized NPs showed PS = 110.31 ± 1.02 nm, PDI = 0.331 ± 0.029, ZP = −23.94 ± 1.64 mV, and EE% = 95.4 ± 2.56%. Molecular modeling indicated hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between CA and CS, accounting for the high EE%. Almost spherical particles were realized with a sustained CA release pattern. Optimized NPs effectively suppressed the growth of MCF-7 cell lines by scoring the lowest IC50 = 78.45 ± 1.7 µg/mL. A novel combination of bioinspired-derived materials was developed for use in breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to optimize the photopolymerization process of a dental composite in order to increase the degree of conversion and reduce the release of unpolymerized monomers. In addition, it seeks to understand the kinetics of composite degradation under various oral environmental conditions. Optimization of the photopolymerization process is carried out using a Box-Behnken design, exploring factors such as irradiation time, intensity and distance. Infrared spectroscopy is used to evaluate photopolymerization parameters. Release of unpolymerized monomers is quantified using liquid chromatography at different pH levels, incubation media and time. Thermogravimetric analysis is used to study thermal degradation and establish a kinetic model. Optimized conditions for photopolymerization, determined as an irradiation time of 40 s, an intensity of 1500 mW cm−2, and a distance of 5 mm, lead to a degree of conversion of 61%, reducing the presence of unpolymerized monomers. Chromatographic analysis reveals a pH-dependent release of monomers, with acid saliva showing the highest release. Thermal analysis indicates variable activation energy values depending on ageing conditions, underlining the importance of optimal conversion for increased material strength. This study offers a comprehensive approach to improving the properties of dental resins, and provides optimized conditions for light-curing that increase material strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on optimizing the physical and mechanical properties of foam materials produced with the addition of sodium alginate as the matrix, and cellulose and activated carbon as fillers. Foam materials, valued for their lightweight and insulation properties, are typically produced from synthetic polymers that pose environmental risks. To mitigate these concerns, this study investigates the potential of natural, biodegradable polymers. Various foam formulations were tested to evaluate their density, compression modulus, and thermal conductivity. The results indicated that an increase in activated carbon content enhanced thermal stability, as indicated by higher Ti% and Tmax% values. Additionally, a higher concentration of sodium alginate and activated carbon resulted in higher foam density and compressive modulus, while cellulose exhibited a more intricate role in the material's behavior. In the optimal formula, where the sum of the component percentages totals 7.6%, the percentages (e.g., 0.5% sodium alginate, 5% cellulose, and 2.1% activated carbon) are calculated based on the weight/volume (w/v) ratio of each component in the water used to prepare the foam mixture. These results indicate that natural and biodegradable polymers can be used to develop high-performance, eco-friendly foam materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levosulpiride (LSP) has been studied for its wide medicinal potential. One of its uses is in the treatment of schizophrenia. LSP has limited oral bioavailability because of its low permeability, dissolvability, and P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux effect. Contrary to conventional methods, the intranasal route provides safe and effective treatment as well as targeted action. It can also prevent the P-gp efflux effect and increase brain bioavailability. In this research, we aimed to develop LSP-loaded Phospholipid Magnesomes (PMs), a novel vesicular nanosystem, recently fabricated for brain targeting by the Ultra-sonication method with materials including Phospholipon 90G, the combination of Propylene glycol and ethanol, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) and water. The Box-Behnken design was utilized with 29 runs to optimize the LSP-PMs formulation. The formulation was confirmed and evaluated by the FTIR, DSC, PXRD, and TEM study. The formulation was investigated in vitro at pH 6.4, and the results showed that the formulation had improved drug release. The optimized LSP-PMs formula had a vesicle sizing of 85.035 ± 2.77 nm, a PDI of 0.392 ± 0.69, and a %EE of 76.024 %. Spherical and multilamellar morphology of LSP-PMs were visible by the TEM. The optimized LSP-PMs had the quickest medication diffusing profile, achieving 100% in one hour. The LSP-PMs formulation was stable at room temperature for 50 days when screened for the stability study. Thus, to sum up, the nano-vesicular system of LSP-PMs demonstrated to be a promising formulation for enhancing drug release of the poorly water-soluble and permeable LSP. Further investigation to analyze nasal transport to the brain, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects, local safety, and the behavior of the developed carrier will require additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to prepare agomelatine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AGO-loaded NLCs) and their administration through the intranasal route in an attempt to circumvent hepatic metabolism, facilitate controlled release, and increase cerebral distribution, etc. Agomelatine faces several challenges such as a fast metabolic process, limited solubility, gastrointestinal vulnerability, enzymatic cleavage, and decreased bioavailability. These challenges collectively undermine its therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, the goal of the current work is to develop agomelatine-loaded NLCs with enhanced drug entrapment, extended release, and improved stability. Agomelatineloaded NLCs were prepared by using Glyceryl monostearate and Neroli oil as solid lipid and liquid lipid respectively, While Tween 80 and poloxamer 188 were used as surfactant and co-surfactant. The technique of melt emulsification ultrasonication was employed to prepare these NLCs. The prepared formulation was optimized utilizing a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design with total lipid percentage, surfactant, and co-surfactant percentage, and ultrasonication time as independent variables and particle size, zeta potential, and percentage entrapment efficiency as dependent variables. The optimized NLCs size was found to be 122 ± 3.19 nm and the results from transmission electron microscopy are likewise within this size range (under 150 nm) and showed that the particles were homogeneous and nearly spherical, with porous and irregular surface features. Polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug release % were observed as 0.353 ± 0.15, -33.7 ± 2.35 mV, 90.57 ± 0.984% and 94.65 ± 2.39% respectively. The findings from the permeation study indicated a substantial enhancement in permeation for AGO-loaded NLCs when compared to AGO solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic bacteria have not been reported widely for their lipolytic abilities, so they are not used for large‐scale lipase production. The purpose of this study was to explore an endophytic bacterium for the production of lipase implementing cost‐effective techniques, including the use of Cassia fistula seeds, as a substrate in the production medium and stem pieces of Phragmites karka as the immobilization matrix. The endophytic strain Bacillus sp. E4 was originally isolated from the halophytic plant Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. Bacillus sp. E4 produced 6.05 IU mL−1 lipase in the presence of powdered seeds of Cassia fistula (golden shower tree). Initial trial experiments using a one‐factor‐at‐a‐time approach led to an improvement in lipase titers to 10.05 IU mL−1. Consequently, investigations using the Plackett–Burman design suggested the influence of three significant factors – incubation period, inoculum size, and substrate concentration – on lipase production. They were optimized using the Box–Behnken design (BBD). In the response optimization experiment, strain E4 yielded 52.35 IU mL−1 lipase, which was in accordance with the predicted yield and indicated an overall 8.65 fold improvement in lipase production. To investigate the use of free cells, strain E4 was immobilized on the stem pieces of a halophytic plant, Phragmites karka, which was used for the first time as an immobilization matrix. The immobilized cells retained lipase production ability for up to six cycles with the highest yield of 110 IU mL−1, which corresponded to an improvement of more than eighteenfold. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed the colonization of E4 cells in the matrix and demonstrated the utilization of C. fistula seeds. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy affirmed the utilization of components including fatty acids by the immobilized E4 cells. The study suggests that endophytic bacterial strains could be applied for the production of lipase with the utilization of nontraditional oil sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sulfonated-carbon based catalyst obtained from crambe meal was successfully applied in the esterification reaction of oleic acid. The chemometric tools allowed to evaluate the significance of the parameters: time, catalyst dosage and ethanol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, as well as their interactions towards the conversion yield of oleic acid via esterification reaction. The results showed that the molar ratio had the highest influence in the conversion yield. The analysis of Responses Surfaces and desirability function indicated that is possible undergoes around 75% of oleic acid into esters from the following experimental conditions: time of 2 h, catalyst dosage of 11 wt.% and ethanol-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 18:1 (v:wt.). From the optimization of the factors, it was possible obtain a good conversion yield of oleic acid applying conditions similar or inferior to those reported in the literature. After four cycles of use, the catalyst still gave a conversion yield of 29%. The decrease of esterification yield was evaluated throughout FTIR spectra, which corroborate the losing of sulfonic groups after each reuse cycle concomitantly with the yield decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the results of coupling Moringa oleifera seed extract (MOSE) with electrocoagulation (EC) for the remediation of Direct Red 80 azo dye (DR80) from contaminated synthetic aqueous solution and real textile wastewater. The electrochemical treatment was carried out using a pair of aluminium electrodes in monopolar-parallel mode. EC runs determined using Box-Behnken design under the response surface methodology (RSM) for three parameters including current density, pH, and operation time. The EC optimal conditions were current density 0.9 mA/cm2, pH 3, and time 10 min. The maximum experimental DR80 dye removal of 89.37% was close to the model prediction (76.4%). The kinetic study of the EC system represented that the removal of dye obeyed the first-order kinetic model. To improve dye removal efficiency from treated wastewater under optimal conditions, 2.5 mL/L of MOSE was added and the efficiency enhanced to above 98%. SEM and microscopic images of the sludge produced showed that the flocs formed in the hybrid system were denser and thicker than the conventional EC. The economic study revealed that switching from the EC to hybrid process reduced energy and electrode consumption from 0.015 to 0.008 kWh/m3 and 0.016 to 0.014 kg/m3, respectively, for 98% DR80 dye removal. MOSE has a substantial effect on the EC performance. Therefore, the EC/MOSE coupling process is recommended for the treatment of coloured wastewater due to its high efficiency, short operation time, and electrode and energy consumption costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a two-step process optimization for enhanced cumulative isoprene production. This involves establishing an isoprene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli BL21 DE-3 via up-regulation of native deoxy xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) synthase (Ec DXS), isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (Ec IPPI /Ec IDI) and introducing isoprene synthase (Pm IspS) from kudzu (Pueraria montana), followed by the process conditions (incubation temperature, time, and inducer concentration) optimization using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach. BBD showed the maximum cumulative isoprene production (160.15 mg L-1), productivity (11.18 mg L-1 h-1), and yield (7.69 mg gdcw-1) at the optimized process conditions (incubation temperature 27.32 ºC, incubation time 14.25 h, and inducer concentration 0.453 mM). The transgenic E. coli isoprene production, -productivity, and -yield were 1.52-, 1.46-, and 1.24-fold higher than the unoptimized condition (incubation temperature 30 ºC, incubation time 16 h, and inducer concentration 0.10 mM). This work demonstrates that fine tuning of MEP pathway in addition with process conditions optimization is an efficient strategy for improving isoprene production from engineered E. coli. [Display omitted] • Isoprene, a high-value natural product, entirely being produced by petroleum route. • Recombinant E. coli has potential for sustainable production of isoprene. • DXS, IPPI, and IspS were overexpressed under IPTG inducible promoter. • RSM based statistical model was used for optimizing culture growth conditions. • Engineered E. coli produced 160.15 mg L-1 of isoprene at optimal values of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Box–Behnken design (BBD) for a response surface methodology with five factors and three levels was applied to design 2,4-D degradation experiments under visible light. To optimize the experimental conditions, the five factors included the amount of Cdots in a Cdots (x%)-ZnBi2O4 catalyst (x = 0–2%), the decomposition time (90–120 min), the initial 2,4-D concentration (30–40 mg/L), the catalyst dosage (0.5–1.5 mg/L), and the pH (2–7), and these were selected as independent variables. The BBD method proposed a second-order polynomial equation that fitted the experimental data perfectly. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the appropriateness of the proposed model, resulting in the relationship between the predicted and adjusted values having an R2 value of 0.9980. The optimal conditions for the photodecomposition of 2,4-D were found to be an initial 2,4-D concentration of 30 mg/L, a degradation time of 120 min, a Cdots(2%)-ZnBi2O4 dosage of 1.0 mg/L, and a pH of 4.0. Under these conditions, the highest 2,4-D photodecomposition of 91.1% was obtained, which was in reasonable agreement with the predicted value of 91.67%. After 6 consecutive reaction cycles, the photodecomposition efficiency still exceeded 81%. The results confirmed that the Cdots(2%)-ZnBi2O4 photocatalyst has excellent reusability. Moreover, the lowest concentration of Cdots(2%)-ZnBi2O4 that inhibited the growth of E. coli (ATCC 8793) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538) was 150 µg/mL, with an inhibition zone of 18–19 nm for E coli and about 15 mm for S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]