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4. Situational Prevention

Author

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Sherman, Lawrence W., Series editor, Strang, Heather, Series editor, Weisburd, David, editor, Farrington, David P., editor, and Gill, Charlotte, editor

Published
2016
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36. Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: a review of situational crime prevention evaluations

Author

Guerette, Rob T. and Bowers, Kate J.

Subjects
Crime prevention -- Evaluation, Law
Abstract

Few criticisms of situational crime-prevention (SCP) efforts are as frequent or prevalent as claims of displacement. Despite emerging evidence to the contrary, the prevailing sentiment seems to be that crime displacement is inevitable. This study examined 102 evaluations of situationally focused crime-prevention projects in an effort to determine the extent to which crime displacement was observed. The results indicate that of the 102 studies that examined (or allowed for examination of) displacement and diffusion effects, there were 574 observations. Displacement was observed in 26 percent of those observations. The opposite of displacement, diffusion of benefit, was observed in 27 percent of the observations. Moreover, the analysis of 13 studies, which allowed for assessment of overall outcomes of the prevention project while taking into account spatial displacement and diffusion effects, revealed that when spatial displacement did occur, it tended to be less than the treatment effect, suggesting that the intervention was still beneficial. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.

Published
2009

39. How Strong is the Evidence-Base for Crime Reduction Professionals?

Author

Tompson, Lisa, Belur, Jyoti, Thornton, Amy, Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Sidebottom, Aiden, Tilley, Nick, and Laycock, Gloria

Abstract

AbstractTo support the development and implementation of evidence-based crime reduction, we systematically identified and appraised 70 systematic reviews of single crime reduction measures published between 1975 and 2015. Using the EMMIE framework, we find that the quality of reporting on the Effectivenessof crime reduction measures is reasonably strong, particularly in systematic reviews published by the Cochrane and Campbell Collaborations. In contrast, evidence concerning the Mechanismsunderpinning a crime reduction intervention, the conditions that Moderateeffectiveness, Implementationchallenges and the Economiccosts and benefits of crime reduction was largely absent from the assessed systematic reviews. We conclude that there is a distinct lack of systematic review evidence in crime reduction that currently speaks to the knowledge needs of practitioners (i.e., how to make an intervention “work” for them).

Published
2021
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42. Taking an Analytical Approach to\ud Crime Prevention in NDC Areas

Author

Bowers, Kate J., Hirschfield, Alex, and Johnson, Shane D.

Subjects
H1, HN
Abstract

The purpose of this report is to provide some useful lessons relating to the\ud implementation of crime prevention interventions. To do this, we will examine the Crime\ud Theme activities of one NDC Partnership in detail. The research has two main\ud elements. The first is to consider the processes involved in selecting appropriate crime\ud reduction initiatives. For instance, why is a particular intervention relevant in a\ud particular area or time, and what is the likely causal mechanisms through which it might\ud work? Such an understanding can also inform monitoring and evaluation. For instance,\ud by helping to identify what should change as a result of an intervention, and hence what\ud data is needed to evaluate the scheme. This should also assist with the development\ud and evolution of interventions; when changes are made, the consequences of these on\ud the mechanism through which crime will be reduced, needs to be considered. And\ud second, to discuss the types of methods currently available for evaluating scheme\ud success and how these relate to the first aim of the research.

Published
2004

43. Pushing back the boundaries:\ud new techniques for assessing the impact of burglary schemes

Author

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., and Hirschfield, Alex

Subjects
H1, HN
Abstract

This report describes the main findings of a detailed evaluation of a burglary reduction\ud project located in Liverpool in the North of England. The scheme consisted of four\ud interventions: alley-gating, target hardening of property, property marking and an offender\ud rehabilitation intervention. New analytical techniques, discussed in detail in this report,\ud were developed in order to answer the key evaluation questions. The results may be\ud summarised as follows

Published
2003

44. Reducing bag theft in bars

Author

Ekblom, Paul, Clarke, Ronald V., Bowers, Kate J., Gamman, Lorraine, Sidebottom, Aiden, Thomas, Chris, Thorpe, Adam, Willcocks, Marcus, Ekblom, Paul, Clarke, Ronald V., Bowers, Kate J., Gamman, Lorraine, Sidebottom, Aiden, Thomas, Chris, Thorpe, Adam, and Willcocks, Marcus

Abstract

This chapter presents a detailed account of the considerations in designing a clip that fixes customers’ bags to tables in bars, to protect them against theft. On the face of this is a very simple idea, but in practice the factors that had to be addressed and resolved were many and complex and the designs had to be ‘high performance’. The account richly illustrates that complexity, and takes forward the process of bringing together design and crime science. In so doing it puts the Security Function Framework (Chapter 2: Ekblom) through its paces in capturing, organising and making sense of the knowledge from a major research project. This framework is an attempt to provide a structured approach to setting out the rationale of a design in terms of 4 discourses: Purpose (what is it for?), Niche (how does it relate to the rest of the security ‘ecosystem’?); Mechanism (how does it work?); and Technicality (how is it constructed and operated?).

Published
2012

45. Theft of customers’ personal property from cafes and bars

Author

Gamman, Lorraine, Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Warne, Anna, Mamerow, Loreen, Gamman, Lorraine, Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Warne, Anna, and Mamerow, Loreen

Abstract

We begin this guide by describing the problem of theft of customers' personal property from cafés and bars and reviewing associated risk factors. We then identify a series of questions to help you analyze your local problem, and, finally, review responses to this type of problem. At present, evaluative research-whether carried out independently or by the police-is scarce; consequently it is not possible to draw any firm conclusions as to which responses to theft of customers' personal property from cafés and bars are the most effective. Nevertheless, we review several responses to this problem and make tentative statements as to their effectiveness. Theft of customers' personal property from cafés and bars is one aspect of the larger set of theft- and property-related problems. This guide, however, is limited to addressing the particular harms created by the unlawful removal of customers' personal property from cafés and bars. Table 1 shows some of the different types of theft that might occur in a café or bar environment and the extent to which the offender is visible to the victim at the time of the offense. Unless otherwise stated, the phrase 'theft of customers' personal property' will be used interchangeably with 'theft in cafés and bars.

Published
2010

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