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1. Hypoelliptic Regularization in the Obstacle Problem for the Kolmogorov Operator

Author

Bowman, David

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 35R35, 35H10, 35R37, 35K70
Abstract

We study the obstacle problem associated with the Kolmogorov operator $\Delta_v - \partial_t - v\cdot\nabla_x$, which arises from the theory of optimal control in Asian-American options pricing models. Our first main contribution is to improve the known regularity of solutions, from $C^{0,1}_t \cap C^{0,2/3}_x \cap C^{1,1}_v$ to $C^{0,1}_{t,x} \cap C^{1,1}_v$. The previous result in the literature, which has been called optimal, corresponds to $C^{1,1}$ regularity with respect to the Kolmogorov distance. This is the expected regularity for solutions to obstacle problems. Our unexpected improvement of regularity in the $x$ variable is obtained using Bernstein's technique and an approach drawing on ideas from Evans-Krylov theory. We then use this improvement in regularity of the solution to prove the first known free boundary regularity result. We show that under a standard thickness condition, the free boundary is a $C^{0,1/2}_{t,x} \cap C^{0,1}_v$ regular surface. This result constitutes the first step in the program of free boundary regularity. Critically, our arguments rely on a new monotonicity formula and a commutator estimate that are only made possible by the solution's enhanced regularity in $x$., Comment: 37 pages, comments welcome

Published
2025

2. Global Existence for an Isotropic Landau Model

Author

Bowman, David and Ji, Sehyun

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs
Abstract

Following the recent ideas of Guillen and Silvestre in $[9]$, we prove that the Fisher information is non-increasing along the flow of the isotropic Landau equation. We then use this fact to deduce global existence for the equation $\partial_t f = (-\Delta)^{-1}f \cdot \Delta f + f^2$ under a relatively lax set of conditions on the initial data. In particular, we remove the restrictive radially decreasing assumption of previous works., Comment: 35 pages, comments welcome

Published
2024

5. On Autonomous Agents in a Cyber Defence Environment

Author

Kiely, Mitchell, Bowman, David, Standen, Maxwell, and Moir, Christopher

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

Autonomous Cyber Defence is required to respond to high-tempo cyber-attacks. To facilitate the research in this challenging area, we explore the utility of the autonomous cyber operation environments presented as part of the Cyber Autonomy Gym for Experimentation (CAGE) Challenges, with a specific focus on CAGE Challenge 2. CAGE Challenge 2 required a defensive Blue agent to defend a network from an attacking Red agent. We provide a detailed description of the this challenge and describe the approaches taken by challenge participants. From the submitted agents, we identify four classes of algorithms, namely, Single- Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), Hierarchical DRL, Ensembles, and Non-DRL approaches. Of these classes, we found that the hierarchical DRL approach was the most capable of learning an effective cyber defensive strategy. Our analysis of the agent policies identified that different algorithms within the same class produced diverse strategies and that the strategy used by the defensive Blue agent varied depending on the strategy used by the offensive Red agent. We conclude that DRL algorithms are a suitable candidate for autonomous cyber defence applications., Comment: Presented at the 2nd Internation Workshop on Adaptive Cyber Defence, 2023

Published
2023

11. Deep hierarchical reinforcement agents for automated penetration testing

Author

Tran, Khuong, Akella, Ashlesha, Standen, Maxwell, Kim, Junae, Bowman, David, Richer, Toby, and Lin, Chin-Teng

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Penetration testing the organised attack of a computer system in order to test existing defences has been used extensively to evaluate network security. This is a time consuming process and requires in-depth knowledge for the establishment of a strategy that resembles a real cyber-attack. This paper presents a novel deep reinforcement learning architecture with hierarchically structured agents called HA-DRL, which employs an algebraic action decomposition strategy to address the large discrete action space of an autonomous penetration testing simulator where the number of actions is exponentially increased with the complexity of the designed cybersecurity network. The proposed architecture is shown to find the optimal attacking policy faster and more stably than a conventional deep Q-learning agent which is commonly used as a method to apply artificial intelligence in automatic penetration testing., Comment: Presented at 1st International Workshop on Adaptive Cyber Defense, 2021 (arXiv:2108.08476)

Published
2021

14. CybORG: A Gym for the Development of Autonomous Cyber Agents

Author

Standen, Maxwell, Lucas, Martin, Bowman, David, Richer, Toby J., Kim, Junae, and Marriott, Damian

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the development of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making agents in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem, and to encourage researchers in this field to attend to problems in the ACO setting, we introduce CybORG, a work-in-progress gym for ACO research. CybORG features a simulation and emulation environment with a common interface to facilitate the rapid training of autonomous agents that can then be tested on real-world systems. Initial testing demonstrates the feasibility of this approach., Comment: Presented at IJCAI-21 1st International Workshop on Adaptive Cyber Defense

Published
2021

19. CybORG: An Autonomous Cyber Operations Research Gym

Author

Baillie, Callum, Standen, Maxwell, Schwartz, Jonathon, Docking, Michael, Bowman, David, and Kim, Junae

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Abstract

Autonomous Cyber Operations (ACO) involves the consideration of blue team (defender) and red team (attacker) decision-making models in adversarial scenarios. To support the application of machine learning algorithms to solve this problem, and to encourage such practitioners to attend to problems in the ACO setting, a suitable gym (toolkit for experiments) is necessary. We introduce CybORG, a work-in-progress gym for ACO research. Driven by the need to efficiently support reinforcement learning to train adversarial decision-making models through simulation and emulation, our design differs from prior related work. Our early evaluation provides some evidence that CybORG is appropriate for our purpose and may provide a basis for advancing ACO research towards practical applications.

Published
2020

20. AusTraits, a curated plant trait database for the Australian flora

Author

Falster, Daniel, Gallagher, Rachael, Wenk, Elizabeth H, Wright, Ian J, Indiarto, Dony, Andrew, Samuel C, Baxter, Caitlan, Lawson, James, Allen, Stuart, Fuchs, Anne, Monro, Anna, Kar, Fonti, Adams, Mark A, Ahrens, Collin W, Alfonzetti, Matthew, Angevin, Tara, Apgaua, Deborah MG, Arndt, Stefan, Atkin, Owen K, Atkinson, Joe, Auld, Tony, Baker, Andrew, von Balthazar, Maria, Bean, Anthony, Blackman, Chris J, Bloomfield, Keith, Bowman, David MJS, Bragg, Jason, Brodribb, Timothy J, Buckton, Genevieve, Burrows, Geoff, Caldwell, Elizabeth, Camac, James, Carpenter, Raymond, Catford, Jane A, Cawthray, Gregory R, Cernusak, Lucas A, Chandler, Gregory, Chapman, Alex R, Cheal, David, Cheesman, Alexander W, Chen, Si-Chong, Choat, Brendan, Clinton, Brook, Clode, Peta L, Coleman, Helen, Cornwell, William K, Cosgrove, Meredith, Crisp, Michael, Cross, Erika, Crous, Kristine Y, Cunningham, Saul, Curran, Timothy, Curtis, Ellen, Daws, Matthew I, DeGabriel, Jane L, Denton, Matthew D, Dong, Ning, Du, Pengzhen, Duan, Honglang, Duncan, David H, Duncan, Richard P, Duretto, Marco, Dwyer, John M, Edwards, Cheryl, Esperon-Rodriguez, Manuel, Evans, John R, Everingham, Susan E, Farrell, Claire, Firn, Jennifer, Fonseca, Carlos Roberto, French, Ben J, Frood, Doug, Funk, Jennifer L, Geange, Sonya R, Ghannoum, Oula, Gleason, Sean M, Gosper, Carl R, Gray, Emma, Groom, Philip K, Grootemaat, Saskia, Gross, Caroline, Guerin, Greg, Guja, Lydia, Hahs, Amy K, Harrison, Matthew Tom, Hayes, Patrick E, Henery, Martin, Hochuli, Dieter, Howell, Jocelyn, Huang, Guomin, Hughes, Lesley, Huisman, John, Ilic, Jugoslav, Jagdish, Ashika, Jin, Daniel, Jordan, Gregory, Jurado, Enrique, Kanowski, John, and Kasel, Sabine

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Australia, Databases, Factual, Phenotype, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plants
Abstract

We introduce the AusTraits database - a compilation of values of plant traits for taxa in the Australian flora (hereafter AusTraits). AusTraits synthesises data on 448 traits across 28,640 taxa from field campaigns, published literature, taxonomic monographs, and individual taxon descriptions. Traits vary in scope from physiological measures of performance (e.g. photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency) to morphological attributes (e.g. leaf area, seed mass, plant height) which link to aspects of ecological variation. AusTraits contains curated and harmonised individual- and species-level measurements coupled to, where available, contextual information on site properties and experimental conditions. This article provides information on version 3.0.2 of AusTraits which contains data for 997,808 trait-by-taxon combinations. We envision AusTraits as an ongoing collaborative initiative for easily archiving and sharing trait data, which also provides a template for other national or regional initiatives globally to fill persistent gaps in trait knowledge.

Published
2021

23. Vegetation fires in the Anthropocene

Author

Bowman, David MJS, Kolden, Crystal A, Abatzoglou, John T, Johnston, Fay H, van der Werf, Guido R, and Flannigan, Mike

Published
2020

24. AN ANATOMY OF AUSTRALIA'S LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUSHFIRE.

Author

McCormack, Phillipa C., McDonald, Jan, Burn, Michael E., Little, Stuart J., Bowman, David M.J.S., and Harris, Rebecca M.B.

Subjects
Australia Bushfire Season, 2019-2020, Class actions (Civil procedure) -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Environmental aspects, Environmental law -- Interpretation and construction, Wildfires -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Environmental aspects -- Remedies, Emergency management -- Laws, regulations and rules, New South Wales. Rural Fire Service -- Environmental policy, 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission -- Environmental policy, Government regulation, New South Wales. Bushfires Legislation Amendment Act 2020
Abstract

CONTENTS I Introduction II Understanding the Context for Australia's Legal Framework for Bushfire A Australia's Bushfire Regimes Are Changing B Australian Laws for Bushfire Have a Long History III Dissecting [...], Australian landscapes, people and laws have a long history with fire, but climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of fires and the scale of their impact. In this article, we ask the question: what laws make up the constituent parts, or the anatomy, of our legal framework for bushfire? We propose a novel conceptual model for the full spectrum of laws that relate to bushfire--from the crime of arson through to consumer lending laws and the Constitution--and reveal a complex web of (sometimes competing) values, objectives and substantive tools. Understanding this legal context can help us to prepare more effectively for a future that will be defined by our experience of fire.

Published
2022

30. TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Author

Kattge, Jens, Bönisch, Gerhard, Díaz, Sandra, Lavorel, Sandra, Prentice, Iain Colin, Leadley, Paul, Tautenhahn, Susanne, Werner, Gijsbert DA, Aakala, Tuomas, Abedi, Mehdi, Acosta, Alicia TR, Adamidis, George C, Adamson, Kairi, Aiba, Masahiro, Albert, Cécile H, Alcántara, Julio M, C, Carolina Alcázar, Aleixo, Izabela, Ali, Hamada, Amiaud, Bernard, Ammer, Christian, Amoroso, Mariano M, Anand, Madhur, Anderson, Carolyn, Anten, Niels, Antos, Joseph, Apgaua, Deborah Mattos Guimarães, Ashman, Tia‐Lynn, Asmara, Degi Harja, Asner, Gregory P, Aspinwall, Michael, Atkin, Owen, Aubin, Isabelle, Baastrup‐Spohr, Lars, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Baker, Timothy, Baker, William J, Bakker, Jan P, Baldocchi, Dennis, Baltzer, Jennifer, Banerjee, Arindam, Baranger, Anne, Barlow, Jos, Barneche, Diego R, Baruch, Zdravko, Bastianelli, Denis, Battles, John, Bauerle, William, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzato, Erika, Beckmann, Michael, Beeckman, Hans, Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Bekker, Renee, Belfry, Gavin, Belluau, Michael, Beloiu, Mirela, Benavides, Raquel, Benomar, Lahcen, Berdugo‐Lattke, Mary Lee, Berenguer, Erika, Bergamin, Rodrigo, Bergmann, Joana, Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann, Berner, Logan, Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, Bigler, Christof, Bjorkman, Anne D, Blackman, Chris, Blanco, Carolina, Blonder, Benjamin, Blumenthal, Dana, Bocanegra‐González, Kelly T, Boeckx, Pascal, Bohlman, Stephanie, Böhning‐Gaese, Katrin, Boisvert‐Marsh, Laura, Bond, William, Bond‐Lamberty, Ben, Boom, Arnoud, Boonman, Coline CF, Bordin, Kauane, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Boukili, Vanessa, Bowman, David MJS, Bravo, Sandra, Brendel, Marco Richard, Broadley, Martin R, Brown, Kerry A, Bruelheide, Helge, Brumnich, Federico, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Bruy, David, Buchanan, Serra W, Bucher, Solveig Franziska, Buchmann, Nina, Buitenwerf, Robert, Bunker, Daniel E, and Bürger, Jana

Subjects
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Environmental Sciences, Access to Information, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Plants, data coverage, data integration, data representativeness, functional diversity, plant traits, TRY plant trait database, Nutrient Network, Biological sciences, Earth sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Published
2020

33. Transplanting interventions could help conserve the living fossil Athrotaxis cupressoides under fire regimes induced by climate change.

Author

French, Ben J., Prior, Lynda D., and Bowman, David M. J. S.

Subjects
CLIMATE change adaptation, EFFECT of human beings on climate change, CLIMATE change, HERBIVORES, PINE
Abstract

Introduction: Pencil pine (Athrotaxis cupressoides) is an iconic, paleoendemic tree restricted to historic fire refugia in Tasmania's western mountains. Anthropogenic climate change is increasingly exposing these areas to wildfire. Given that pencil pines have little capacity to recover from fire, and show scarce natural recruitment across their core range, they will be lost from many areas without interventions to restore population viability to burnt stands. Methods: We conducted a large-scale field study targeting pencil pine stands burnt in recent (2016) and historic (1960) fires. Using small (0.5 m2) experimental plots distributed across a range of topography and vegetation, we trialled three interventions: i) protecting groups of naturally germinated seedlings from herbivores in situ (35 plots); ii) introducing seeds via multiple sowing methods (300 plots); and iii) transplanting tube stock propagated from seed or cutting material, with and without herbivore protection (1007 plots). Results: We found that protecting natural germinants from herbivores did not prevent seedling mortality over 2.5 years, and sowing interventions largely failed. Most transplants exposed to herbivores failed to establish after 1.5 years, but establishment rates were high with herbivore exclusion, indicating strong predation by native macropod herbivores. Transplant establishment also varied with fine-scale topography, with the best outcomes in well-drained and Sphagnum dominated positions, and the worst outcomes in poorly-drained positions, suggesting young pencil pines are sensitive to waterlogging. Transplant establishment rates varied little between recently and historically burnt sites, and were insensitive to how plants were propagated. Discussion: In summary, transplanting tube stock with herbivore protection is a promising method for restoring burnt pencil pine stands, and establishment rates can be improved by selecting favourable planting positions at fine scales. Our findings suggest pencil pine stands burnt decades previously are suitable for restoration. Managers seeking to conserve pencil pines may begin restoring both historically and recently burnt stands, alongside protecting unburned stands from fire. Interventions should be refined through adaptive management, including re-surveys of this long-term trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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37. Dynamics and predicted distribution of an irrupting ‘sleeper’ population: fallow deer in Tasmania

Author

Cunningham, Calum X., Perry, George L. W., Bowman, David M. J. S., Forsyth, David M., Driessen, Michael M., Appleby, Matt, Brook, Barry W., Hocking, Greg, Buettel, Jessie C., French, Ben J., Hamer, Rowena, Bryant, Sally L., Taylor, Matt, Gardiner, Riana, Proft, Kirstin, Scoleri, Vincent P., Chiu-Werner, Antje, Travers, Toby, Thompson, Liam, Guy, Tom, and Johnson, Christopher N.

Published
2022
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40. The 2016 Tasmanian Wilderness Fires: Fire Regime Shifts and Climate Change in a Gondwanan Biogeographic Refugium

Author

Bowman, David M. J. S., Rodriguez-Cubillo, Dario, Prior, Lynda D., Canadell, Josep G., Series Editor, Díaz, Sandra, Series Editor, Heldmaier, Gerhard, Series Editor, Jackson, Robert B., Series Editor, Levia, Delphis F., Series Editor, Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Series Editor, Sommer, Ulrich, Series Editor, and Wardle, David A., Series Editor

Published
2021
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41. Study of neutron beta decay with the Nab experiment.

Author

Baeßler, Stefan, Acharya, Himal, Alarcon, Ricardo, Broussard, Leah J., Bowler, Michael, Bowman, David, Choi, Jin Ha, Christie, Love, Chupp, Tim, Clymer, Skylar, Crawford, Christopher, Dodson, George, Fomin, Nadia, Fry, Jason, Gericke, Michael, Godri, Rebecca, Gonzalez, Francisco M., Greene, Geoff, Hagemeier, Andrew, and Hamblen, Josh

Subjects
NEUTRONS, BETA decay, PHYSICS experiments, STANDARD model (Nuclear physics), ELECTRON configuration
Abstract

The current three sigma tension in the unitarity test of the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix is a notable problem with the Standard Model of elementary particle physics. A long-standing goal of the study of free neutron beta decay is to better determine the CKM element Vud through measurements of the neutron lifetime and a decay correlation parameter. The Nab collaboration intends to measure a, the neutrino-electron correlation, with accuracy sufficient for a competitive evaluation of Vud based on neutron decay data alone. This paper gives a status report and an outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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44. Ultracold atoms in flexible holographic traps

Author

Bowman, David and Cassettari, Donatella

Subjects
539.7, Atomic physics, Computer generated holograms, Bose-Einstein condensate, Spatial light modulators
Abstract

This thesis details the design, construction and characterisation of an ultracold atoms system, developed in conjunction with a flexible optical trapping scheme which utilises a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (LC SLM). The ultracold atoms system uses a hybrid trap formed of a quadrupole magnetic field and a focused far-detuned laser beam to form a Bose-Einstein Condensate of 2×105 87Rb atoms. Cold atoms confined in several arbitrary optical trapping geometries are created by overlaying the LC SLM trap on to the hybrid trap, where a simple feedback process using the atomic distribution as a metric is shown to be capable of compensating for optical aberrations. Two novel methods for creating flexible optical traps with the LC SLM are also detailed, the first of which is a multi-wavelength technique which allows several wavelengths of light to be smoothly shaped and applied to the atoms. The second method uses a computationally-efficient minimisation algorithm to create light patterns which are constrained in both amplitude and phase, where the extra phase constraint was shown to be crucial for controlling propagation effects of the LC SLM trapping beam.

Published
2018

45. The defect structure and magnetic ground state of ytterbium titanate

Author

Bowman, David

Subjects
539.7
Abstract

The pyrochlore lattice is ideally suited to the exploration of geometrical frustration in three dimensions, and provide the first context in which to study emergent magnetic monopoles. For the quantum analogue of this system, Yb2Ti2O7, whether the magnetic ground state assumes a quantum spin ice state or a Higgs transition to a ferromagnetic phase appears to be sample dependent. Here the defect structure of Yb2Ti2O7 has been characterised and understood using single crystal diffuse scattering obtained on SXD along with balls and springs Monte Carlo modelling. The results show diffuse scattering different to that of other pyrochlores like Y2Ti2O7. In both stuffed and oxygen depleted samples vacancies are appear to be present on the 48f oxygen sites. Annealing was found to eliminate the structural diffuse scattering in an as-grown sample indicating the dominant role of isolated oxygen vacancies. The magnetism of the Yb2Ti2O7 samples was determined using polarised diffuse neutron scattering on D7. The as-grown sample exhibits the magnetic diffuse scattering features observed in previous measurements of Yb2Ti2O7 while annealing in oxygen gives a ferromagnetic ground state. Hence, the true ground state of stoichiometric Yb2Ti2O7 is ferromagnetic and analysis of the peak intensities compared to the existing literature found that ferromagnetism to be all-in all-out. The diffuse scattering observed in the as-grown sample persists in a heavily oxygen depleted sample while stuffing shows suppression of the correlations from the Coulomb phase.

Published
2018

46. Holomorphic Flexibility Properties of Spaces of Elliptic Functions

Author

Bowman, David

Subjects
Mathematics - Complex Variables
Abstract

Let $X$ be an elliptic curve and $\mathbb{P}$ the Riemann sphere. Since $X$ is compact, it is a deep theorem of Douady that the set $\mathcal{O}(X,\mathbb{P})$ consisting of holomorphic maps $X\to \mathbb{P}$ admits a complex structure. If $R_n$ denotes the set of maps of degree $n$, then Namba has shown for $n\geq2$ that $R_n$ is a $2n$-dimensional complex manifold. We study holomorphic flexibility properties of the spaces $R_2$ and $R_3$. Firstly, we show that $R_2$ is homogeneous and hence an Oka manifold. Secondly, we present our main theorem, that there is a $6$-sheeted branched covering space of $R_3$ that is an Oka manifold. It follows that $R_3$ is $\mathbb{C}$-connected and dominable. We show that $R_3$ is Oka if and only if $\mathbb{P}_2\backslash C$ is Oka, where $C$ is a cubic curve that is the image of a certain embedding of $X$ into $\mathbb{P}_2$. We investigate the strong dominability of $R_3$ and show that if $X$ is not biholomorphic to $\mathbb{C}/\Gamma_0$, where $\Gamma_0$ is the hexagonal lattice, then $R_3$ is strongly dominable. As a Lie group, $X$ acts freely on $R_3$ by precomposition by translations. We show that $R_3$ is holomorphically convex and that the quotient space $R_3/X$ is a Stein manifold. We construct an alternative $6$-sheeted Oka branched covering space of $R_3$ and prove that it is isomorphic to our first construction in a natural way. This alternative construction gives us an easier way of interpreting the fibres of the branched covering map.

Published
2016

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