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1. Nitrogen deposition and climate change have increased vascular plant species richness and altered the composition of grazed subalpine grasslands

Author: Boutin, Marion, Corcket, Emmanuel, Alard, Didier, Villar, Luis, Jiménez, Juan-José, Blaix, Cian, Lemaire, Cédric, Corriol, Gilles, Lamaze, Thierry, and Pornon, André
Published: 2017

2. Low-severity fire increases tree defense against bark beetle attacks

Author: Hood, Sharon, Sala, Anna, Heyerdahl, Emily K., and Boutin, Marion
Published: 2015

3. Contribution of plant species to the high N retention capacity of a subalpine meadow undergoing elevated N deposition and warming

Author: Pornon, André, primary, Boutin, Marion, additional, and Lamaze, Thierry, additional
Published: 2019
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4. Nitrogen deposition and climate change have increased vascular plant species richness and altered the composition of grazed subalpine grasslands

Author: Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (France), Région Midi-Pyrénées, Gobierno de Aragón, Observatoire Homme Milieux Pyrenees Haut Vicdessos, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Boutin, Marion, Corcket, Emmanuel, Alard, Didier, Villar Pérez, Luis, Jiménez, Juan J., Blaix, Cian, Lemaire, Cédric, Corriol, Gilles, Lamaze, Thierry, Pornon, André, Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (France), Région Midi-Pyrénées, Gobierno de Aragón, Observatoire Homme Milieux Pyrenees Haut Vicdessos, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Boutin, Marion, Corcket, Emmanuel, Alard, Didier, Villar Pérez, Luis, Jiménez, Juan J., Blaix, Cian, Lemaire, Cédric, Corriol, Gilles, Lamaze, Thierry, and Pornon, André
Abstract: 1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and climate warming are two major components of global change that drive species richness and composition in plant communities. However, their combined effects have been insufficiently investigated across large spatial and temporal scales particularly in high-elevation, nutrient-limited ecosystems. 2. We examine whether and how N deposition and climate warming have altered the plant richness and the composition of subalpine semi-natural, extensively grazed grasslands of the Pyrenees, using two complementary approaches: (i) analysis of 553 releves to explore vegetation changes across large ecological gradients including temperature and N deposition (spatial approach) and (ii) a re-sampling of a subset of 40 sites among the 553 sites to assess temporal changes over the past decades (temporal approach). 3. Both approaches showed that the vascular plant species richness increased when temperature and cumulative N deposition increase, shifting the species composition towards more thermophilic and eutrophic communities. 4. Synthesis. We hypothesize that the release from abiotic constraints (milder temperature and higher nitrogen availability) due to global changes and long-standing extensive grazing counteracting the negative effects of nitrogen deposition have been responsible for the diversity and compositional changes of plant communities over the last decades in the Pyrenees. Thus, in contrast with other grasslands, high-elevation grazed grasslands may increase in species diversity with nitrogen deposition under climate warming.
Published: 2017

5. Pyrenean subalpine grasslands became more species-rich but less typical under cumulative nitrogen deposition and climate change effects

Author: Boutin, Marion, Corcket, Emmanuel, Alard, Didier, Villar, Luis, Jiménez, Juan-José, Blaix, Cian, Lemaire, Cedric, Corriol, Gilles, Pornon, André, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa] (SSSUP), Conservatoire Botanique National de Midi-Pyrénées (CBNMP), ANR-11-LABX-0010,DRIIHM / IRDHEI,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, IPE-CSIC, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa], and ANR-11-LABX-0010/11-LABX-0010,LabEx DRIIHM,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011)
Subjects: [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2015

6. Augmentation de richesse et changements de composition dans les pelouses subalpines en réponse au cumul de dépôts azotés et au réchauffement

Author: Boutin, Marion, Corcket, Emmanuel, Alard, Didier, Villar, Luis, Jiménez, Juan-José, Blaix, Cian, Lemaire, Cedric, Corriol, Gilles, Pornon, André, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, IPE-CSIC, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa], Conservatoire Botanique National de Midi-Pyrénées (CBNMP), ANR-11-LABX-0010/11-LABX-0010,LabEx DRIIHM,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa] (SSSUP), and ANR-11-LABX-0010,DRIIHM / IRDHEI,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011)
Subjects: [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2015

7. Impacts des dépôts atmosphériques azotés sur la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des pelouses subalpines pyrénéennes

Author: Boutin, Marion and Boutin, Marion
Abstract: Les dépôts azotés (DA) mesurés à l'étage subalpin des Pyrénées sont compris entre 8 et 15 kg N ha-1 an-1, soit égaux ou supérieurs à la charge critique actuellement définie pour ces milieux et supérieurs aux estimations fournies par les modèles de chimie-transport. Au cours des soixante dernières années, les pelouses subalpines pyrénéennes sont devenues plus thermophiles et mésotrophes, plus riches en espèces et plus homogènes à l'échelle des Pyrénées. Le changement climatique (CC) et le cumul de DA ont réduit les contraintes abiotiques de ces habitats, favorisant l'installation d'espèces moins stress-tolérantes. Ces milieux piègent et conservent efficacement l'azote d'origine atmosphérique, même en contexte de CC. Des effets des DA sont détectables sur la végétation (%N, biomasse et recouvrement de certains groupes) avant d'être détectables dans le sol. Ces effets sont plus marqués en réponse aux apports dominés par l'ammonium plutôt que par le nitrate, et sont additifs ou compensatoires avec ceux du CC, mais rarement interactifs., Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the subalpine Pyrenees is in order of 8 to 15 kg N ha-1 yr-1, equivalent or higher than the actual critical load for these habitats and higher than chemistry-transport models' estimates. During the past six decades, Pyrenean subalpine grasslands became more thermophilous and mesotrophic, richer in species and more homogeneous at the regional scale. Climate change and cumulative nitrogen deposition reduced the abiotic constraints in these habitats, favouring the installation of less stress-tolerant species. These habitats trap and store efficiently nitrogen from deposition, even in a climate change context. Effects are visible in the vegetation (% of nitrogen, biomass and cover of some groups) before being visible in the soil. These effects are more pronounced following ammonium than nitrate dominated additions, and are additive or compensatory with the effects of climate change, but rarely interactive.
Published: 2015

8. Subalpine Pyrenees received higher nitrogen deposition than predicted by EMEP and CHIMERE chemistry-transport models

Author: Boutin, Marion, primary, Lamaze, Thierry, additional, Couvidat, Florian, additional, and Pornon, André, additional
Published: 2015
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9. Atypical symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 test results and immunisation rates in 456 residents from eight nursing homes facing a COVID-19 outbreak

Author: Stéphanie Miot, Yves Rolland, Mylène Albrand, Marie Christine Picot, Edouard Tuaillon, Nadia Giacosa, Lucie Gamon, Amandine Pisoni, Jean Bousquet, Hubert Blain, Boutin, Marion, Département de Gériatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Département d'Information Médicale [CHRU Montpellier], Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, U1027, Toulouse, France., Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon (MACVIA-LR), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site (EIP on AHA), Commission Européenne-Commission Européenne-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Humboldt University Of Berlin, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Humboldt University of Berlin
Subjects: Male, Aging, Longitudinal study, Multivariate analysis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], rRT-PCR, nursing homes, urologic and male genital diseases, Antibodies, Viral, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Disease Outbreaks, older people, AcademicSubjects/MED00280, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, antibodies, Infection control, Longitudinal Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, False Negative Reactions, Aged, 80 and over, testing for SARS-CoV-2, [SDV.MHEP.GEG] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Geriatry and gerontology, [SDV.MHEP.GEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Geriatry and gerontology, immunisation, General Medicine, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Anorexia, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, medicine.symptom, Research Paper, medicine.medical_specialty, immunization, Sensitivity and Specificity, Asymptomatic, Malaise, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, False Positive Reactions, Serologic Tests, Pandemics, Aged, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, Retrospective cohort study, Immunoglobulin G, symptoms, Accidental Falls, Geriatrics and Gerontology, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Frail older persons may have an atypical presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The value of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing for identifying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nursing homes (NHs) residents is not known. Objective To determine whether (i) atypical symptoms may predict rRT-PCR results and (ii) rRT-PCR results may predict immunisation against SARS-CoV-2 in NH residents. Design A retrospective longitudinal study. Setting Eight NHs with at least 10 rRT-PCR-positive residents. Subjects A total of 456 residents. Methods Typical and atypical symptoms recorded in residents’ files during the 14 days before and after rRT-PCR testing were analysed. Residents underwent blood testing for IgG-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein 6 to 8 weeks after testing. Univariate and multivariate analyses compared symptoms and immunisation rates in rRT-PCR-positive and negative residents. Results A total of 161 residents had a positive rRT-PCR (35.3%), 17.4% of whom were asymptomatic before testing. Temperature >37.8°C, oxygen saturation Conclusion This study supports a strategy based on (i) testing residents with typical or unexplained atypical symptoms for an early identification of the first SARS-CoV-2 cases, (ii) rT-PCR testing for identifying COVID-19 residents, (iii) repeated wide-facility testing (including asymptomatic cases) as soon as a resident is tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and (iv) implementing SARS-CoV-2 infection control measures in rRT-PCR-negative residents when they have unexplained typical or atypical symptoms.
Published: 2021

10. In‐field evaluation of Xpert® HCV viral load Fingerstick assay in people who inject drugs in Tanzania

Author: Jessie Mbwambo, Basra Doulla, Stéphane Chevaliez, Simon D. Taylor-Robinson, Nicodem Mgina, John Rwegasha, Mark Thursz, Promise Mwakale, Edouard Tuaillon, Maud Lemoine, Ashley Brown, Yusuke Shimakawa, Zameer Mohamed, Imperial College London, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Muhimbili National Hospital [Dar es Salaam, Tanzanie] (MNH), Tanzania Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory [MNH, Tanzania], CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Laboratoire de bactériologie et de virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre National de Référence Virus des hépatites B, C et Delta, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine [Paris] (INTS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), This study was supported by an Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre Global Health Research Seed Grant. In addition, infrastructure support was provided by the Imperial College London NIHR Biomedical Facility., The authors thank all patients for their willingness to participate and staff members working MNH OAT clinic for their support in during the study. We also thank Cepheid for donating Xpert® HCV VL and FS cartridges., Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Wellcome Trust, and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: sub-Saharan Africa, IMPACT, subSaharan Africa, HEPATITIS-C, Hepacivirus, medicine.disease_cause, Tanzania, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, biology, virus diseases, Hepatitis C, Viral Load, PREVALENCE, 3. Good health, hepatitis C viurs (HCV) diagnosis, point-of-care (POC), Pharmaceutical Preparations, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, RNA, Viral, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Original Article, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Liver Disease and Public Health, ACCESS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Viral load, people who inject drugs (PWID), medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Fingerstick, Hepatitis C virus, Concordance, DIAGNOSIS, Sensitivity and Specificity, World health, LESSONS, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Xpert, hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis, ELIMINATION, [SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Science & Technology, PERFORMANCE EVALUATION, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hepatology, business.industry, 1103 Clinical Sciences, CARE, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, digestive system diseases, point‐of‐care (POC), RNA, business, sub‐Saharan Africa
Abstract: International audience; Background: Although novel hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA point‐of‐care technology has the potential to enhance the diagnosis in resource‐limited settings, very little real‐world validation of their utility exists. We evaluate the performance of HCV RNA quantification using the Xpert® HCV viral load Fingerstick assay (Xpert® HCV VL Fingerstick assay) as compared to the World Health Organisation pre‐qualified plasma Xpert® HCV VL assay among people who inject drugs (PWID) attending an opioid agonist therapy (OAT) clinic in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania.Methods: Between December 2018 and February 2019, consecutive HCV seropositive PWID attending the OAT clinic provided paired venous and Fingerstick samples for HCV RNA quantification. These were processed onsite using the GeneXpert® platform located at the Central tuberculosis reference laboratory.Results: A total of 208 out of 220 anti‐HCV‐positive participants recruited (94.5%) had a valid Xpert® HCV VL result available; 126 (61%; 95% CI 53.8‐67.0) had detectable and quantifiable HCV RNA. About 188 (85%) participants had paired plasma and Fingerstick whole blood samples; the sensitivity and specificity for the quantification of HCV RNA levels were 99.1% and 98.7% respectively. There was an excellent correlation (R2 = .95) and concordance (mean difference 0.13 IU/mL, (95% CI −0.9 to 0.16 IU/mL) in HCV RNA levels between plasma samples and Fingerstick samples.Conclusion: This study found excellent performance of the Xpert® HCV VL Fingerstick assay for HCV RNA detection and quantification in an African‐field setting. Its clinical utility represents an important watershed in overcoming existing challenges to HCV diagnosis, which should play a crucial role in HCV elimination in Africa
Published: 2019

11. Revisiting Koch's postulate to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by human milk

Author: Van De Perre, Philippe, Molès, Jean‐Pierre, Nagot, Nicolas, Tuaillon, Edouard, Ceccaldi, Pierre‐Emmanuel, Goga, Ameena, Prendergast, Andrew, ROLLINS, Nigel, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes / Oncogenic Virus Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (EPVO (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_3)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Pretoria [South Africa], Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Boutin, Marion, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.PED]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, analytical framework, Milk, Human, Zika Virus Infection, viruses, Rostrum, viral transmission, HIV Infections, Zika Virus, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, [SDV.MHEP.PED] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, Breast Feeding, plausibility, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virus Diseases, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Animals, Humans, breast milk, Female, Koch's postulate
Abstract: International audience; As breastfeeding is of utmost importance for child development and survival, identifying whether breast milk is a route of transmission for human viruses is critical.Based on the principle of Koch’s postulate, we propose an analytical framework to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by breast milk. This framework is based on five criteria: viral infection in children receiving breastmilk from infected mothers; the presence of virus, viral antigen or viral genome in the breast milk of infected mothers; the evidence for the virus in breast milk being infectious; the attempts to rule out other transmission modalities; and the reproduction of viral transmission by oral inoculation in an animal model. We searched for evidence in published reports to determine whether the 5 criteria are fulfilled for 16 human viruses that are suspected to be transmissible by breast milk. We considered breast milk transmission is proven if all 5 criteria are fulfilled, as probable if 4 of the 5 criteria are met, as possible if 3 of the 5 criteria are fulfilled and as unlikely if less than 3 criteria are met. Only five viruses have proven transmission through breast milk: human T‐cell lymphotropic virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, dengue virus and Zika virus. The other 11 viruses fulfilled some but not all criteria and were categorized accordingly.Our framework analysis is useful for guiding public health recommendations and for identifying knowledge gaps amenable to original experiments
Published: 2021

12. Diagnostic Performance of a Magnetic Field-Enhanced Agglutination Readout in Detecting Either Viral Genomes or Host Antibodies in Arbovirus Infection

Author: Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Elena Pinchon, Nevzat Temurok, Fanny Leon, Chantal Fournier-Wirth, Aurélien Daynes, Martine Clot, Vincent Foulongne, Philippe Van de Perre, François Morvan, Jean-François Cantaloube, Jean-Pierre Molès, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), HORIBA Medical (HORIBA ABX SAS), HORIBA Scientific [France], Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, viruses, 02 engineering and technology, Biology, Microbiology, Arbovirus, Dengue fever, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, medicine, antibodies, lcsh:QH301-705.5, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Brief Report, RNA, virus diseases, magnetic agglutination, Amplicon, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, innovative diagnostic, 3. Good health, [SDV.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, viral genomes, Agglutination (biology), 030104 developmental biology, arbovirus, lcsh:Biology (General), Biotinylation, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, biology.protein, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, nanoparticles, Turbidimetry, Antibody, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Arbovirus diagnostics on blood from donors and travelers returning from endemic areas is increasingly important for better patient management and epidemiological surveillance. We developed a flexible approach based on a magnetic field-enhanced agglutination (MFEA) readout to detect either genomes or host-derived antibodies. Dengue viruses (DENVs) were selected as models. For genome detection, a pan-flavivirus amplification was performed before capture of biotinylated amplicons between magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) grafted with DENV probes and anti-biotin antibodies. Magnetization cycles accelerated this chaining process to within 5 min while simple turbidimetry measured the signal. This molecular MFEA readout was evaluated on 43 DENV RNA(+) and 32 DENV RNA(−) samples previously screened by real-time RT-PCR. The sensitivity and the specificity were 88.37% (95% CI, 78.76%–97.95%) and 96.87% (95% CI, 90.84%–100%), respectively. For anti-DENV antibody detection, 103 plasma samples from donors were first screened using ELISA assays. An immunological MFEA readout was then performed by adding MNPs grafted with viral antigens to the samples. Anti-DENV antibodies were detected with a sensitivity and specificity of 90.62% (95% CI, 83.50%–97.76%) and 97.44% (95% CI, 92.48%–100%), respectively. This adaptable approach offers flexibility to platforms dedicated to the screening of emerging infections
Published: 2021

13. Evidence of Exposure to USUV and WNV in Zoo Animals in France

Author: Rayane Amaral Moares, Orianne Constant, Jonathan Barthelemy, Caroline Desmetz, Karine Bollore, Cécile Beck, Serafin Gutierrez, Marion Clé, David Gomis, Sara Salinas, Vincent Foulongne, Sylvie Lecollinet, Baptiste Chenet, Laurie Virolle, Yannick Simonin, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Parc de Lunaret-Zoo de Montpellier, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Biocommunication en Cardio-Métabolique (BC2M), Université de Montpellier (UM), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This research was funded by REACTing (reference: YY/FC/2018-032) and the Montpellier University ofExcellence (MUSE) through ANR (the French National Research Agency) under the 'Investissements d’avenir'program with the reference ANR-16-IDEX-0006., ANR-16-IDEX-0006,MUSE,MUSE(2016), Boutin, Marion, MUSE - - MUSE2016 - ANR-16-IDEX-0006 - IDEX - VALID, and École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), usutu virus, Greater rhea, [SDV.BA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, lcsh:Medicine, zoological garden, Arbovirus, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, flavivirus, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Seroprevalence, MESH: Flavivirus, west nile virus, Molecular Biology, MESH: West Nile virus, 0303 health sciences, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, seroprevalence, 030306 microbiology, Host (biology), [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, lcsh:R, [SDV.BA.MVSA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, virus diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Lycaon pictus, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Flavivirus, Infectious Diseases, arbovirus, Enzootic, Usutu virus
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are zoonotic arboviruses. These flaviviruses are mainly maintained in the environment through an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds. Horses and humans are incidental, dead-end hosts, but can develop severe neurological disorders. Nevertheless, there is little data regarding the involvement of other mammals in the epidemiology of these arboviruses. In this study, we performed a serosurvey to assess exposure to these viruses in captive birds and mammals in a zoo situated in the south of France, an area described for the circulation of these two viruses. A total of 411 samples comprising of 70 species were collected over 16 years from 2003 to 2019. The samples were first tested by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive sera were then tested using virus-specific microneutralization tests against USUV and WNV. USUV seroprevalence in birds was 10 times higher than that of WNV (14.59% versus 1.46%, respectively). Among birds, greater rhea (Rhea Americana) and common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) exhibited the highest USUV seroprevalence. Infections occurred mainly between 2016&ndash, 2018 corresponding to a period of high circulation of these viruses in Europe. In mammalian species, antibodies against WNV were detected in one dama gazelle (Nanger dama) whereas serological evidence of USUV infection was observed in several Canidae, especially in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Our study helps to better understand the exposure of captive species to WNV and USUV and to identify potential host species to include in surveillance programs in zoos.
Published: 2020

14. Towards HCV elimination among people who inject drugs in Hai Phong, Vietnam: study protocol for an effectiveness-implementation trial evaluating an integrated model of HCV care (DRIVE-C: DRug use & Infections in ViEtnam–hepatitis C)

Author: Rapoud, Delphine, Quillet, Catherine, Pham Minh, Khue, Vu Hai, Vinh, Nguyen Thanh, Binh, Nham Thi Tuyet, Thanh, Tran Thi, Hong, Molès, Jean-Pierre, Vallo, Roselyne, Michel, Laurent, Feelemyer, Jonathan, Weiss, Laurence, Lemoine, Maud, Vickerman, Peter, Fraser, Hannah, Duong Thi, Huong, Khuat Thi Hai, Oanh, Des Jarlais, Don, Nagot, Nicolas, Laureillard, Didier, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Viet Tiep Hospital, Center for Supporting Community Development Initiatives, Sexualité et soins (Genre, Sexualité, Santé) (CESP - INSERM U1018 - Equipe 7), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, College of Global Public Health [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Liver Unit, Imperial College London, University of Bristol [Bristol], New York University College of Global Public Health, and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: Public health, Hepatology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Infection control, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C, Chronic, Antiviral Agents, Hepatitis C, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, Clinical trials, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Vietnam, THERAPEUTICS, Humans, Medicine, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Introduction In Vietnam, people who inject drugs (PWID), who are the major population infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV), remain largely undiagnosed and unlinked to HCV prevention and care despite recommended universal hepatitis C treatment. The data on the outcomes of HCV treatment among PWID also remain limited in resource-limited settings. The DRug use & Infections in ViEtnam–hepatitis C (DRIVE-C) study examines the effectiveness of a model of hepatitis C screening and integrated care targeting PWID that largely uses community-based organisations (CBO) in Hai Phong, Vietnam. In a wider perspective, this model may have the potential to eliminate HCV among PWID in this city.Methods and analysis The model of care comprises large community-based mass screening, simplified treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and major involvement of CBO for PWID reaching out, linkage to care, treatment adherence and prevention of reinfection. The effectiveness of DAA care strategy among PWID, the potential obstacles to widespread implementation and its impact at population level will be assessed. A cost-effectiveness analysis is planned to further inform policy-makers. The enrolment target is 1050 PWID, recruited from the DRIVE study in Hai Phong. After initiation of pan-genotypic treatment consisting of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir administrated for 12 weeks, with ribavirin added in cases of cirrhosis, participants are followed-up for 48 weeks. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients with sustained virological response at week 48, that will be compared with a theoretical expected rate of 70%.Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacy's Ethics Review Board and the Vietnamese Ministry of Health. The sponsor and the investigators are committed to conducting this study in accordance with ethics principles contained in the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki (Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects). Informed consent is obtained before study enrolment. The data are anonymised and stored in a secure database. The study is ongoing. Results will be presented at international conferences and submitted to international peer-review journals.Trial registration number NCT03537196.
Published: 2020

15. Rapid and specific DNA detection by magnetic field-enhanced agglutination assay

Author: Jean-François Cantaloube, Aurélien Daynes, Philippe Van de Perre, Fanny Leon, Vincent Foulongne, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Nevzat Temurok, Elena Pinchon, Martine Clot, Chantal Fournier-Wirth, François Morvan, Jean-Pierre Molès, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), HORIBA Medical (HORIBA ABX SAS), HORIBA Scientific [France], Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: Agglutination, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 02 engineering and technology, Dengue virus, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, medicine, Detection limit, Chromatography, Chemistry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, DNA, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Molecular diagnostics, 0104 chemical sciences, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Agglutination (biology), Magnetic Fields, Biotinylation, Agglutination assay, Magnetic nanoparticles, 0210 nano-technology, DNA Probes
Abstract: International audience; The detection of DNA molecules by agglutination assays has suffered from a lack of specificity. The specificity can be improved by introducing a hybridization step with a specific probe. We developed a setting that captured biotinylated DNA targets between magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) grafted with tetrathiolated probes and anti-biotin antibodies. The agglutination assay was enhanced using a series of magnetization cycles. This setting allowed to successfully detect a synthetic single stranded DNA with a sensitivity as low as 9 pM. We next adapted this setting to the detection of PCR products. We first developed an asymmetric pan-flavivirus amplification. Then, we demonstrated its ability to detect dengue virus with a limit of detection of 100 TCID 50 /mL. This magnetic field-enhanced agglutination assay is an endpoint readout, which benefits from the advantages of using nanoparticles that result in particular from a very reduced duration of the test; in our case it lasts less than 5 min. This approach provides a solution to develop new generation platforms for molecular diagnostics.
Published: 2020

16. The CD133+ Stem/Progenitor-Like Cell Subset Is Increased in Human Milk and Peripheral Blood of HIV-Positive Women

Author: Valverde-Villegas, Jacqueline María, Naranjo-Gomez, Mar, Durand, Mélusine, Rutagwera, David, Bedin, Anne-Sophie, Kankasa, Chipepo, Debiesse, Ségolène, Nagot, Nicolas, Tuaillon, Edouard, Van De Perre, Philippe, Molès, Jean-Pierre, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Cellules Souches, Plasticité Cellulaire, Médecine Régénératrice et Immunothérapies (IRMB), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia, CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Boutin, Marion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], HIV-1, virus diseases, human milk, CD133, CD34, CD45
Abstract: International audience; Human milk is a significant source of different CD133 + and/or CD34 + stem/progenitor-like cell subsets in healthy women but their cell distribution and percentages in this compartment of HIV-positive women have not been explored. To date, a decrease of CD34 + hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell frequencies in peripheral blood and bone marrow of HIV-positive patients has been reported. Herein, human milk and peripheral blood samples were collected between day 2-15 post-partum from HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, and cells were stained with stem cell markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. We report that the median percentage of CD45 +/high CD34 − CD133 + cell subset from milk and blood was significantly higher in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative women. The percentage of CD45 dim CD34 − CD133 + cell subset from blood was significantly higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative women. Moreover, percentages of CD45 dim CD34 + , CD45 dim CD34 + CD133 − , and CD45 +high CD34 + CD133 − cell subsets from blood were significantly lower in HIV-positive than HIV-negative women. The CD133 + stem/progenitor-like cell subsets are increased in early human milk and blood of HIV-positive women and are differentially distributed to CD34 + cell subset frequencies which are decreased in blood.
Published: 2020

17. Dépistage de la COVID-19 : valeurs diagnostiques d’une anosmie rapportée ou objectivée par un test clinique

Author: V. Le Moing, Marie-Christine Picot, David Morquin, Edouard Tuaillon, Frédéric Venail, Audrey Jaussent, Laurence Negre-Pages, C. Villerabel, Jacques Reynes, Alain Makinson, CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Infectious Diseases, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medicine, business, Article, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Introduction Des études européennes suggèrent que l’anosmie est fortement associée à l’infection par SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Cependant, dans ces études, les patients étaient sélectionnés et évalués après diagnostic, sans groupe contrôle, et les troubles olfactifs étaient rapportés sans évaluation clinique. Dans cette étude nous avons évalué la valeur diagnostique de l’anosmie rapportée et de l’anosmie objectivée par un test olfactif standardisé avant prélèvement dans un centre de dépistage du SARS-CoV-2. Matériels et méthodes Étude diagnostique proposée de façon consécutive à tout adulte se présentant pour un prélèvement diagnostique par RT-PCR nasopharyngé au centre de dépistage ambulatoire du SARS-CoV-2 du CHU entre le 23 mars et le 22 avril 2020. Les critères de non-inclusion étaient un antécédent de troubles olfactifs, une indication d’hospitalisation, une barrière de la langue, des troubles cognitifs, et une grossesse ou un allaitement en cours. Les personnes répondaient à un questionnaire syndromique, puis réalisaient un examen olfactif standardisé à l’aide de trois bandelettes imprégnées de 5 microlitres d’huiles essentielles (lavande, citronnelle et menthe poivrée). Un score basé sur la reconnaissance et l’intensité des odeurs variait de 0 (anosmie totale) à 6 (normosmie). Les personnes avec un score olfactif
Published: 2020

18. The association between D‐dimers in COVID‐19 patients and mortality remains beset of uncertainties

Author: Eva Cochery-Nouvellon, Jean Marc Mauboussin, Sylvie Bouvier, Didier Laureillard, Laurent Muller, Erick Mercier, Paul Loubet, Jean Yves Lefrant, Saber Barbar, Jean-Christophe Gris, Albert Sotto, Claire Roger, Caractéristiques féminines des dysfonctions des interfaces cardio-vasculaires (EA 2992), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université de Montpellier (UM), F-CRIN, Innovative clinical research network in vaccinology (I-REIVAC), Hôpital Universitaire Carémeau [Nîmes] (CHU Nîmes), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Département d'Hématologie [CHU Nîmes], Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Labex MemoLife, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Boutin, Marion, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Hematology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, University hospital, 3. Good health, Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, Coronavirus Infections, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: We appreciated the response to our letter from Dr. Zhang and colleagues who actively support D‐dimer level at admission as an effective and easy‐to‐perform laboratory predictor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) (1). We congratulate them for the work and thank them for the arguments they have provided. However, we still have many doubts, which observation of the cases we have managed in our university hospital do not dispel.
Published: 2020

19. Correlation between Bioassay and Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification for Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Decontamination Studies

Author: Daisy Bougard, Vincent Béringue, Lilian Bruyère-Ostells, Maxime Belondrade, Laetitia Herzog, Fabienne Reine, Chantal Fournier-Wirth, Juan María Torres, Christelle Jas-Duval, Sylvain Lehmann, Charly Mayran, Simon Nicot, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Cellules Souches, Plasticité Cellulaire, Médecine Régénératrice et Immunothérapies (IRMB), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Boutin, Marion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, animal diseases, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Iatrogenic Disease, Population, lcsh:QR1-502, Mice, Transgenic, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome, Prion Proteins, prion, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, PMCA, In vivo, Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, mental disorders, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Bioassay, Proteostasis Deficiencies, education, Molecular Biology, Infectivity, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Human decontamination, Therapeutics and Prevention, decontamination, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Virology, QR1-502, In vitro, 3. Good health, nervous system diseases, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030104 developmental biology, bioassay, Equipment Contamination, Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Research Article
Abstract: Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases are neurodegenerative disorders for which transmission linked to medical procedures have been reported in hundreds of patients. As prion diseases, they are characterized by an unusual resistance to conventional decontamination processes. Moreover, their large tissue distribution and the ability of prions to attach to many surfaces raised the risk of transmission in health care facilities. It is therefore of major importance that decontamination procedures applied to medical devices before their reprocessing are thoroughly validated for prion inactivation. We previously described an in vitro assay, which allowed us to classify accurately prion decontamination treatments according to their efficacy on variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The significance of this study is in demonstrating the concordance between previous in vitro results and infectivity studies in transgenic mice. Furthermore, commercial reagents currently used in hospitals were tested by both protocols, and we observed that most of them were ineffective on human prions., To date, approximately 500 iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases have been reported worldwide, most of them resulting from cadaveric dura mater graft and from the administration of prion-contaminated human growth hormone. The unusual resistance of prions to decontamination processes, their large tissue distribution, and the uncertainty about the prevalence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in the general population lead to specific recommendations regarding identification of tissue at risk and reprocessing of reusable medical devices, including the use of dedicated treatment for prion inactivation. We previously described an in vitro assay, called Surf-PMCA, which allowed us to classify prion decontamination treatments according to their efficacy on vCJD prions by monitoring residual seeding activity (RSA). Here, we used a transgenic mouse line permissive to vCJD prions to study the correlation between the RSA measured in vitro and the in vivo infectivity. Implantation in mouse brains of prion-contaminated steel wires subjected to different decontamination procedures allows us to demonstrate a good concordance between RSA measured by Surf-PMCA (in vitro) and residual infectivity (in vivo). These experiments emphasize the strength of the Surf-PMCA method as a rapid and sensitive assay for the evaluation of prion decontamination procedures and also confirm the lack of efficacy of several marketed reagents on vCJD prion decontamination. IMPORTANCE Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases are neurodegenerative disorders for which transmission linked to medical procedures have been reported in hundreds of patients. As prion diseases, they are characterized by an unusual resistance to conventional decontamination processes. Moreover, their large tissue distribution and the ability of prions to attach to many surfaces raised the risk of transmission in health care facilities. It is therefore of major importance that decontamination procedures applied to medical devices before their reprocessing are thoroughly validated for prion inactivation. We previously described an in vitro assay, which allowed us to classify accurately prion decontamination treatments according to their efficacy on variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The significance of this study is in demonstrating the concordance between previous in vitro results and infectivity studies in transgenic mice. Furthermore, commercial reagents currently used in hospitals were tested by both protocols, and we observed that most of them were ineffective on human prions.
Published: 2020

20. Clinical and biological factors associated with early Epstein-Barr Virus infection in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in Eastern Uganda

Author: Montoya-Ferrer, Ana, Sanosyan, Armen, Fayd'Herbe de Maudave, Alexis, Pisoni, Amandine, Bolloré, Karine, Moles, Jean-Pierre, Peries, Marianne, Tylleskär, Thorkild, Tumwine, James, Ndeezi, Grace, Gorgolas, Miguel, Nagot, Nicolas, van de Perre, Philippe, Tuaillon, Edouard, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Centre for International Health [Bergen, Norway], University of Bergen (UiB), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz [Madrid, Spain], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.PED]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, [SDV.MHEP.PED] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, hemic and lymphatic diseases, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; Background: Immune control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is impaired in individuals with HIV. We explored maternal factors associated with EBV acquisition in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants and the relationship between EBV infection and serious adverse events (SAEs) during the first year of life.Methods: 201 HEU infants from Uganda enrolled in the ANRS 12174 trial were tested for antiviral capsid antigen (anti-VCA) antibodies at week 50. Date of infection was estimated by testing EBV DNA at weeks 1, 6, 14, 26, 38, and 50 postpartum on dried blood spots.Results: Eighty-seven (43%) infants tested positive for anti-VCA IgG at week 50. Among the 59 infants positive for EBV DNA, 25% were infected within the first 26 weeks. Almost half (12%) were infected before week 14. Shedding of EBV in breast milk was associated with EBV DNA in maternal plasma (P = .009), HIV RNA detection (P = .039), and lower CD4 count (P = .001) and correlated with plasma EBV DNA levels (P = .002). EBV infant infection at week 50 was associated with shedding of EBV in breast milk (P = .009) and young maternal age (P = .029). Occurrence of a clinical SAE, including malaria and pneumonia, was associated with higher levels of EBV DNA in infants (P = .010).Conclusions: By assessing EBV infection in HEU infants we observed that infection during the first year is determined by HIV and EBV maternal factors and that EBV DNA levels were higher among infants with clinical SAEs.Clinical Trials Registration: NCT00640263.
Published: 2020

21. Health Outcomes at School Age among Children Who Are HIV-Exposed but Uninfected with Detected Mitochondrial DNA Depletion at One Year

Author: Monnin, Audrey, Nagot, Nicolas, Eymard-Duvernay, Sabrina, Meda, Nicolas, Tumwine, James, Tylleskär, Thorkild, Perre, Philippe Van De, Molès, Jean-Pierre, Boutin, Marion, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, and University of Bergen (UiB)
Subjects: neurodevelopment, depletion, breastfeeding, growth, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, lopinavir/ritonavir, mitochondrial DNA, Article, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Africa, HIV-exposed uninfected children, lamivudine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Infant antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis given to children who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed but uninfected (CHEU) to prevent HIV transmission through breastfeeding previously proved its efficacy in the fight against the pediatric epidemic. However, few studies have investigated the short- and long-term safety of prophylactic regimens. We previously reported a decrease of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content among CHEU who received one year of lamivudine (3TC) or lopinavir-boosted ritonavir (LPV/r) as infant prophylaxis. We aimed to describe mtDNA content at six years of age among these CHEU, including those for whom we identified mtDNA depletion at week 50 (decrease superior or equal to 50% from baseline), and to compare the two prophylactic drugs. We also addressed the association between mtDNA depletion at week 50 with growth, clinical, and neuropsychological outcomes at year 6. Quantitative PCR was used to measure mtDNA content in whole blood of CHEU seven days after birth, at week 50, and at year 6. Among CHEU with identified mtDNA depletion at week 50 (n = 17), only one had a persistent mtDNA content decrease at year 6. No difference between prophylactic drugs was observed. mtDNA depletion was not associated with growth, clinical, or neuropsychological outcomes at year 6. This study brought reassuring data concerning the safety of infant 3TC or LPV/r prophylaxis.
Published: 2020

22. Study of Usutu virus neuropathogenicity in mice and human cellular models

Author: Marion, Clé, Jonathan, Barthelemy, Caroline, Desmetz, Vincent, Foulongne, Lina, Lapeyre, Karine, Bolloré, Edouard, Tuaillon, Nejla, Erkilic, Vasiliki, Kalatzis, Sylvie, Lecollinet, Cécile, Beck, Nelly, Pirot, Yaël, Glasson, Fabien, Gosselet, Maria Teresa, Alvarez Martinez, Philippe, Van de Perre, Sara, Salinas, Yannick, Simonin, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Biocommunication en Cardio-Métabolique (BC2M), Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier - Déficits sensoriels et moteurs (INM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), BioCampus Montpellier (BCM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U1194 Inserm - UM), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Université d'Artois (UA), CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), BioCampus (BCM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boutin, Marion, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: Central Nervous System, Eye Diseases, Physiology, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, RC955-962, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nervous System, Biochemistry, Mice, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Immune Physiology, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Pigment Epithelium of Eye, Immune Response, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Innate Immune System, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Brain, Animal Models, Spinal Cord, Experimental Organism Systems, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Cytokines, Anatomy, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Article, Immunology, Mouse Models, Research and Analysis Methods, Models, Biological, Signs and Symptoms, Model Organisms, Diagnostic Medicine, Ocular System, Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Flavivirus, [SDV.NEU.NB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Endothelial Cells, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, Epithelial Cells, Molecular Development, Disease Models, Animal, Neuroanatomy, Ophthalmology, Immune System, Animal Studies, Eyes, Interferons, Head, Neuroscience, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Usutu virus (USUV), an African mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus, was first isolated in South Africa in 1959. USUV emerged in Europe two decades ago, causing notably massive mortality in Eurasian blackbirds. USUV is attracting increasing attention due to its potential for emergence and its rapid spread in Europe in recent years. Although mainly asymptomatic or responsible for mild clinical signs, USUV was recently described as being associated with neurological disorders in humans such as encephalitis and meningoencephalitis, highlighting the potential health threat posed by the virus. Despite this, USUV pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate USUV neuropathogenicity using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our results indicate that USUV efficiently replicates in the murine central nervous system. Replication in the spinal cord and brain is associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory molecules as well as induction of antiviral-responses without major modulation of blood-brain barrier integrity. Endothelial cells integrity is also maintained in a human model of the blood-brain barrier despite USUV replication and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, USUV-inoculated mice developed major ocular defects associated with inflammation. Moreover, USUV efficiently replicates in human retinal pigment epithelium. Our results will help to better characterize the physiopathology related to USUV infection in order to anticipate the potential threat of USUV emergence., Author summary Number of emerging arboviruses involved in human infections has increased considerably in the past years. Among them, Usutu virus (USUV) is an African mosquito-borne virus first isolated in South Africa that recently emerged. USUV infection in humans is considered to be most often asymptomatic or to cause mild clinical signs. Nonetheless, increased cases of neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis have been reported in Europe but the mechanisms behind this neuropathogenesis remain largely unclear. In this study we showed that USUV can infect efficiently several organs and cells of the central nervous system associated with a drastic inflammation and various deleterious effects. Our results contribute to the characterization of the neurotropism related to USUV infection.
Published: 2020

23. Clomipramine Could Be Useful in Preventing Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Author: Philippe Courtet, Mélusine Durand, Jean-Pierre Molès, Emilie Olié, Emmanuel Haffen, Sébastien Guillaume, Bénédicte Nobile, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Fondation FondaMental [Créteil], Information – Technologies – Analyse Environnementale – Procédés Agricoles (UMR ITAP), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques - UFC (EA 481) (NEURO), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Boutin, Marion, Neuropsychiatrie : recherche épidémiologique et clinique (PSNREC), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), and Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques - UFC (UR 481) (NEURO)
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Clomipramine, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Pharmacology toxicology, Immunology, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pandemic, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, [SDV.NEU] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Coronavirus, Pharmacology, 0303 health sciences, biology, business.industry, [SDV.SP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, biology.organism_classification, Virology, 3. Good health, [SDV.SP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

24. Early stage prion assembly involves two subpopulations with different quaternary structures and a secondary templating pathway

Author: Vincent Béringue, Laetitia Herzog, Fabienne Reine, Jan Bohl, Christelle Jas-Duval, Mohammed Moudjou, Mathieu Mezache, Tina Knäpple, Florent Laferrière, Marie Doumic, Human Rezaei, Angélique Igel-Egalon, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique D'Orsay (LCPO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling and Analysis for Medical and Biological Applications (MAMBA), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL (UMR_7598)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Fondation pour la Recherche MedicaleFondation pour la Recherche Medicale [Equipe FRM DEQ20150331689], European Research Council (ERC)European Research Council (ERC) [306321], Ile de France region (DIM MALINF)Region Ile-de-France, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Boutin, Marion, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Rezaei, Human, and Beringue, Vincent
Subjects: Models, Molecular, 0301 basic medicine, replication, mice, Protein Conformation, Prions, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medicine (miscellaneous), Computational biology, Protein Aggregation, Pathological, Prion Proteins, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, strains, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, propagation, evolution, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Prion protein, infection, disease, prp, protein, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Sheep, Chemistry, Structural heterogeneity, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Kinetics, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), Protein folding, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Protein Multimerization, Pathogens, Parental strain, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The dynamics of aggregation and structural diversification of misfolded, host-encoded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. In many of these disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and prion diseases, the misfolded proteins are self-organized into conformationally distinct assemblies or strains. The existence of intrastrain structural heterogeneity is increasingly recognized. However, the underlying processes of emergence and coevolution of structurally distinct assemblies are not mechanistically understood. Here, we show that early prion replication generates two subsets of structurally different assemblies by two sequential processes of formation, regardless of the strain considered. The first process corresponds to a quaternary structural convergence, by reducing the parental strain polydispersity to generate small oligomers. The second process transforms these oligomers into larger ones, by a secondary autocatalytic templating pathway requiring the prion protein. This pathway provides mechanistic insights into prion structural diversification, a key determinant for prion adaptation and toxicity., Through sedimentation velocity-based methods, Igel-Egalon et al. characterize the mechanism of prion protein misfolding during early prion replication. They identify two subsets of structurally different assemblies, Ai and Bi, and two sequential processes, the first generating Ai and the second transforming Ai into Bi.
Published: 2019

25. Dried Blood Spot Tests for the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of HIV and Viral Hepatitis B and C

Author: Fabien Taieb, Amandine Pisoni, Roxane Schaub, Alain Makinson, Philippe Van de Perre, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Esther Nina Ontsira Ngoyi, Edouard Tuaillon, Karine Bollore, Dramane Kania, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale (EPat), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Guyane (UG), Laboratoire de virologie [Rouen], Hôpital Charles Nicolle [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Boutin, Marion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI), Normandie Université (NU)-Département de microbiologie : Bactério, Virologie, Parasito, Hygiène, Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), and Hôpital Charles Nicolle [Rouen]-CHU Rouen
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, diagnosis, Mini Review, Hepatitis C virus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:QR1-502, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Intensive care medicine, Genotyping, 030304 developmental biology, Hepatitis B virus, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, HIV, Viral hepatitis b, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, dried blood spot, 3. Good health, Dried blood spot, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], hard-to-reach population, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, business
Abstract: International audience; Blood collected and dried on a paper card - dried blood spot (DBS) - knows a growing interest as a sampling method that can be performed outside care facilities by capillary puncture, and transported in a simple and safe manner by mail. The benefits of this method for blood collection and transport has recently led the World Health Organization to recommend DBS for HIV and hepatitis B and C diagnosis. The clinical utility of DBS sampling to improve diagnostics and care of HIV and hepatitis B and C infection in hard to reach populations, key populations and people living in low-income settings was highlighted. Literature about usefulness of DBS specimens in the therapeutic cascade of care - screening, confirmation, quantification of nucleic acids, and resistance genotyping -, was reviewed. DBS samples are suitable for testing antibodies, antigens, or nucleic acids using most laboratory methods. Good sensibility and specificity have been reported for infant HIV diagnosis and diagnosis of hepatitis B and C. The performance of HIV RNA testing on DBS to identified virological failure on antiretroviral therapy is also high but not optimal because of the dilution of dried blood in the elution buffer, reducing the analytical sensitivity, and because of the contamination by intracellular HIV DNA. Standardized protocols are needed for inter-laboratory comparisons, and manufacturers should pursue regulatory approval for in vitro diagnostics using DBS specimens. Despite these limitations, DBS sampling is a clinically relevant tool to improve access to infectious disease diagnosis worldwide.
Published: 2019

26. Hepatitis E Virus Infections among Patients with Acute Febrile Jaundice in Burkina Faso

Author: Florence Abravanel, Isaïe Medah, Jérémi Rouamba, Jacques Izopet, Amadou Dicko, Souleymane Tassembedo, Brice Bicaba, Thérèse Kagoné, Seydou Yaro, Dramane Kania, Hervé Hien, Judith Mbombi Mantono, Oumar Traoré, Chloé Dimeglio, Bachirou Tinto, Sylvie Zida, Nicolas Meda, Edouard Tuaillon, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK), Ministère de la Santé [Burkina Faso], Institut de l'Environnement et Recherches Agricoles [Ouagadougou] (INERA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Virologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université Catholique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (UCAO), Agence nationale de biosécurité, Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, lcsh:QR1-502, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Microbiology, MESH: Hepatitis E virus / classification, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Personal hygiene, Hepatitis E virus, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Immunoglobulin M / blood, Epidemiology, Genotype, Prevalence, risk factors, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Yellow fever, MESH: Immunoglobulin G / blood, Age Factors, MESH: Hepatitis E virus / genetics, virus diseases, MESH: Hepatitis Antibodies / blood, Jaundice, Hepatitis E, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, RNA, Viral, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Female, MESH: RNA, Viral / blood, epidemiology, medicine.symptom, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, 030231 tropical medicine, hepatitis E virus, Article, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, parasitic diseases, Burkina Faso, medicine, Humans, Seroprevalence, Hepatitis Antibodies, Genotyping, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Age Factors, MESH: Hepatitis E / epidemiology, MESH: Humans, business.industry, MESH: Jaundice / epidemiology, MESH: Burkina Faso / epidemiology, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, digestive system diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, MESH: Jaundice / etiology, business, MESH: Hepatitis E / pathology, MESH: Female
Abstract: International audience; Hepatitis E virus infection is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world including Africa. We tested serum samples from 900 patients in Burkina Faso presenting with febrile icterus. They all tested negative for yellow fever, but those from 23/900 (2.6%) patients contained markers of acute HEV infection (anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA positive). Genotyping indicated that 14 of the strains were HEV genotype 2b. There was an overall HEV IgG seroprevalence of 18.2% (164/900). In a bivariate analysis, the factors linked to HEV exposure were climate and patient age. Older patients and those living in arid regions were more likely to have HEV infection. HEV genotype 2b circulating only in humans can be involved in some acute febrile icterus cases in Burkina Faso. Better access to safe water, sanitation, and improved personal hygiene should improve control of HEV infection in this country.
Published: 2019
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27. Discrepancy of Serological and Molecular Patterns of Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome

Author: Armen Sanosyan, Claire Daien, Anaïz Nutz, Karine Bollore, Anne-Sophie Bedin, Jacques Morel, Valérie Zimmermann, Gaetane Nocturne, Marianne Peries, Nicolas Guigue, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg, Philippe Van de Perre, Xavier Mariette, Edouard Tuaillon, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Département de Rhumatologie[Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Hôpital Lapeyronie, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), University Hospital of Montpellier, Immunologie des Maladies Virales et Autoimmunes (IMVA - U1184), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU Saint Louis, Paris], Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Service de rhumatologie, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Bicêtre, Boutin, Marion, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Herpesvirus 4, Human, autoantibodies, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Lymphocyte Activation, Autoantigens, Immunoglobulin G, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Original Research, B-Lymphocytes, biology, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.anatomical_structure, Sjogren's Syndrome, Ribonucleoproteins, Antibodies, Antinuclear, Female, Antibody, Adult, lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Immunology, beta-2 microglobulin, anti-EA antibodies, EBV DNA, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Exocrine Glands, stomatognathic system, Humans, Epstein-Barr virus, B cell, Aged, Beta-2 microglobulin, business.industry, Autoantibody, Epstein–Barr virus, eye diseases, primary Sjögren's syndrome, stomatognathic diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Case-Control Studies, DNA, Viral, biology.protein, Virus Activation, business, beta 2-Microglobulin, lcsh:RC581-607, Biomarkers, 030215 immunology
Abstract: International audience; Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is characterized by B cell hyperactivation, production of autoantibodies and increased risk of B cell lymphomas. Serological profile of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and increase EBV DNA levels in exocrine glands are observed in pSS, but whether these abnormalities are accompanied with disturbed systemic EBV control or have any association with pSS activity remains to be investigated. In this observational study, we initially explored anti-EBV antibodies and cell-free DNA in 395 samples from a cross-sectional plasma collection of pSS patients included in ASSESS French national cohort. Results were assessed in relation with disease activity. Further, to assess cell-associated EBV DNA we organized a case-control study including 20 blood samples from pSS patients followed in University Hospital Center of Montpellier. Results were compared with matched controls. Robust response against EBV early antigen (EA) was observed in pSS patients with anti-SSA/B (Sjögren's syndrome A and B) and anti-SSA autoantibodies compared to anti-SSA/B negatives (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). Increased beta-2 microglobulin, kappa and lambda light chains, and immunoglobulin G levels were more frequently observed in anti-EA seropositive pSS subjects compared to anti-EA negative subjects (P < 0.001; P = 0.001; P = 0.003, respectively). Beta-2 microglobulin was independently associated with anti-EA positivity in multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). Plasma cell-free EBV DNA and EBV cellular reservoir was not different between pSS patients and controls. We conclude that serological evidence of EBV reactivation was more frequently observed and more strongly associated with anti-SSA/B status and B cell activation markers in Sanosyan et al. Systemic EBV Control in pSS pSS. However, serological profile of EBV reactivation was not accompanied by molecular evidence of systemic EBV reactivation. Our data indicated that EBV infection remains efficiently controlled in the blood of pSS patients.
Published: 2019

28. Prevalence and determinants of HIV shedding in breast milk during continued breastfeeding among Zambian mothers not on antiretroviral treatment (ART)

Author: Rutagwera, David Gatsinzi, Molès, Jean-Pierre, Kankasa, Chipepo, Mwiya, Mwiya, Tuaillon, Edouard, Peries, Marianne, Nagot, Nicolas, van de Perre, Philippe, Tylleskär, Thorkild, University of Zambia [Lusaka] (UNZA), Centre for International Health [Bergen, Norway], University of Bergen (UiB), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health [Lusaka, Zambia], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of Zambia, University of Bergen (UIB), Boutin, Marion, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )
Subjects: deoxyribonucleic acid, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], cell-associated HIV, sub- clinical mastitis, virus diseases, continued breastfeeding, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, cell-free HIV, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, breast milk, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, ribonucleic acid, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; The risk of postnatal HIV transmission exists throughout the breastfeeding period. HIV shedding in breast milk beyond six months has not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and determinants of HIV shedding in breast milk during continued breastfeeding A cross-sectional study was nested in the PROMISE-PEP trial in Lusaka, Zambia to analyze breast milk samples collected from both breasts at week 38 post-partum (mid-way during continued breastfeeding). We measured concurrent HIV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) as proxies for cell-associated HIV (CAV) and cell-free HIV (CFV) shedding in breast milk respectively. Participants' socio-demographic date, concurrent blood test results, sub clinical mastitis test results and contraceptive use data were available. Logistic regression models were used to identify determinants of HIV shedding in breast milk (detecting either CAV or CFV). The prevalence of HIV shedding in breast milk at 9 months post-partum was 79.4% (95%CI: 74.0-84.0). CAV only, CFV only and both CAV and CFV were detectable in 13.7%, 17.3% and 48.4% mothers, respectively. The odds of shedding HIV in breast milk decreased significantly with current use of combined oral contraceptives (AOR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.17-0.83) and increased significantly with low CD4 count (AOR: 3.47; 95%CI: 1.23-9.80), unsuppressed plasma viral load (AOR: 6.27; 95%CI: 2.47-15.96) and severe sub-clinical mastitis (AOR: 12.56; 95%CI: 2.48-63.58). This study estimated that about 80% of HIV infected mothers not on ART shed HIV in breast milk during continued breastfeeding. Major factors driving this shedding were low CD4 count, unsuppressed plasma viral load and severe sub-clinical mastitis. The inverse relationship between breast milk HIV and use of combined oral contraceptives needs further clarification. Continued shedding of CAV may contribute to residual postnatal transmission of HIV in mothers on successful ART.
Published: 2019

29. Usutu virus: A new threat?

Author: Clé, M., Beck, C., Salinas, S., LECOLLINET, S., Gutierrez, S., Van De Perre, P., Baldet, T., Foulongne, V., Simonin, Y., Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), UPE, European Union Reference Laboratory for equine diseases (EURL), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Bird Diseases, Flavivirus, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Review, Disease Vectors, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Flavivirus Infections, virology, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Birds, Europe, Disease Models, Animal, South Africa, virology (human) and epidemiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Communicable Disease Control, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Animals, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Arboviruses
Abstract: International audience; Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging arbovirus that was first isolated in South Africa in 1959. This Flavivirus is maintained in the environment through a typical enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes and birds. USUV has spread to a large part of the European continent over the two decades mainly leading to substantial avian mortalities with a significant recrudescence of bird infections recorded throughout Europe within the few last years. USUV infection in humans is considered to be most often asymptomatic or to cause mild clinical signs. Nonetheless, a few cases of neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis have been reported. USUV and West Nile virus (WNV) share many features, like a close phylogenetic relatedness and a similar ecology, with co-circulation frequently observed in nature. However, USUV has been much less studied and in-depth comparisons of the biology of these viruses are yet rare. In this review, we discuss the main body of knowledge regarding USUV and compare it with the literature on WNV, addressing in particular virological and clinical aspects, and pointing data gaps.
Published: 2019

30. HIV Neuroinfection and Alzheimer’s Disease: Similarities and Potential Links?

Author: Geoffrey Canet, Chloé Dias, Audrey Gabelle, Yannick Simonin, Fabien Gosselet, Nicola Marchi, Alain Makinson, Edouard Tuaillon, Philippe Van de Perre, Laurent Givalois, Sara Salinas, Mécanismes moléculaires dans les démences neurodégénératives (MMDN), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Cellules Souches, Plasticité Cellulaire, Médecine Régénératrice et Immunothérapies (IRMB), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Université d'Artois (UA), Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques er émergentes (TransVIHMI), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département des Maladies Infectieuses [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier]-Université de Montpellier (UM), CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Boutin, Marion, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Amyloid, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Inflammation, Disease, Blood–brain barrier, lcsh:RC321-571, neuroinflammation, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, medicine, Dementia, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Neuroinflammation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, business.industry, Neurodegeneration, viral neuroinfection, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine.symptom, business, Neuroscience, Neurocognitive, Alzheimer’s disease, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: International audience; Environmental factors such as chemicals, stress and pathogens are now widely believed to play important roles in the onset of some brain diseases, as they are associated with neuronal impairment and acute or chronic inflammation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration that ultimately lead to dementia. Neuroinflammation also plays a prominent role in AD and possible links to viruses have been proposed. In particular, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can pass the blood-brain barrier and cause neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive dysfunctions called HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Similarities between HAND and HIV exist as numerous factors involved in AD such as members of the amyloid and Tau pathways, as well as stress-related pathways or blood brain barrier (BBB) regulators, seem to be modulated by HIV brain infection, leading to the accumulation of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in some patients. Here, we summarize findings regarding how HIV and some of its proteins such as Tat and gp120 modulate signaling and cellular pathways also impaired in AD, suggesting similarities and convergences of these two pathologies.
Published: 2018

31. Awareness of cervical cancer among women attending an HIV treatment centre: a cross-sectional study from Morocco

Author: Herfs, Michaël, Roncarati, Patrick, Koopmansch, Benjamin, Peulen, Olivier, Bruyère, Diane, Lebeau, Alizee, Hendrick, Elodie, Hubert, Pascale, Poncin, Aurelie, Penny, William, Piazzon, Nathalie, Monnien, Franck, Guenat, David, Mougin, Christiane, Pretet, Jean-Luc, Vuitton, Lucine, Segers, Karin, Lambert, Frédéric, Bours, Vincent, De Leval, Laurence, Valmary-Degano, Severine, Quick, Charles, Crum, Christopher, Delvenne, Philippe, Carcinogénèse épithéliale : facteurs prédictifs et pronostiques - UFC (EA 3181) (CEF2P / CARCINO), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université de Kara, Service de Médecine, Hôpital Moulay Hassan ibn Mehdi, Laâyoune, Morocco, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de Référence des Papillomavirus (CNRP), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA-Research), Université de Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (CHU-Liège), GIGA [Université Liège], Immunité et cancer (U932), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Besançon] (CHRU Besançon)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Stanford University, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Boutin, Marion, Carcinogénèse épithéliale : facteurs prédictifs et pronostiques - UFC (UR 3181) (CEF2P / CARCINO), and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)
Subjects: MESH: Inflammation, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Cross-sectional study, cervical cancer, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, HIV Infections, MESH: ErbB Receptors, MESH: Anus Neoplasms, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, Risk Factors, MESH: Tumor Microenvironment, Surveys and Questionnaires, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MESH: B7-H1 Antigen, Medicine, awareness, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hiv treatment, MESH: Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Early Detection of Cancer, Cervical cancer, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor, General Medicine, MESH: Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, 3. Good health, Test (assessment), Morocco, HIV-positive women, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Educational Status, Health education, Female, Papanicolaou Test, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, HPV, MESH: Mutation, Population, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, MESH: Precision Medicine, MESH: Prognosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, education, MESH: Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Vaginal Smears, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Research, screening, MESH: Adenocarcinoma, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, Increased risk, Cross-Sectional Studies, Social Class, Unemployment, Family medicine, Knowledge test, business, MESH: Female, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: ObjectiveTo explore awareness about cervical cancer among Moroccan women attending an HIV treatment centre in Laâyoune city, Morocco.DesignA cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2017 using a knowledge test regarding cervical cancer, its risk factors and its prevention.SettingHIV treatment centre at the Hospital of Moulay Hassan Ben Elmehdi in Laâyoune city, Morocco.ParticipantsOne hundred and twenty-three HIV-positive women aged 19 years and older were recruited to this study.ResultsA total of 115 women were eligible to participate in the study. The average age was 34.9±10.2 years. Few women (20%) had heard about cervical cancer and its screening, the majority (17.4%) having received information from mass media. The vast majority (79.1%) of respondents had no knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors, and 80.8% did not know any symptoms of cervical cancer. Only 13% had undergone a Pap smear test. The main reason for not seeking Pap smear was the absence of symptoms (47%).ConclusionOur study documents poor awareness of cervical cancer. Given that the HIV-positive population is at increased risk of cervical cancer, health education programmes should be promoted to increase awareness of cervical cancer as well as access and participation in cervical cancer screening.
Published: 2018

32. Heterogeneous phenotype and peripheral prion distribution in a primate model of vCJD blood transmission

Author: Rontard, Jessica, Andreoletti, Olivier, Bougard, Daisy, almela, florian, Delmotte, J., Fournier-Wirth, Chantal, Silm, Haik, Nathalie, Streichenberger, DESLYS, J.P., Comoy, E., Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), EFS, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), EFS ALPES MEDITERRANEE, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Boutin, Marion, and Ecole Centrale de Lille
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

33. Hepatitis B and C virus seroprevalence, Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

Author: Nicolas Nagot, Isaïe Medah, Sylvie Zida, Koumpingnin Yacouba Nebie, Amandine Pisoni, Jean-Pierre Molès, Pierre Dujols, Karine Bollore, Philippe Van de Perre, Didier Laureillard, Dramane Kania, Nicolas Meda, Edouard Tuaillon, Adama Tiendrebeogo, Ministère de la Santé [Burkina Faso], Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Boutin, Marion, and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, Hepatitis C virus, Population, HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Age Distribution, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Pregnancy, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Burkina Faso, medicine, Seroprevalence, Infection control, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Risk factor, Sex Distribution, 10. No inequality, education, Hepatitis, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Research, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Hepatitis B, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Hepatitis C, 3. Good health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, business, Demography
Abstract: To estimate population-wide hepatitis B and C seroprevalence using dried blood spot samples acquired for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) surveillance as part of the 2010-2011 Demographic and Health Survey in Burkina Faso.We used the database acquired during the multistage, clustered, population-based survey, in which 15 377 participants completed questionnaires and provided dried blood spot samples for HIV testing. We extracted sociodemographic and geographic data including age, sex, ethnicity, education, wealth, marital status and region for each participant. We performed hepatitis B and C assays on 14 886 HIV-negative samples between March to October 2015, and calculated weighted percentages of hepatitis seroprevalence for each variable.We estimated seroprevalence as 9.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 8.5-9.7) for the hepatitis B surface antigen and 3.6% (95% CI: 3.3-3.8) for hepatitis C virus antibodies, classifying Burkina Faso as highly endemic for hepatitis B and low-intermediate for hepatitis C. The seroprevalence of hepatitis was higher in men than in women, and varied significantly for both with age, education, ethnicity and region. Extremely high HCV-Ab seroprevalence (13.2%; 95% CI: 10.6-15.7) was identified in the Sud-Ouest region, in particular within the youngest age group (15-20 years), indicating an ongoing epidemic.Our population-representative hepatitis seroprevalence estimates in Burkina Faso advocate for the inclusion of hepatitis serological tests and risk factor questionnaire items in future surveys, the results of which are crucial for the development of appropriate health policies and infection control programmes.Estimer la séroprévalence du virus de l'hépatite B et de l'hépatite C dans la population au moyen de gouttes de sang séché prélevées pour la surveillance du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) dans le cadre de l'enquête démographique et sanitaire réalisée en 2010–2011 au Burkina Faso.Nous avons utilisé la base de données constituée durant l'enquête en grappes à plusieurs degrés menée auprès de la population, au cours de laquelle 15 377 participants ont rempli des questionnaires et fourni des échantillons de gouttes de sang séché pour le dépistage du VIH. Pour chaque participant, nous en avons extrait des données sociodémographiques et géographiques, concernant notamment l'âge, le sexe, l'origine ethnique, le niveau d'éducation, le niveau de richesse, la situation matrimoniale et la région. Nous avons effectué des tests de l'hépatite B et de l'hépatite C sur 14 886 échantillons séronégatifs pour le VIH entre mars et octobre 2015, et nous avons calculé des pourcentages pondérés de la séroprévalence de l'hépatite pour chaque variable.Nous avons estimé la séroprévalence à 9,1% (intervalle de confiance de 95%, IC: 8,5–9,7) pour l'antigène de surface de l'hépatite B et à 3,6% (IC 95%: 3,3–3,8) pour les anticorps du virus de l'hépatite C, ce qui classait le Burkina Faso comme zone de forte endémie de l'hépatite B et d'endémie faible à intermédiaire de l'hépatite C. La séroprévalence de l'hépatite était plus élevée chez les hommes que chez les femmes et variait fortement, quel que soit le sexe, en fonction de l'âge, du niveau d'éducation, de l'origine ethnique et de la région. Une séroprévalence extrêmement élevée d'anticorps anti-VHC (13,2%; IC 95%: 10,6–15,7) a été relevée dans la région Sud-Ouest, en particulier dans la tranche d'âge la plus basse (15–20 ans), ce qui indiquait une épidémie en cours.D'après nos estimations de la séroprévalence de l'hépatite représentatives de la population du Burkina Faso, il serait bon d'inclure des tests sérologiques de l'hépatite et des questions sur les facteurs de risque dans les prochaines enquêtes, dont les résultats seront cruciaux pour l'élaboration de politiques de santé appropriées et de programmes de lutte contre les infections.estimar la seroprevalencia de la hepatitis B y C en toda la población con muestras de sangre seca obtenidas para el control del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) como parte de la Encuesta demográfica y de salud entre 2010 y 2011 en Burkina Faso.Se utilizó la base de datos adquirida durante la encuesta multietápica, agrupada y basada en la población, en la que 15 377 participantes completaron cuestionarios y proporcionaron muestras de sangre seca para la prueba del VIH. Se extrajeron datos sociodemográficos y geográficos que incluyen edad, sexo, origen étnico, educación, nivel económico, estado civil y región de cada participante. Se realizaron pruebas de hepatitis B y C en 14 886 muestras VIH negativas entre marzo y octubre de 2015, y se calcularon porcentajes ponderados de seroprevalencia de hepatitis para cada variable.Se estimó la seroprevalencia como el 9,1 % (intervalo de confianza 95 %, IC: 8,5-9,7) para el antígeno de superficie de la hepatitis B y el 3,6 % (IC 95 %: 3,3-3,8) para anticuerpos del virus de la hepatitis C, clasificando a Burkina Faso como una zona altamente endémica para la hepatitis B y bajo intermedio para la hepatitis C. La seroprevalencia de la hepatitis fue mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres y varió significativamente para ambos con la edad, la educación, la etnia y la región. Se identificó una seroprevalencia de HCV-Ab extremadamente alta (13,2 %; IC del 95 %: 10,6-15,7) en la región suroeste, en particular dentro del grupo de edad más joven (15-20 años), lo que indica una epidemia en curso.Nuestras estimaciones de seroprevalencia de hepatitis en poblacionales de Burkina Faso abogan por la inclusión de pruebas serológicas de hepatitis y elementos sobre factores de riesgo en encuestas futuras, cuyos resultados son cruciales para el desarrollo de políticas de salud apropiadas y programas de control de infecciones.تقدير الانتشار المصلي لفيروسي الالتهاب الكبدي "ب" و"جـ" على نطاق واسع باستخدام عينات بقع دم مجففة تم الحصول عليها من أجل مراقبة فيروس العوز المناعي البشري (HIV) كجزء من المسح الديموغرافي والصحي للفترة من 2010 إلى 2011 في بوركينا فاصو.استخدمنا قاعدة البيانات التي تم الحصول عليها خلال المسح العنقودي متعدد المراحل، القائم على السكان، حيث أكمل 15377 مشاركًا الاستبيانات وقدموا عينات من بقع دم مجففة لاختبار فيروس العوز المناعي البشري. استخرجنا البيانات الاجتماعية والديموغرافية الجغرافية بما في ذلك العمر والجنس والعرق والتعليم والثروة والحالة الاجتماعية والمنطقة لكل مشارك. أجرينا فحوصات الالتهاب الكبدي "ب" و "جـ" على 14886 عينة سلبية لفيروس العوز المناعي البشري ما بين مارس/آذار وأكتوبر/تشرين أول 2015، واحتسبنا النسب المئوية لمعدل الانتشار المصلي للالتهاب الكبدي لكل متغير.لقد قدرنا الانتشار المصلي بـ 9.1٪ (فاصل الثقة 95٪، 8.5 إلى 9.7) لمستضد الالتهاب الكبدي "ب" السطحي، و3.6٪ (فاصل الثقة 95٪: 3.3 إلى 3.8) للأجسام المضادة لفيروس الالتهاب الكبدي "جـ"، مع تصنيف بوركينا فاصو على أنها مستوطنة منطقة موبوءة للغاية بالالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي "ب"، وموبوءة بشكل متوسط إلى ضعيف بالالتهاب الكبدي "جـ". كان الانتشار المصلي للالتهاب الكبدي أعلى لدى الرجال منه لدى النساء، وتفاوت بشكل كبير بينهما بالنسبة لكل من العمر والتعليم والعرق والمنطقة. تم تحديد نسبة عالية للغاية من الانتشار المصلي للالتهاب الكبدي "أ" و"ب" و"جـ" (13.2٪؛ بفاصل ثقة 95٪: 10.6 إلى 15.7) في المنطقة الموجودة جنوب غرب البلاد، ولا سيما ضمن الفئة العمرية الأصغر (15 إلى 20 سنة)، مما يشير إلى استمرار الوباء.إن تقديراتنا للانتشار المصلي للالتهاب الكبدي على مستوى البلاد في بوركينا فاصو، يؤيد تضمين اختبارات علم الأمصال للالتهاب الكبدي، وعناصر استبيان عامل الخطر في المسوح المستقبلية، والتي تعتبر نتائجها حاسمة لتطوير سياسات صحية مناسبة وبرامج لمكافحة العدوى.旨在采用 2010–2011 年布基纳法索人口和健康调查中人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 监测所获取的干血斑样本来估计全人口范围内乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎血清阳性率。.我们采用了这项基于人口的多级整群调查所获得的数据资料，在这项调查中，共有 15377 名参与者完成了调查问卷并提供了用于 HIV 检测的干血斑样本。我们搜集了每位参与者的社会人口数据和地理信息数据，包括年龄、性别、种族、教育、财富、婚姻状况和地区。我们在 2015 年 3 月至 10 月期间对 14886 例 HIV 阴性样本开展了乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎检测，并计算了各个变量的肝炎血清阳性率加权百分比。.我们估算的乙型肝炎表面抗原血清阳性率为 9.1%（95% 置信区间，CI：8.5–9.7），丙型肝炎病毒抗体的血清阳性率为 3.6%（95% 置信区间，CI：3.3–3.8），布基纳法索被划分为乙型肝炎高患病率和丙型肝炎低中等患病率国家。男性肝炎血清阳性率高于女性，并且在不同年龄、教育、种族和地区之间存在显著差异。西南地区的丙型肝炎抗体血清阳性率（为 13.2%；95% 置信区间，CI：10.6–15.7）极高，尤其是在最年轻的年龄段（15-20 岁），这表明目前疾病仍在蔓延。.我们在布基纳法索的典型群体肝炎血清阳性率估计值表明我们应该将肝炎阳性率检测和风险因素问卷调查纳入今后的调查中，其结果对制定合理的医疗卫生政策和感染控制方案至关重要。.Оценка серораспространенности вирусов гепатита B и C среди населения с использованием образцов сухой капли крови, полученных в рамках надзора за распространением вируса иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ), проводившегося в ходе демографического обследования и обследования состояния здоровья населения Буркина-Фасо в 2010–2011 гг.Использовалась база данных, созданная во время проведения многоступенчатого кластерного обследования населения, в котором 15 377 участников заполнили опросники и предоставили образцы сухой капли крови для обследования на ВИЧ. Отбирались социально-демографические и географические данные участников, включая возраст, пол, этническую принадлежность, образование, уровень благосостояния, семейное положение и регион проживания каждого из участников. В период с марта по октябрь 2015 г. было проведено тестирование на наличие гепатита B и C 14 886 ВИЧ-отрицательных образцов, после чего были рассчитаны взвешенные процентные доли серораспространенности гепатита для каждой переменной.По нашей оценке, серораспространенность составляет 9,1% (95%-й доверительный интервал, ДИ: 8,5–9,7) для поверхностного антигена гепатита B и 3,6% (95%-й ДИ: 3,3–3,8) для антител к вирусу гепатита C. Соответственно, Буркина-Фасо попадает в категорию стран с высокой распространенностью вируса гепатита B и низким и средним уровнем распространенности вируса гепатита C. Серораспространенность гепатита выше среди мужчин, чем среди женщин, и значительно различается в обеих группах в зависимости от возраста, образования, этнической принадлежности и региона проживания. Чрезвычайно высокий показатель серораспространенности антител к вирусу гепатита C (13,2%; 95%-й ДИ: 10,6–15,7) обнаружен в Юго-Западном регионе, в частности среди самой молодой группы населения (15–20 лет), что указывает на продолжающуюся эпидемию.Проведенная оценка серораспространенности гепатита среди населения Буркина-Фасо свидетельствует о необходимости включения серологических анализов крови на гепатит и пунктов опросников по оценке факторов риска в будущие исследования, результаты которых имеют огромное значение для разработки соответствующих политик в области здравоохранения и программ контроля за распространением вирусной инфекции.
Published: 2018

34. New regular sexual partnerships increase condom use but do not decrease risk of adverse sexual health outcomes among young female sex workers in Burkina Faso

Author: Traore, Isidore, Taofiki, Ao, Meda, Nicolas, Hema, Nm, Bazié, W, Ouedraogo, D., Konaté, Issouf, Somé, F., Niessougou, Josiane, Vuylsteke, B., Vande Perre, Philippe, Mayaud, Philippe, Nagot, Nicolas, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Ministère de la Santé [Burkina Faso], Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

35. HPV seroprevalence and seroconversion among women living with HIV-1 : cohort study in South Africa

Author: Chikandiwa, Admire, Faust, H., Kelly, Helen, Ngou, J., Segondy, Michel, Dillner, Joakim, Delany-Moretlwe, Sinead, Mayaud, Philippe, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Service de Biopathologie [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

36. Countrywide epidemiology of B, C and Delta hepatitis in Burkina Faso: the ANRS 12270 clustered cross-sectional study

Author: Nicolas Meda, Edouard Tuaillon, Dramane Kania, Adama Tiendrebeogo, Amandine Pisoni, Sylvie Zida, Karine Bolloré, Didier Laureillard, Jean-Pierre Molès, Nicolas Nagot, Koumpingnin Yacouba Nebie, Philippe Vande Perre, Pierre Dujols, Ministère de la Santé [Burkina Faso], Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

37. An innovative multiplexed and flexible molecular approach for the differential diagnosis of arboviruses

Author: Fanny Leon, Nadège Boutahar, Emilie Blanc, Albert Meyer, Francois Morvan, Jean-Jacques Vasseur, Robin Reynier, Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol, Isabelle Leparc-Goffart, Pierre Gallian, Sara Salinas, Yannick Simonin, Vincent Foulongne, Philippe Vande Perre, Jean François Cantaloube, Chantal FOURNIER-WIRTH, Boutin, Marion, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), EFS ALPES MEDITERRANEE, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Antenne Marseille] (IRBA), Etablissement Français du Sang [La Plaine Saint-Denis] (EFS), and EFS
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017

38. The impact of targeting repetitive BamHI-W sequences on the sensitivity and precision of EBV DNA quantification

Author: Karine Bollore, Vincent Foulongne, Armen Sanosyan, Philippe Van de Perre, Valérie S. Zimmermann, Alexis Fayd'herbe de Maudave, Edouard Tuaillon, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier )-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), European Project: Erasmus, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Boutin, Marion, and Erasmus Mundus PhD Scholarships - Erasmus - INCOMING
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Herpesvirus 4, Human, Physiology, Cell Lines, viruses, lcsh:Medicine, Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension, Blood plasma, medicine.disease_cause, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Viral load, lcsh:Science, DNA extraction, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Polymerase chain reaction, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Multidisciplinary, Genomics, Medical microbiology, Body Fluids, 3. Good health, Raji cell, Blood, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Viruses, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Biological Cultures, Pathogens, Anatomy, BamHI, Research Article, Herpesviruses, Biology, Research and Analysis Methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Microbiology, Virus, Raji cells, 03 medical and health sciences, Extraction techniques, Virology, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Epstein-Barr virus, Molecular Biology Techniques, Molecular Biology, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Medicine and health sciences, [SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Biology and life sciences, lcsh:R, Organisms, Viral pathogens, Repeated sequences, Molecular biology, Epstein–Barr virus, Microbial pathogens, 030104 developmental biology, DNA, Viral, lcsh:Q, DNA viruses, Viral Transmission and Infection
Abstract: International audience; Background: Viral load monitoring and early Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA detection are essential in routine laboratory testing, especially in preemptive management of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Targeting the repetitive BamHI-W sequence was shown to increase the sensitivity of EBV DNA quantification, but the variability of BamHI-W reiterations was suggested to be a source of quantification bias. We aimed to assess the extent of variability associated with BamHI-W PCR and its impact on the sensitivity of EBV DNA quantification using the 1st WHO international standard, EBV strains and clinical samples.Methods: Repetitive BamHI-W- and LMP2 single- sequences were amplified by in-house qPCRs and BXLF-1 sequence by a commercial assay (EBV R-gene™, BioMerieux). Linearity and limits of detection of in-house methods were assessed. The impact of repeated versus single target sequences on EBV DNA quantification precision was tested on B95.8 and Raji cell lines, possessing 11 and 7 copies of the BamHI-W sequence, respectively, and on clinical samples.ResultsBamHI-W qPCR demonstrated a lower limit of detection compared to LMP2 qPCR (2.33 log10 versus 3.08 log10 IU/mL; P = 0.0002). BamHI-W qPCR underestimated the EBV DNA load on Raji strain which contained fewer BamHI-W copies than the WHO standard derived from the B95.8 EBV strain (mean bias: - 0.21 log10; 95% CI, -0.54 to 0.12). Comparison of BamHI-W qPCR versus LMP2 and BXLF-1 qPCR showed an acceptable variability between EBV DNA levels in clinical samples with the mean bias being within 0.5 log10 IU/mL EBV DNA, whereas a better quantitative concordance was observed between LMP2 and BXLF-1 assays.Conclusions: Targeting BamHI-W resulted to a higher sensitivity compared to LMP2 but the variable reiterations of BamHI-W segment are associated with higher quantification variability. BamHI-W can be considered for clinical and therapeutic monitoring to detect an early EBV DNA and a dynamic change in viral load.
Published: 2017

39. Causes and Determinants of Mortality in HIV-Infected Adults With Tuberculosis: An Analysis From the CAMELIA ANRS 1295-CIPRA KH001 Randomized Trial

Author: Anne E. Goldfeld, Thim Sok, Chindamony Kim, Laurence Borand, Charles Mayaud, Bunnet Dim, Yoann Madec, François-Xavier Blanc, Didier Laureillard, Olivier Marcy, Jean-François Delfraissy, Kim Khemarin Lak, Narom Prak, Sarin Chan, Chanroeurn Hak, Boutin, Marion, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Cambodian Health Committee, Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Khmero-Sovietic Friendship Hospital, Donkeo Provincial Hospital, Calmette Hospital [Phnom Penh], AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax (ITX-lab), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), This work was supported by the French NationalAgency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS 1295) and theUS National Institutes of Health (NIH), Division of AIDS (CIPRAKH001/DAID-ES ID 10425)., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), and unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax UMR1087 UMR6291 (ITX)
Subjects: Male, Microbiology (medical), Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Anti-HIV Agents, medicine.medical_treatment, Antitubercular Agents, HIV Infections, law.invention, Cohort Studies, Immunocompromised Host, cause of death, Anti-Infective Agents, Randomized controlled trial, Tuberculosis diagnosis, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, law, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination, medicine, Humans, Cause of death, business.industry, adult, Mortality rate, HIV, Immunosuppression, medicine.disease, mortality, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, tuberculosis, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Immunology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Etiology, HIV/AIDS, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Follow-Up Studies, Cohort study
Abstract: Despite advances in tuberculosis diagnosis and access to treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, tuberculosis remains a major cause of death in HIV-infected patients [1, 2]. In 2012, it was estimated that 1.0–1.2 million new tuberculosis cases and 0.32 million tuberculosis-related deaths occurred in HIV-infected persons, accounting for 13% of the global tuberculosis burden and 25% of tuberculosis mortality [1]. Several randomized clinical trials showed the positive impact upon mortality of shortening the delay between tuberculosis treatment onset and initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) [3–7]. The level of immunosuppression [3, 4] and the location or severity of tuberculosis disease [6] have been reported to impact the survival benefit gained from earlier ART initiation [3–7]. Notably, in general, data are scarce on tuberculosis-related factors associated with mortality in HIV-infected adults treated for tuberculosis. Observational and autopsy studies showed that tuberculosis itself constitutes the principal cause of death [8–10], but other HIV-related opportunistic infections are frequently reported as the etiology of death. Thus, a deeper understanding of the causes and factors associated with death is needed to develop strategies aiming to further reduce mortality in HIV-infected patients treated for tuberculosis. Here, we assessed mortality rates, causes, and risk factors of death in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the CAMELIA (Cambodian Early vs Late Introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy) randomized clinical trial. We specifically analyzed (1) early deaths before 26 weeks of follow-up (W26), where mortality is thought to be mainly linked to the severity of initial presentation and expected to be related to HIV and tuberculosis; and (2) late deaths after 50 weeks of follow-up (W50), at a time when most patients would be expected to have been cured from their tuberculosis and to have recovered a level of protective immunity in general [11, 12].
Published: 2014

40. TB-IRIS, T-cell activation, and remodeling of the T-cell compartment in highly immunosuppressed HIV-infected patients with TB

Author: Viraga Haridas, Yoann Madec, Thim Sok, Anne E. Goldfeld, Didier Laureillard, Laurence Borand, Olivier Marcy, Sun Sath, Jean-François Delfraissy, Polidy Pean, François-Xavier Blanc, Sarin Chan, Erdyni N. Tsitsikov, Luke D. Jasenosky, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Boston Children's Hospital, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Cambodian Health Committee, Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS), AP-HP Hôpital Bicêtre (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre), This work was supported by grants from the ANRS (12164), the NIH (R21AI076023), the Annenberg Foundation, AERAS, and AmFAR, with support from NIAID/NIH-IeDEA (U01AI069907–07), and a gift from John Moores., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Boutin, Marion
Subjects: Male, T-Lymphocytes, medicine.medical_treatment, Antitubercular Agents, HIV Infections, MESH: Flow Cytometry, MESH: Tuberculosis/drug therapy, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Immunopathology, Immunology and Allergy, Cytotoxic T cell, Prospective Studies, MESH: Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use, MESH: Treatment Outcome, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: HIV Infections/drug therapy, Interleukin, MESH: T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Flow Cytometry, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, Infectious Diseases, Cytokine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anti-Retroviral Agents, MESH: Tuberculosis/pathology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Cytokines, Female, MESH: Tuberculosis/immunology, Cambodia, Viral load, Adult, MESH: Immunophenotyping, T cell, Immunology, Biology, Article, Immunophenotyping, Immune system, Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, MESH: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/immunology, medicine, Humans, Tuberculosis, MESH: Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/pathology, MESH: Humans, MESH: HIV Infections/complications, MESH: Cambodia, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, MESH: Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, MESH: HIV Infections/immunology, MESH: Cytokines/metabolism, MESH: Female
Abstract: The authors are indebted to Wallis Annenberg whose generosity made this study possible, and to John Moores for his generous gift. We are grateful to Francoise Barré-Sinoussi for her help, advice, and support over the years. We thank Eric Nerrienet, Claire Rekacewicz, Daniel Scott, Gianfranco Pancino, Jean-Louis Sarthou, and Charles Mayaud for helpful discussions and advice as we began the study, and Jean-Louis Sarthou for his long time support of the Harvard team’s collaboration with the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge. We thank the CAMELIA study team, including the site nurses, doctors, and health workers, and Vincent Deubel and the staff at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge. We thank Larry Fox, Rod Hoff, Jane Bupp, and Brigitte Bazin for their support and helpful discussions from the beginning of CAMELIA onward and the staff of the Cambodian Health Committee, especially Sam Sophan, for his contributions to and support of the work. We thank Leslie Kalish of Children’s Hospital Boston and the Harvard Catalyst Biostatistical Consulting program (NIH UL1 TR001102) for expert statistical advice and help as we started the analysis. We also thank Jerry Sadoff for his early support and Judy Lieberman for helpful comments on the manuscript. Finally, we are deeply indebted to the patients who took part in this study, who generously offered their participation to help the scientific community find solutions to AIDS and TB; International audience; OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) upon immunological recovery and the T-cell compartment after initiation of TB and antiretroviral therapy (ART).DESIGN AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated T-cell immunophenotypes by flow cytometry and cytokines by Luminex assays in a subset (n = 154) of highly immunosuppressed HIV-infected patients with TB from the Cambodian Early versus Late Introduction of Antiretrovirals randomized clinical trial. We compared findings from patients who developed TB-IRIS with findings from patients who did not develop TB-IRIS. Data were evaluated with mixed-effect linear regression, Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and q-values were calculated to control for multiple comparisons.RESULTS: Development of TB-IRIS was associated with significantly greater pre-ART frequencies of HLA-DRCD45ROCD4, CCR5CD4, OX40CD4, and Fas effector memory CD8 T cells, and significantly elevated levels of plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10, and viral load. Post-ART initiation, effector memory CD4 and Fas effector memory CD4 T-cell frequencies significantly expanded, and central memory CD4 T-cell frequencies significantly contracted in patients who experienced TB-IRIS. By week 34 post-TB treatment initiation, effector memory/central memory CD4 T-cell ratios were markedly higher in TB-IRIS versus non-TB-IRIS patients.CONCLUSIONS: A distinct pattern of pre-ART T-cell and cytokine markers appear to poise the immune response of certain patients to develop TB-IRIS. Experience of TB-IRIS is then associated with long-term remodeling of the CD4 T-cell memory compartment towards an effector memory-dominated phenotype. We speculate that these pre and post-ART TB-IRIS-associated immune parameters may contribute to superior immune control of TB/HIV co-infection and better clinical outcome.
Published: 2015

41. Growth effects of exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa: the cluster-randomised PROMISE EBF trial

Author: Sonja Swanvelder, Ingunn Marie S. Engebretsen, Chipepo Kankasa, Philippe Van de Perre, James K Tumwine, Halvor Sommerfelt, Thorkild Tylleskär, Debra Jackson, David Sanders, Lars Thore Fadnes, Tanya Doherty, Vundli Ramokolo, Nicolas Meda, Jolly Nankunda, Carl Lombard, Henry Wamani, Eva-Charlotte Ekström, Abdoulaye Hama Diallo, Victoria Nankabirwa, Centre for International Health [Bergen, Norway], University of Bergen (UiB), School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], School of Public Health, University of Western Cape, Biostatistics Unit, Medical research Council, Cape Town, Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, 7505 Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, SANTE/SIDA [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Department of Women and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health [Lusaka, Zambia], University of Zambia, Centre for International Health, Boutin, Marion, and Columbia University [New York]
Subjects: Counseling, Male, Pediatrics, Exclusive breastfeeding promotion, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Child growth, Breastfeeding, Psychological intervention, Growth, Weight Gain, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Residence Characteristics, Prevalence, VDP::Medisinske fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, Uganda, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, Wasting, Growth Disorders, 2. Zero hunger, VDP::Midical sciences: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, social medicine: 801, education.field_of_study, Stunting, Anthropometry, Postpartum Period, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Breast Feeding, Child, Preschool, Female, medicine.symptom, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Community randomised trial, Health Promotion, Peer Group, Peer counselling, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, 030225 pediatrics, Burkina Faso, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, VDP::Midical sciences: 700::Health sciences: 800::Nutrition: 811, education, Breastfeeding promotion, Peer-counselling, VDP::Medisinske fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Ernæring: 811, Wasting Syndrome, business.industry, Body Weight, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Undernutrition, medicine.disease, Malnutrition, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, business, Demography
Abstract: Background In this multi-country cluster-randomized behavioural intervention trial promoting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Africa, we compared growth of infants up to 6 months of age living in communities where peer counsellors promoted EBF with growth in those infants living in control communities. Methods A total of 82 clusters in Burkina Faso, Uganda and South Africa were randomised to either the intervention or the control arm. Feeding data and anthropometric measurements were collected at visits scheduled 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks post-partum. We calculated weight-for-length (WLZ), length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores. Country specific adjusted Least Squares Means with 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on a longitudinal analysis are reported. Prevalence ratios (PR) for the association between peer counselling for EBF and wasting (WLZ
Published: 2014

42. Missed Opportunities for Early Access to Care of HIV-Infected Infants in Burkina Faso

Author: Malik Coulibaly, Nicolas Meda, Caroline Yonaba, Sylvie Ouedraogo, Malika Congo, Mamoudou Barry, Elisabeth Thio, Issa Siribié, Fla Koueta, Diarra Ye, Ludovic Kam, Stéphane Blanche, Phillipe Van De Perre, Valériane Leroy, MONOD Study Group ANRS 12206, Boutin, Marion, Projet MONOD [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK)-ANRS Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Centre Muraz [Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso], Service de Pédiatrie [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHUYO), Service de Pédiatrie médicale [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], CHU Pédiatrique Charles De Gaulle [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso] (CHUP-CDG), Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie du CHU-Yalgado Ouédraogo, Projet MONOD, Service d'immuno-hématologie pédiatrique [CHU Necker], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2, and ANRS Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso]-Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK)
Subjects: Program evaluation, Male, Pediatrics, Viral Diseases, Cross-sectional study, Epidemiology, lcsh:Medicine, HIV Infections, Health Services Accessibility, Immunodeficiency Viruses, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Health care, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Child, Health Systems Strengthening, lcsh:Science, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Transmission (medicine), Child and Adolescent Health Policy, Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynecology, virus diseases, HIV diagnosis and management, Socioeconomic Aspects of Health, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, HIV epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Viral Pathogens, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Anti-HIV Agents, Urology, Population, HIV prevention, Staffing, Developing country, Microbiology, [SDV.MHEP.PED] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, Burkina Faso, medicine, Humans, education, Microbial Pathogens, Medicine and health sciences, Preventive medicine, [SDV.MHEP.PED]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, Health Care Policy, business.industry, Genitourinary Infections, lcsh:R, Infant, Biology and Life Sciences, HIV, medicine.disease, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Diagnostic medicine, Health Care, Public and occupational health, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Family medicine, Pediatric epidemiology, Women's Health, lcsh:Q, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Health Statistics, business
Abstract: International audience; Objective: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-infected children before the age of two since 2010, but this implies an early identification of these infants. We described the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission (PMTCT) cascade, the staffing and the quality of infrastructures in pediatric HIV care facilities, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2011 in all health care facilities involved in PMTCT and pediatric HIV care in Ouagadougou. We assessed them according to their coverage in pediatric HIV care and WHO standards, through a desk review of medical registers and a semi-structured questionnaire administered to health-care workers (HCW).Results: In 2011, there was no offer of care in primary health care facilities for HIV-infected children in Ouagadougou. Six district hospitals and two university hospitals provided pediatric HIV care. Among the 67 592 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in 2011, 85.9% were tested for HIV. The prevalence of HIV was 1.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 1.7%-1.9%). Among the 1 064 HIV-infected pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, 41.4% received a mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention intervention. Among the HIV-exposed infants, 313 (29.4%) had an early infant HIV test, and 306 (97.8%) of these infants tested received their result within a four-month period. Among the 40 children initially tested HIV-infected, 33 (82.5%) were referred to a health care facility, 3 (9.0%) were false positive, and 27 (90.0%) were initiated on ART. Although health care facilities were adequately supplied with HIV drugs, they were hindered by operational challenges such as shortage of infrastructures, laboratory reagents, and trained HCW.Conclusions: The PMTCT cascade revealed bottle necks in PMTCT intervention and HIV early infant diagnosis. The staffing in HIV care and quality of health care infrastructures were also insufficient in 2011 in Ouagadougou.
Published: 2014

43. Plasma Concentrations, Efficacy and Safety of Efavirenz in HIV-Infected Adults Treated for Tuberculosis in Cambodia (ANRS 1295-CIPRA KH001 CAMELIA Trial)

Author: Narom Prak, Arnaud Fontanet, Monidarin Chou, Chanroeun Hak, Olivier Marcy, Anne-Marie Taburet, Chindamony Kim, Laurence Borand, François-Xavier Blanc, Eric Nerrienet, Bunnet Dim, Khemarin Kim Lak, Anne E. Goldfeld, Thim Sok, Yoann Madec, Didier Laureillard, Phearavin Pheng, Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), ANRS Research Site [Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam], Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital, University of Health Sciences [Phnom-Penh, Cambodia] (UHS), Khmero-Sovietic Friendship Hospital, Donkeo Provincial Hospital [Phnom Penh], Médecins Sans Frontières [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], Cambodian Health Committee, Svay Rieng Provincial [Svay Rieng, Cambodge], Calmette Hospital [Phnom Penh], Siem Reap Referral Hospital [Siem Reap, Cambodge], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Bicêtre, Unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax (ITX-lab), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Boutin, Marion, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and unité de recherche de l'institut du thorax UMR1087 UMR6291 (ITX)
Subjects: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cyclopropanes, Male, Viral Diseases, HIV Infections, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Interquartile range, immune system diseases, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Blood plasma, Drug Interactions, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Coinfection, Clinical Pharmacology, virus diseases, Antivirals, 3. Good health, AIDS, Infectious Diseases, Alkynes, [SDV.SP.PHARMA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Medicine, Female, Cambodia, Research Article, medicine.drug, Adult, Drugs and Devices, Tuberculosis, Efavirenz, Clinical Research Design, Science, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Adverse Reactions, Virology, medicine, Humans, Clinical Trials, Adverse effect, Biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Body Weight, HIV, medicine.disease, Benzoxazines, Pharmacodynamics, chemistry, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, Hemoglobinemia, business, Rifampicin
Abstract: ObjectiveTo assess efavirenz plasma concentrations and their association with treatment efficacy and tolerance of efavirenz 600 mg daily in HIV-tuberculosis co-infected patients.MethodsHIV-infected adults with CD4+ T cell count ≤ 200/mm(3) received standard 6-month tuberculosis treatment and antiretroviral therapy including a daily-dose of 600 mg of efavirenz, irrespective of their body weight. Mid-dose blood samples were drawn both on tuberculosis treatment (week +2 and week +6 after antiretroviral therapy initiation, and week 22 of follow-up) and off tuberculosis treatment (week 50 of follow-up). Considered therapeutic range was 1,000 to 4,000 ng/mL. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between efavirenz concentration below 1,000 ng/mL and virological failure. Linear regression was used to test the association between efavirenz exposure and CD4+ T cell gain. Severe side effects potentially related to efavirenz were described and their association with efavirenz exposure was tested by multivariate analysis.ResultsEfavirenz plasma concentrations were available in 540 patients. Median [interquartile range] efavirenz concentrations were 2,674 ng/mL [1,690-4,533], 2,667 ng/mL [1,753-4,494] and 2,799 ng/mL [1,804-4,744] at week +2, week +6, week 22, respectively, and 2,766 ng/mL [1,941-3,976] at week 50. Efavirenz concentrations were lower at week 50 (off rifampicin) compared to week 22 (on rifampicin) (pConclusionBody weight and tuberculosis treatment were not associated with low efavirenz concentrations or treatment failure, supporting the 600 mg daily-dose of efavirenz in HIV-tuberculosis co-infected patients. High efavirenz concentrations were related to a higher risk of central nervous system side effects and hepatotoxicity.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01300481.
Published: 2014

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