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After centuries as great powers, the Spanish and Ottoman Empires found themselves in decline by the early eighteenth century and suffered steady encroachment upon their territories from competing powers. Nevertheless, in the late eighteenth century, and again in the mid-nineteenth century, the two empires made vigorous efforts to assert themselves in North Africa. After initial successes, Istanbul and Madrid believed they could rebuild their former strengths. At the same time, they ended their centuries-long mutual hostility, and began to cooperate through treaties, trade, and diplomatic coordination. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, Spanish defeats in the Spanish American War and Ottoman losses in Egypt, Algeria, and elsewhere, ended this resurgence. Drawing on diplomatic records and other sources, this historical essay explores the parallel destinies of the Spanish and Ottomans up to the eve of World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the collaboration of Pilar Primo de Rivera, leader of the women's section of the Falangist party in Spain, with Nazi Germany during World War II. Background on the establishment of the independent fascist party Falange Espan˜ola; Importance of the role of the organization of de Rivera in rebuilding Spain; Overview of the relationship of Spain and Germany during the second world war.