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1. Experimental Evidence for a Coulomb Gap in Two Dimensions

Author

Mason, Whitney, Kravchenko, S. V., Bowker, G. E., and Furneaux, J. E.

Subjects
Condensed Matter
Abstract

We have studied the resistivity, $\rho$, of a two-dimensional electron system in silicon in the temperature range 200 mK < T < 7.5 K at zero magnetic field at low electron densities, when the electron system is in the insulating regime. Our results show that at an intermediate temperature range $\rho=\rho_0 exp[(T_0/T)^{1/2}]$ for at least four orders of magnitude up to 3x10^9 Ohms. This behavior is consistent with the existence of a Coulomb gap. Near the metal/insulator transition, the prefactor was found to be close to $h/e^2$, and resistivity scales with temperature. For very low electron densities, $n_s$, the prefactor diminishes with diminishing $n_s$. A comparison with the theory shows that a specific set of conditions are necessary to observe the behavior of resistivity consistent with the existence of the Coulomb gap., Comment: uuencoded compressed postscript-file (4 pages)

Published
1995
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2. DESTRUCTION OF THE QUANTUM HALL EFFECT WITH INCREASING DISORDER

Author

Furneaux, J. E., Kravchenko, S. V., Mason, Whitney, Bowker, G. E., and Pudalov, V. M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter
Abstract

We report experimental studies of disorder-induced transitions between quantum-Hall, metallic, and insulating states in a very dilute two-dimensional electron system in silicon at a magnetic field corresponding to Landau level filling factor $\nu=1$. At low disorder, the lowest extended state at $\nu=1$ is below the Fermi energy so that the system is in the quantum Hall state. Our data show that with increasing disorder (but at constant electron density and magnetic field), the extended state DOES NOT DISAPPEAR BUT FLOATS UP IN ENERGY SO THAT THE SYSTEM BECOMES INSULATING. As the extended state crosses the Fermi energy, the conductivity $\sigma_{xx}\sim e^2/2h$ has temperature dependence characteristic of a metallic system., Comment: REVTeX file; 4 postscript figures on request; to appear in PRB

Published
1995
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3. 'Scaling of an anomalous metal/insulator transition in a 2D system in silicon at zero magnetic field'

Author

Kravchenko, S. V., Mason, Whitney E., Bowker, G. E., Furneaux, J. E., Pudalov, V. M., and D'Iorio, M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter
Abstract

We have studied the temperature dependence of resistivity, $\rho$, for a two-dimensional electron system in silicon at low electron densities, $n_s\sim10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$, near the metal/insulator transition. The resistivity was empirically found to scale with a single parameter, $T_0$, which approaches zero at some critical electron density, $n_c$, and increases as a power $T_0\propto|n_s-n_c|^\beta$ with $\beta=1.6\pm0.1$ both in metallic ($n_s>n_c$) and insulating ($n_s

Published
1994

7. Journals under threat. A joint response from History of Science, Technology and Medicine editors

Author

Fox, R., Andersen, H., Ariew, R., Feingold, M., Bag, A. K., Barrow-Green, J., Dalen, B., Benson, K., Beretta, M., Blay, M., Cornelius Borck, Bowker, G., Star, S. L., Bucciantini, M., Camerota, M., Buchwald, J., Gray, J., Cappelletti, V., Cimino, G., Clark, M., Keller, A., Cline, R., Clucas, S., Gaukroger, S., Cook, H., Hardy, A., Corry, L., Métraux, A., Renn, J., Dolan, B., Luckin, B., Duerbeck, H., Orchiston, W., Epple, M., Hård, M., Rheinberger, H. J., Roelcke, V., French, S., Farber, P., Fissell, M., Packard, R., Good, J., Hackmann, W., Halleux, R., Holmqvist, B., Hoskin, M., Inkster, I., Spada, M. F., Jardine, N., Levere, T., Lightman, B., Lüthy, C., Lynch, M., Mccluskey, S., Ruggles, C., Morris, P., Nelson, E. C., Nicholson, I., Olesko, K., Peréz, L., Morus, I. R., Rigden, J., Stuewer, R. H., Samsó, J., Schaffer, S., Schappacher, N., Strom, C., Unschuld, P., Weingart, P., Zamecki, S., and Zuidervaart, H.

Subjects
Europe, Humans, Periodicals as Topic, Netherlands
Published
2012

8. Journals under threat: a joint response from history of science, technology and medicine editors

Author

Cook, H., Hardy, A., Andersen, H., Ariew, R., Feingold, M., Bag, A. K., Barrow-Green, J., Dalen, B., Benson, K., Beretta, M., Blay, M., Bleker, J., Stolberg, M., Cornelius Borck, Bowker, G., Star, S. L., Bucciantini, M., Camerota, M., Buchwald, J., Gray, J., Cappelletti, V., Cimino, G., Carson, C., Clark, M., Keller, A., Cline, R., Clucas, S., Gaukroger, S., Corry, L., Métraux, A., Renn, J., Dolan, B., Luckin, B., Duerbeck, H., Orchiston, W., Epple, M., Hård, M., Rheinberger, H. J., Roelcke, V., Farber, P., Fissell, M., Packard, R., Fox, R., Frasca-Spada, M., French, S., Good, J., Hackmann, W., Halleux, R., Holmqvist, B., Home, R., Hoskin, M., Inkster, I., Jardine, N., Levere, T., Lightman, B., Lüthy, C., Lynch, M., Mccluskey, S., Ruggles, C., Morris, P., Morus, I. R., Nelson, E. C., Nicholson, I., Olesko, K., Pérez, L., Rigden, J., Stuewer, R. H., Samsó, J., Schaffer, S., Schappacher, N., Staudenmaier, J., Strom, C., Unschuld, P., Weingart, P., Zamecki, S., and Zuidervaart, H.

Subjects
Technology, Germany, Science, Humans, History of Medicine, Journal Impact Factor, Periodicals as Topic, Editorial Policies
Published
2009

11. Issues in user-centered design in LIS

Author

Bowler, L, Koshman, S, Oh, JS, He, D, Callery, BG, Bowker, G, Cox, RJ, Bowler, L, Koshman, S, Oh, JS, He, D, Callery, BG, Bowker, G, and Cox, RJ

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to survey the landscape of user-centered design in LIS. We begin the article by exploring the history of the "user- centered paradigm," looking first at the historical schism between behavioral science and computer science, and then surveying some of the methods of user-centered design. In the next section we present examples of technological artifacts that reflect the basic functions of information systems-artifacts designed to collect, organize, and retrieve information-as a way to present some of the difficulties and opportunities that surround the creations of user-centered design. Specifically, we look at how user-centered design relates to personal collections, social bookmarking, finding aids, Web interface design, information architecture, visualization systems, and personalization and adaptive search. The article then steps back and looks at design through the wider lens of values, asking the question, how are users represented (or misrepresented) through cultural, ethical, and political forces that influence information system design? The article concludes with a summary of the major issues to emerge from our survey of the current state of user-centered design and from this we extract some key lessons vis à vis research and teaching in LIS. © 2011 The Board of Trustees, University of Illinois.

Published
2011

12. An International Framework to Promote Access to Data

Author

Arzberger, P., Schroeder, P., Beaulieu, A., Bowker, G., Casey, K., Laaksonen, L., Moorman, D., Uhlir, P., Wouters, P., Arzberger, P., Schroeder, P., Beaulieu, A., Bowker, G., Casey, K., Laaksonen, L., Moorman, D., Uhlir, P., and Wouters, P.

Published
2004

21. Demonstrations

Author

Bowker, G. E.

Subjects
December 15, 1911
Published
1912

24. Assembling calculative infrastructures

Author

Kornberger, M., Pollock, N., Miller, P., Mennicken, A., Bowker, G., Nucho, J.R., Elyachar, J., Kurunmaki, Liisa, Mennicken, Andrea, Miller, Peter, Kornberger, M., Pollock, N., Miller, P., Mennicken, A., Bowker, G., Nucho, J.R., Elyachar, J., Kurunmaki, Liisa, Mennicken, Andrea, and Miller, Peter

Abstract

Much has been made of economizing. Yet, social scientists have paid little attention to the moment of economic failure, the moments that precede it, and the calculative infrastructures and related processes through which both failing and failure are made operable. This chapter examines the shift from the economizing of the market economy, which took place across much of the nineteenth century, to the economizing and marketizing of the social sphere, which is still ongoing. The authors consider a specific case of the economizing of failure, namely the repeated attempts over more than a decade to create a failure regime for National Health Service (NHS) hospitals. These attempts commenced with the Health and Social Care Act 2003, which drew explicitly on the Insolvency Act 1986. This promised a “failure regime” for NHS Foundation Trusts modeled on the corporate sector. Shortly after the financial crash, and in the middle of one of the biggest scandals to face NHS hospitals, these proposals were abandoned in favor of a regime based initially on the notion of “de-authorization.” The notion of de-authorization was then itself abandoned, in favor of the notion of “unsustainable provider,” most recently also called the Trust Special Administrators regime. The authors suggest that these repeated attempts to devise a failure regime for NHS hospitals have lessons that go beyond the domain of health care, and that they highlight important issues concerning the role that “exit” models and associated calculative infrastructures may play in the economizing and regulating of public services and the social sphere more broadly.

28. G198(P) Express yourself: a quality improvement project aimed at early breast milk expression

Author

Granger, CL, Bowker, G, and Powls, A

Abstract

AimBreast milk reduces rates of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) which causes significant mortality and morbidity in low birth weight babies. In addition it is closely associated with improved cognitive scores in childhood. Early breast milk allows quicker achievement of full enteral feeds. An internal audit 2015–2016 identified that 61% of babies<31 weeks gestation were commenced on mother’s own milk (MOM). Median day of starting MOM was Day 3 and median day of achievement of full enteral feeds was Day 9. We therefore aimed to reduce time taken to establish breast milk expression to postpartum mums of infants<31 weeks gestation to under six hours postnatally.MethodsA core team was established to identify barriers to early breast milk expression within the first hour of life. Short surveys were carried out on labour ward and education sessions were arranged on both labour ward and on the neonatal unit to promote the benefits of breast milk to preterm babies. Early expressing packs were put together and given to mums either antenatally or postnatally together with counselling from a senior member of the neonatal team including the benefits of early expressing. (P)s were designed and put up throughout the antenatal ward, neonatal unit and labour ward. Regular feedback to staff involved was facilitated through infant feeding meetings.Data/ResultsFollowing initiation of our QI intervention in November 2016, initial data set audit shows that 73% of women are being shown how to express within the first 6 hours postnatally, and 94% of women when questioned are being shown how to express overall. Since introduction, 36 babies have been born <31 weeks gestation. 78% of these were commenced on MOM, median day of starting MOM was Day 1.8 and median day of achievement of full enteral feeds was Day 7.1.ConclusionWith commitment to ongoing education and intervention early breast milk expression is achievable. We have managed to achieve expressing within six hours and with ongoing cycles we are aiming to achieve this within one hour. Next steps include antenatal leaflets for parents and increased scope of education sessions.

Published
2018
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31. Assembling calculative infrastructures

Author

Liisa Kurunmäki, Andrea Mennicken, Peter Miller, Kornberger, M., Pollock, N., Miller, P., Mennicken, A., Bowker, G., Nucho, J.R., and Elyachar, J.

Subjects
Insolvency, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Neoliberalism, Face (sociological concept), Foundation (evidence), HC Economic History and Conditions, Crash, Public administration, National health service, HN Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Health care, Business sector, Business, media_common
Abstract

Much has been made of economizing. Yet, social scientists have paid little attention to the moment of economic failure, the moments that precede it, and the calculative infrastructures and related processes through which both failing and failure are made operable. This chapter examines the shift from the economizing of the market economy, which took place across much of the nineteenth century, to the economizing and marketizing of the social sphere, which is still ongoing. The authors consider a specific case of the economizing of failure, namely the repeated attempts over more than a decade to create a failure regime for National Health Service (NHS) hospitals. These attempts commenced with the Health and Social Care Act 2003, which drew explicitly on the Insolvency Act 1986. This promised a “failure regime” for NHS Foundation Trusts modeled on the corporate sector. Shortly after the financial crash, and in the middle of one of the biggest scandals to face NHS hospitals, these proposals were abandoned in favor of a regime based initially on the notion of “de-authorization.” The notion of de-authorization was then itself abandoned, in favor of the notion of “unsustainable provider,” most recently also called the Trust Special Administrators regime. The authors suggest that these repeated attempts to devise a failure regime for NHS hospitals have lessons that go beyond the domain of health care, and that they highlight important issues concerning the role that “exit” models and associated calculative infrastructures may play in the economizing and regulating of public services and the social sphere more broadly.

Published
2019

32. Designing Infrastructure for the Poor: Transactions Within Unstable Ecologies *

Author

Céline Cholez, Pascale Trompette, Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales (PACTE), Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Kornberger, M., Bowker, G., Elyachar, J., Miller, P., Nucho, J., Pollock, N., and Research in the Sociology of Organizations

Subjects
050204 development studies, Energy (esotericism), Ecology (disciplines), 0211 other engineering and technologies, energy access, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, Technical design, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Politics, 0502 economics and business, calculative scripts, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, 05 social sciences, 1. No poverty, 021107 urban & regional planning, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, sustainability, Balance (accounting), Scripting language, off-grid infrastructure, Africa, economic flows, Business, Economic system, computer
Abstract

International audience; This chapter investigates these failures by exploring the ecology of such infrastructures, designed for “the poor.” It discusses “thinking infrastructures” in terms of longevity by focusing on economic failures risks. The authors argue that the ecology of the infrastructure integrates various economic conversions and exchanges chains expected to participate in the infrastructure’s functioning. By following energy access solutions for rural Africa in sub-regions of Senegal and Madagascar, from their political and technical design to their ordinary life, the authors examine the tensions and contradictions embedded within the scripts of balance supposed to guarantee their success.

Published
2019

33. Scenarios as Springboards in Design

Author

Susanne Bødker, Ellen Christiansen, Bowker, G. : Gasser, I. : Stat, L. og Turner, W. (eds.), null, Bowker, Geoff, Star, Susan Leigh, Gasser, Less, and Turner, William

Subjects
Scenarios, Thinking tools
Published
1993

34. Protocol of a feasibility randomised controlled trial of Empowered Conversations: training family carers to enhance their relationships and communication with people living with dementia.

Author

Eastham C, Mansell W, Sutton C, Prior Y, Keady J, Shields G, Riley C, Bowker G, Sylvestre Y, and Morris L

Abstract

Background: Communication difficulties can cause frustration, low mood, and stress for people living with dementia and their carer. Carers should be offered training on adapting their communication skills. However, it is not common for skills-based education to examine emotional aspects of care and the effect of dementia on relationships. The Empowered Conversations (EC) training course was developed in response to a gap in service provision and has been adapted to a virtual format (Zoom). It addresses the specific psychological, relationship, and communication needs of informal and family dementia carers. The primary aim of the study is to investigate the feasibility of conducting a multi-centre randomised controlled evaluation trial of EC. Secondary aims include exploring the acceptability of delivering the intervention online and examining the optimum way of establishing cost-effectiveness., Methods: The feasibility trial uses a pragmatic data-collector blind parallel two-group RCT design with two arms (EC intervention plus treatment as usual, and treatment as usual waitlist control). There will be a 2:1 allocation in favour of the EC-training intervention arm. 75 participants will complete baseline outcome measures exploring their role as a carer, including their physical and mental health, attitudes to caring, quality of life, and use of health and social care services. These will be repeated after six-months. Participants allocated to the treatment group who complete the course will be invited to participate in a qualitative interview discussing their experience of EC., Conclusions: The study will investigate recruitment pathways (including facilitators and barriers to recruitment), estimate retention levels and response rates to questionnaires, obtain additional evidence regarding proof of concept, and consider the most appropriate primary outcome measures and methods for evaluating cost-effectiveness. The results of the feasibility study will be used to inform the development of a multicentre randomised controlled trial in the United Kingdom., Registration: ISRCTN15261686 (02/03/2022)., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed.The authors and trial team report no conflict of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Eastham C et al.)

Published
2023
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35. Matching ICD-11 personality status to clinical management in a community team-The Boston (UK) Personality Project: Study protocol.

Author

Jha M, Barrett B, Brewin C, Bowker G, Harwood N, Jalil I, Crawford M, Phull J, Allen K, Duggan C, Yang M, and Tyrer P

Subjects
Boston, Humans, Personality, United Kingdom, International Classification of Diseases, Personality Disorders diagnosis, Personality Disorders therapy
Abstract

Epidemiological studies show 30% to 50% of all patients in community mental health teams have personality disorders. These are normally comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, often as Galenic syndromes, and are seldom identified. In the Boston (UK) Personality Project all patients under a community health service in Boston in Lincolnshire will be asked to agree to have their personality status assessed using scales recording the new ICD-11 classification, together with clinical ratings, social function and satisfaction. A control group of 100 patients from an adjacent service of similar demographics (Spalding) will also have similar ratings but no personality assessments. Changes in clinical status, social function and service satisfaction will be made after 6 and 12 months in both groups. The patients in the Boston group will be offered matched interventions using a stepped care approach for both the severity of disorder and its domain structure. These interventions will include shorter versions of existing psychological treatments, environmental therapies including nidotherapy, adaptive and acceptance models, drug reduction and social prescribing. Full costs of psychiatric care will be measured in both groups. The main hypothesis is that greater awareness of personality function will lead to better clinical outcomes and satisfaction., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Published
2022
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37. Family Integrated Care: changing the culture in the neonatal unit.

Author

Patel N, Ballantyne A, Bowker G, Weightman J, and Weightman S

Subjects
Attitude of Health Personnel, Communication, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated organization & administration, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Intensive Care, Neonatal organization & administration, Organizational Culture, Organizational Innovation, Parents education, Professional-Family Relations, Scotland, Caregivers, Family Nursing organization & administration, Intensive Care Units, Neonatal organization & administration, Neonatal Nursing organization & administration, Postnatal Care organization & administration
Abstract

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Published
2018
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38. Journals under threat. A joint response from History of Science, Technology and Medicine editors.

Author

Fox R, Andersen H, Ariew R, Feingold M, Bag AK, Barrow-Green J, van Dalen B, Benson K, Beretta M, Blay M, Borck C, Bowker G, Star SL, Bucciantini M, Camerota M, Buchwald J, Gray J, Cappelletti V, Cimino G, Clark M, Keller A, Cline R, Clucas S, Gaukroger S, Cook H, Hardy A, Corry L, Métraux A, Renn J, Dolan B, Luckin B, Duerbeck H, Orchiston W, Epple M, Hård M, Rheinberger HJ, Roelcke V, French S, Farber P, Fissell M, Packard R, Good J, Hackmann W, Halleux R, Holmqvist B, Hoskin M, Inkster I, Spada MF, Jardine N, Levere T, Lightman B, Lüthy C, Lynch M, McCluskey S, Ruggles C, Morris P, Nelson EC, Nicholson I, Olesko K, Peréz L, Morus IR, Rigden J, Stuewer RH, Samsó J, Schaffer S, Schappacher N, Strom C, Unschuld P, Weingart P, Zamecki S, and Zuidervaart H

Subjects
Europe, Humans, Netherlands, Periodicals as Topic standards, Periodicals as Topic trends
Published
2009

40. Docosahexaenoic acid-induced alteration of Thy-1 and CD8 expression on murine splenocytes.

Author

Jenski LJ, Bowker GM, Johnson MA, Ehringer WD, Fetterhoff T, and Stillwell W

Subjects
Animals, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes metabolism, Cells, Cultured, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Docosahexaenoic Acids administration & dosage, Liposomes, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Spleen drug effects, CD8 Antigens biosynthesis, Docosahexaenoic Acids pharmacology, Spleen metabolism, Thy-1 Antigens biosynthesis
Abstract

Here we test whether the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), an (n-3) fatty acid, into lymphocyte membranes affects the expression of the surface proteins Thy-1.2 and CD8. DHA was incorporated into splenocytes by three methods: feeding mice diets containing menhaden (fish) oil, fusing splenocytes with DHA-containing phosphatidylcholine vesicles, and culturing splenocytes with DHA. Thy-1.2 and CD8 expression were measured by flow cytometry and complement-mediated lysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. As (n-3) fatty acid incorporation into the lymphocytes increased, the expression of one Thy-1.2 epitope and one CD8 epitope decreased; the expression of two CD8 epitopes increased. Although diet-induced changes in surface protein expression may result from selective migration of cell populations or the diet's effect on protein biosynthesis, fusion with lipid vesicles demonstrated that DHA-containing phospholipids can mediate a direct and immediate effect. The decrease in Thy-1.2 expression was sustained for more than a week after removal of (n-3) fatty acids from the diet, most likely due to retention of membrane-bound (n-3) fatty acids. Because Thy-1.2 and CD8 participate in T cell activation, modulation of their expression by DHA suggests that DHA, when serving as a membrane structural element, may alter immune function.

Published
1995
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