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There is a growing interest of late to enhance our ability to reduce carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere through tree growth. Although the spread of development in urban areas [...]

: Many hiking trails traverse the forests and public lands across North America. It has therefore become important for federal management to gain an understanding of total use on these trails. However, there has never been a formal attempt to estimate hiking on these long, backcountry trails. This paper presents an approach that utilizes two survey instruments (exit-site tallies and a trail-user questionnaire) and two primary estimation components (standard and augmented sites) to estimate hikers over a spatial and temporal span. For illustrative purposes, the methodology is applied to a 175 km segment of the Appalachian Trail from 1 June through 14 August 2007. Two alternative estimation methodologies are presented and compared. The model-based approach may be preferred to the design-based approach when sample size is small because it smoothes erratic strata estimates and yields smaller standard errors. However, the design-based approach relaxes an assumption and is more appropriate as sample size increases. In our survey of the Appalachian Trail, there was a 5.6% difference between the visitation estimates based on these two approaches, and such stability reinforces confidence in the methodology. Resume: Plusieurs sentiers de randonnee pedestre traversent les forets et les terres publiques partout en Amerique du Nord. Il est par consequent devenu important pour la gestion federale d'acquerir une comprehension de l'utilisation totale de ces sentiers. Cependant, il n'y a jamais eu de tentative formelle pour estimer la randonnee pedestre dans ces longs sentiers d'ar-riere-pays. Cet article presente une approche qui utilise deux instruments de sondage (des releves de sortie du site et un questionnaire destine aux utilisateurs des sentiers) pour estimer les randonneurs pedestres sur un horizon temporel et spatial. A titre d'exemple, la methodologie a ete appliquee a un segment de 175 km du sentier des Appalaches du 1 juin au 14 aout 2007. Deux methodes alternatives d'estimation sont presentees et comparees. L'approche basee sur un modele peut etre preferable a l'approche basee sur un plan lorsque la taille de l'echantillon est petite parce qu'elle adoucit les estimations des strates irregulieres et produit de plus petits ecarts types. Cependant, l'approche basee sur un plan assouplit une hypothese et est plus appropriee a mesure que la taille de l'echantillon augmente. Dans notre enquete sur le sentier des Appalaches, il y avait un ecart de 5,6 % entre les estimations de frequentation basees sur les deux approches et une telle stabilite renforce la confiance dans la methodologie. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Outdoor recreation, in addition to timber, water, wildlife, and grazing, comprise the multiple-use concept of modern forest management. Outdoor recreation is very important across the North American continent as [...]

Collective memory can be used conceptually to examine African-American perceptions of wildlands and black interaction with such places. The middle-American view of wildlands frames these terrains as refuges--pure and simple, sanctified places distinct from the profanity of human modification. However, wild, primitive areas do not exist in the minds of all Americans as uncomplicated or uncontaminated places. Three labor-related institutions--forest labor, plantation agriculture, and sharecropping--and terrorism and lynching have impacted negatively on black perceptions of wildlands, producing an ambivalence toward such places among African Americans. ... acknowledging the ambiguous legacy of nature myths does at least require us to recognize that landscapes will not always be simple 'places of delight'--scenery as sedative, topography so arranged as to feast the eye. For those eyes, as we will discover, are seldom clarified of the promptings of memory. And the memories are not all of pastoral picnics.

We use national-level data to test a modified version of Stern, Dietz, & Guagnano's causal model of environmental belief and behavior. We focus mainly on ethnic variation in environmental belief, as measured by the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), and ethnic variation for four environmental behaviors: environmental reading, household recycling, environmental group joining, and participation in nature-based outdoor recreation. Blacks and foreign-born Latinos were less likely than Whites to score higher on the NEE Any behavioral differences between Whites and the respective minority groups were expected to diminish with the inclusion of the NEP as an intervening variable in the model between ethnicity and behavior. However. ethnic differences remained stable and strong even when environmental belief was added. Overall, Asian American and U.S.-born Latino environmentalism was most similar to Whites. African American concern and behavior was least similar to White environmentalism. Gender, age, and liberal political orientation were also consistent explicators for both environmental concern and behavior. Keywords: environmentalism; ethnicity; New Ecological Paradigm

The zonal travel cost models compute travel cost consumer surplus estimates in functional forms such as whitewater rafting on the Chattooga River. Definition and calculation of trip prices depends on whether they are cost-based or distance-based. It is absolutely essential to choose the correct price variable in order to avoid a wrong surplus estimate. As agencies continue to use travel cost models in calculating user charges, it is necessary to spell out the relevance of applying trip price computing techniques to areas where entry fees exist.