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Objective: this study was to evaluate the toxicity of a herbal recipe Diabeto-Dolvo® (DD) and its efficacy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methodology and results: The toxicity test was performed by oral administration of the extract to rats while diabetes was induced with streptozotocin, the 250, and 500 mg / kg body weight. The results of the toxicity tests revealed no evidence of mortality or morbidity suggesting an LD50 greater than 5000 mg / kg. Similarly, the biochemical and haematological parameters remained unchanged. In antidiabetic tests, there was a progressive decrease followed by a normalization of the glucose level of the treated rats. Overall, the extract at 250 and 500 mg / kg body weight resulted in a significant reduction in glycated haemoglobin, amylase, lipase, G6PD and serum lipids. Conclusion and application of results: This study revealed that, the treatment with the recipe might repair oxidative damages, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia in diabetic rats in the same way as the treatment with glibenclamide. This study is a contribution to the experimental validation of the DD recipe. In research and development application, the DD recipe will be used in the treatment of cases of diabetes mellitus. A natural product, it will support the multiple treatments of so-called conventional medicine, relatively expensive for the population. Key words: Diabeto-Dolvo®; blood glucose; oxidative damage; streptozotocin; diabetes mellitus; Togo.

Corn and especially maize stigma are traditionally used to facilitate urinary and digestive elimination functions that favour certain diseases such as urinary tract infections. Similarly, papaya seeds possess potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which improve digestive health. The above activities of these parts of plants aforesaid might be associated with antibacterial activities. We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of these two food crops. Each plant materials collected were air dried in shade, dried, and ground into fine powder, which were soaked in solvents (water: 30% - ethanol 70%) and shacked for 48 h. After filtering, every mixture was concentrated by using rotavapor and the extracts were prepared 100 mg/ml in sterile distilled water for antibacterial test. The antibacterial activities and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test of the extracts were assessed by microdilution method associated with spreading in agar medium. Both extracts showed bacteriostatic activity. The MIC values ranged from 25 to 50 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the two extracts were at least 50mg/ml on each of three bacterial species studied.

Mitracarpus scaber is a medicinal plant used in traditional practices for the treatment of dermatoses and liver diseases. The objective of this study was to quantify the content of phenolic compounds and to evaluate the anti-radical and antimicrobial activities of four types of its total extracts on ten microbial strains. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenol content, condensed tannin content by the Butanol-HCl method and anti-radical activity by reduction of phosphomolybdate. The micro-dilution technique coupled with spreading in an agar medium made it possible to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The results obtained showed that the total phenol content varies according to the nature of the extracts and ranges from 36.75±1.62 mg / g to 14.63±0.44 mg / g of extract. The contents of condensed tannins ranged from 41.83%±0.03 mg CE / g to 0.39%±0.14 mg CE/g. The anti-free radical activity was between 0.48±0.06 mg AAE / g and 0.21±0.00 mg AAE/g. The antimicrobial activity gave MIC of 6.25 to 50 mg / ml. The hydroalcoholic extract showed lower MIC and would therefore be best suited for the treatment of microbial diseases. Key words: Mitracarpus scaber, antimicrobial activity, antiradical activiy, phenols.

According to the latest SDG recommendations, guidelines on access to safe drinking water have enabled the construction of boreholes in remote areas of developing countries. In Togo, particularly in the savannah region where access to drinking water remains a major problem for the population, many boreholes have been built for this purpose. The objective of this study is to evaluate the bacteriological quality of the waters of some boreholes built in four (04) prefectures of the savannah region in Togo. A total of 68 samples of drilling water intended for human consumption were collected between January and February 2019 for bacteriological analysis. These analyses were carried out according to the standardized routine methods of the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR). The parameters sought or counted in these samples are those retained by the 2007 European Union criteria for water intended for human consumption. The analysis reveal that the samples of borehole water are at 50% and 90% of unsatisfactory hygienic quality respectively compared to the Total Coliforms (CT) and the Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora (FAMT) which are indicative germs of hygiene failure. The correlation of the germs sought made it possible to distinguish two groups of indicators of contamination: those responsible for hygiene failures and old fecal contamination (ASR) Conclusion: Since the majority of the borehole water analyzed is contaminated by germs indicating hygiene deficiencies, adequate treatment of these waters and monitoring of their quality are necessary in order to protect the population of the savannah region against probable diseases linked to faecal contamination germs.

Water is essential for life, but its quality is confronted with several problems, including insufficient hygiene and sanitation, which necessitate a contribution to improving the hygienic quality of drinking water. Adescriptive study of 129 randomly selected households was carried out in order to get an idea of the health risks associated with drinking water. Water samples (75) were analyzed using the standardized routine methods described by the European Union. These analyzes related to the following germs: total aerobic flora, total coliforms, thermo tolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, anaerobic sulfite-reducing bacteria and fecal streptococci. The results showed that 43.41% of households surveyed do not have a source of water at home. Water sources include wells, boreholes, and rainwater. Drinking water storage containers are not covered in 38.89% of the cases. Of the 60 households that have a water source and a latrine at the same time, 27 households or 45% have latrines within 15 meters of the water source. The microbiological analyzes showed that the drinking water samples analyzed are contaminated to varying degrees by the germs retained by the European Union criteria. Total germs and coliforms resulted in high levels of non-compliance. The waters of the storage containers were the most contaminated. Appropriate measures shall be taken for the monitoring and disinfection of these waters before their use.

Introduction: Dans les pays en voie de developpement, les problemes du medicament se posent en termes d'insuffisance quantitative, qualitative et d'inaccessibilite economique. Pour pallier a ce probleme, pres de 80% de la population ont recours a la medecine traditionnelle. Cependant, la question n'est plus de demontrer l'efficacite de la medecine traditionnelle mais de s'en convaincre et convaincre les acteurs de la sante publique et des groupes de promotion de la sante. D’ou notre objectif de vulgariser l’utilisation de l’ail par la population en montrant les composes bioactifs et les differentes formes d’ail et leur usage therapeutique. Methodologie: la recherche Litterature a ete effectuee dans les bases de donnee de Medline, Google scholar, Research Gate, HINARI, Cochrane et livres en utilisant des mots cles tels que : Problematique des medicaments en Afrique, l’etude ethnobotanique, ethnomedecine, ethnopharmacologie, les composes bioactifs de l’ail. Cette recherche documentaire s’est faite sur la periode du 08 juin 2018 au 23 Novembre 2018. La recherche a ete etendue sur les formes d’ail, les donnees cliniques de l’utilisation de l’ail. Synthese: L’ail est utilise depuis des millenaires tant pour ses talents culinaires que ses proprietes therapeutiques. Les principaux composes responsables des vertus therapeutiques sont les composes organosulfureux dont leur presence et concentration depend de la forme d’ail utilise. Conclusion: L’ail, permet de lutter contre certains germes infectieux de la peau et contre les parasites. Il est aussi utilise dans le traitement de l’hypertension arterielle, de la coagulation du sang et l’hypercholesterolemie. Ainsi, il est recommande de consommer des preparations conditionnees et standardisees de l’ail pour beneficier de ses vertus.Introduction: The availability and accessibility of medicines remains a real concern in developing countries. In the context of low economic income, most of the population (80%) uses traditional medicine. The effectiveness of traditional medicine has been well established. This study suggests that public health actors and health promotion groups in developing countries use herbal medicine as an alternative to the problem of the effectiveness of chemical synthesis drugs. This paper focuses on evaluating the use of different forms of garlic by the population and the bioactive compounds of this plant. Methodology: A literature review was conducted in the Medline, Google Scholar, Research Gate, HINARI, and Cochrane databases using keywords such as Drugs in Africa, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Ethnopharmacology, Garlic Forms, and Compounds bioactives of garlic. Results: The use of garlic is as old as humanity especially in cooking and disease therapy. The main compounds responsible for the therapeutic virtues are the organosulfur compounds, and its concentration of which depends on the shape of the garlic. Conclusion: Garlic can fight against skin infections, blood pressure drop, prevent blood clotting and hypercholesterolemia. Based on this study, it is recommended to consume conditioned and standardized garlic preparations in order to benefit from its virtues.

L’eau est une ressource naturelle precieuse et essentielle pour de multiples usages, mais sa qualite est confrontee a plusieurs problemes dont la pollution liees aux actvites anthropiques, d’ou la necessite de contribuer a l’amelioration de la qualite de l’eau de consommation. Ainsi, une etude transversale, descriptive et analytique, qui a porte sur 162 menages choisis de facon aleatoire, a ete realise afin d’avoir une idee sur les risques sanitaires lies a l’eau de consommation. Des echantillons d’eau de puits et de forages (15 puits et 10 forages) ont ete preleves et analyses en utilisant les methodes normalisees de routines decrites par l’Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR). Les resultats ont montre qu’aucune concession ne dispose de reseau d’adduction en eau potable. Parmi ceux qui s’approvisionnent en eau de forage et de puits, 94.74% boivent l’eau de forage et 56.86% boivent l’eau de puits. La majorite des menages traitent l’eau avant consommation et la chloration est le mode de traitement le plus utilise. Sur les menages disposant simultanement d’une source d’eau et d’une latrine, 62.96% des menages ont leurs latrines a moins de 15 metres de la source d’eau. Les analyses microbiologiques ont montre que les echantillons d’eau analyses sont contamines a divers degres par les germes retenus par les criteres. Les germes totaux et les coliformes ont induit de fort taux de nonconformite. Des mesures appropriees doivent etre prises pour la desinfection de ces eaux avant leur utilisation. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Eau de forage, eau de puits, aspects socio-sanitaire, qualite hygienique, Togo English Title: Health risks related to sources of drinking water in district n°2 of Lomecommune: case of Adakpame neighborhood English Abstract Water is a valuable and essential natural resource for many uses, but its quality is confronted with several problems, including pollution linked to anthropogenic activities, hence the need to contribute to improving the quality of drinking water. A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of 162 randomly selected households was carried out in order to get an idea of the health risks associated with drinking water. Wells and boreholes water samples (15 wells and 10 boreholes) were collected and analyzed using the standardized routine methods described by French Association for Standardization. The results showed that no household has a drinking water supply network. Of those whose source water is from boreholes and wells, 94.74% drink boreholes water and 56.86% drink well water. The majority of households treat water before consumption and chlorination is the most commonly used mode of treatment. On households with both a water source and a latrine, 62.96% of households have latrines within 15 meters of the water source. The microbiological analyses showed that the water samples analysed are contaminated to varying degrees by the microorganisms selected by the criteria. Total germs and coliforms resulted in high levels of non-compliance. Appropriate measures shall be taken for the disinfection of such waters before their use. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Borehole water, well water, socio-sanitary aspects, hygienic quality, Togo

Yam is one of the most staple foods in West African countries and provides an important part of the energetic for people. This study examines chemical composition of Dioscorea cayenensis and Dioscorea rotundata Poir species dried yam chips obtained using two methods of production in Togo. Three local varieties of yams (Koukou, Keki and Laboco) were processed in chips and were sun dried (at 28-30°C) or oven-dried (at 50°C). Nutritive components (carbohydrates, protein fats, mineral salt, vitamin C and anti-nutritional factors) of yam chips were assessed and compared with those of fresh yam. Sugar is a major component of yam chips followed by proteins, vitamin, fats, mineral salt and anti-nutritionals factors. For the same variety of yam, the nutritional quality depends on the method of production followed and the drying methods. Key words: Yam chips, Dioscorea cayenensis, Dioscorea rotundata, nutritional potential.

Objectif : Le but de cette etude etait d’evaluer la qualite microbiologique des eaux de puits et de forage collectees dans la ville de Lome. Methodologie : Au total, 207 echantillons d’eau de puits et de 197 echantillons d’eau de forages de la ville de Lome collectes entre juin 2012 et juillet 2013 ont ete analyses en utilisant les methodes normalisees de routine de l’Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR). Resultats et conclusion : Les resultats ont montre une non-conformite des eaux de puits par rapport aux germes de contamination fecale dans 65% des cas et dans 70% des cas par rapport a E coli. Les eaux de forages etaient contaminees a 53,54% par la flore aerobie mesophile, a 26,77% par les coliformes totaux et a 2,03% par les streptocoques fecaux. La presence des germes indicateurs de contamination fecale dans les eaux analysees expose les consommateurs au risque de gastro-enterites. Des mesures doivent etre prises pour la surveillance et la desinfection de ces eaux avant leur utilisation. Mots cles : Eau, puits, forage ; qualite bacteriologique, Togo. Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of wells and drillings water in Lome, Togo Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of wells and drillings water collected in the city of Lome. Methodology : A total of 207 well water samples and 197 samples of water from drillings in the city of Lome collected between June 2012 and July 2013 were analyzed using standard routine methods of the French Association of Standardization (AFNOR). Results and Conclusion : The results showed non-compliance of well water related to fecal contaminationgerms in 65% of cases and in 70% of cases related to E. coli. The drillings waters were contaminated in cases 53.54% by mesophilic aerobic flora, in 26.77% cases by total coliforms and in 2.03% cases by fecal streptococci. The presence of indicator organisms of fecal contamination in the analyzed waters exposes consumers to the risk of gastroenteritis. Measures should be taken to monitoring and disinfection of this water before use. Keywords : Water, wells, drilling, bacteriological quality, Togo.

La dissemination des bacteries multi-resistantes aux antibiotiques contribue a la morbidite et la mortalite dues aux maladies infectieuses. Le but de cette etude etait de determiner la prevalence des souches d’enterobacteries productrices de beta-lactamases a spectre elargi (EBLSE) et d’evaluer leur sensibilite aux antibiotiques. Au total 1377 souches ont ete isolees au CHU Sylvanus Olympio et a la Polyclinelle Wossinu-Gbogbo entre 2009 et 2011. Les tests de sensibilite selon le Comite d’Antibiogramme de la Societe Francaise de Microbiologie et de synergie en double disque pour detecter les BLSE ont ete realises. Au total 309 souches ont produit les BLSE soit une prevalence de 22,44% (309/1377). Escherichia coli a ete plus frequent (51,13%), suivi de Klebsiella spp. (30,10%), (p< 0,01). Ces germes ont ete isoles des pus a 47,90% et des urines a 40,78%. Les resistances avec E. coli ont ete respectivement de 0,6% et 1,3% pour l’imipeneme et la colistine. Concernant Klebsiella spp ., ces taux ont ete de 3,7%, et de 1,27% respectivement. La prevalence des EBLSE a ete de 22,44 %. E. coli, Klebsiella spp . ont ete les plus impliques avec une forte resistance a la majorite des antibiotiques. D’autres etudes et des alternatives d’antibiotherapie devraient etre envisagees. Mots cles : Souches bacteriennes, multiresistantes, beta-lactamase a spectre elargi, antibiotiques.

Objectif : Il s’est agi de l’evaluation de l’efficacite de differentes marques d’eau de javel vendues a Lome sur quelques germes isoles des eaux de consommation. Materiel et methodes : Cette etude a consiste en une analyse microbiologique de six echantillons d’eau de consommation et en une identification des germes presents en utilisant les normes AFNOR. Quatre germes isoles de ces eaux et un germe de reference (Escherichia coli CIP 105 182) ont ete ensuite testes avec des echantillons de javel. Il s’agit des streptocoques fecaux, des coliformes totaux, de Escherichia coli et des Bacilles a Gram positif. La technique de dilution en milieu liquide avec le bouillon Muller Hinton a ete utilisee pour ces tests. Les degres chlorometriques de ces eaux de javel ont ete ensuite determines par iodometrie. Resultats : L’analyse microbiologique des echantillons d’eau de consommation a montre qu’ils etaient de qualite hygienique non satisfaisante par rapport a la flore aerobie mesophile totale, aux coliformes totaux et thermotolerents et aux streptococoques fecaux. Toutes les marques d’eau de Javel ont inhibe a des degres divers la croissance de tous les germes testes. Ainsi, les CMB des eaux de Javel 5, Javel 4, javel 3 testees sur les germes totaux ont ete de 1,66% (v/v) alors que celles des eaux de Javel 6 et 7 ont ete respectivement de 8,33% et de 6,25% (v/v) pour un temps reactionnel de 3 a 6 heures. En ce qui concerne les degres chlorometriques, toutes les eaux de javel testees avaient des degres chlorometriques inferieurs a ceux mentionnes sur les emballages. Conclusion : Cette etude a montre qu’une analyse continue des eaux de javel vendues au Togo est indispensable pour s’assurer de l’efficacite des traitements de desinfection par ces javels. Mots cles : bacteries, eau, javel, desinfection, antimicrobiens, Togo

Poisoning following salads consumption was often reported in Lome. This study was carried out to evaluate contamination of salads sold in Lome. Sixty salad samples from modern restaurant (Domino), seventy from street sellers and forty of fresh vegetables from two markets were randomly collected. Microbiological quality of samples was examined on the basis of AFNOR methods and criteria. Salad selling occurs in room temperature. That modern restaurant uses cold to preserve foods. Microbial analyzes revealed that, Total viable count (TVC) load ranged from 2.15x10 4 – 9.2x10 10 and 1.8x10 3 – 2.7x10 7 with 10% and 86.66% of satisfactory quality samples respectively for Domino and Street salads. Total and thermo-tolerant coliforms load ranged from 60-3.4x10 6 and 0-6.2x10 3 respectively for street salads with 14.28% and 57.15% of satisfactory samples. Domino samples located between 0-7x10 3 and 0-2.5x10 3 with 96.66% and 81.33% of conformity respectively. E. coli and S. aureus were isolated (0-2.5x103 and 0-103) respectively with 77.14% and 84.28% of satisfactory samples for street salads. These bacteria did not induce any conform samples. Salmonella spp were not found in salads and raw vegetable. Application of good hygiene practices rules would help to reduce disease risk related to the presence of pathogenic germs like E. coli and S. aureus . © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Food poisoning, Vegetable food, microbiological safety