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The COVID-19 outbreak has spread all around the world in less than four months. However, the pattern of the epidemic was different according to the countries. We propose this paper to describe the transmission network and to estimate the serial interval and the reproductive number of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Burkina Faso, a Sub-Saharan African country. Data from the COVID-19 response team was analyzed. Information on the 804 first detected cases were pulled together. From contact tracing information, 126 infector-infectee pairs were built. The principal infection clusters with their index cases were observed, principally the two major identified indexes in Burkina. However, the generations of infections were usually short (less than four). The serial interval was estimated to follow a gamma distribution with a shape parameter 1.04 (95% credibility interval: 0.69–1.57) and a scale parameter of 5.69 (95% credibility interval: 3.76–9.11). The basic reproductive number was estimated at 2.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.46–3.26). However, the effective reproductive number decreases very quickly, reaching a minimum value of 0.20 (95% confidence interval: 0.06–0.34). Estimated parameters are made available to monitor the outbreak in Sub-Saharan African countries. These show serial intervals like in the other continents but less infectiousness.

BackgroundAfter a global decline, malaria cases re-increases have been shown recently.The aim of this analysis was to update the epidemiological facies of malaria in Burkina Faso (around 4% of malaria cases worldwide) by estimating weekly malaria incidences at health district levels, from 2013 to 2018, associated to environmental and meteorological factors.MethodsMalaria cases and deaths weekly reports were extracted from the National Malaria Control Program for each health district from 2013 to 2018. Population data were extracted from the reports of the national statistics council. Environmental data were collected through remote sensing.After estimating incidence through time and space, trend was assessed by an additive decomposition of the incidence and malaria seasons of transmission was estimated by change point analysis (PELT algorithm).Incidence maps for each year of the study period were assessed to highlight spatial variability through years. Maps of rainfall, temperature, and vegetation (NDVI) were produced to characterize the health district environmental variability.ResultsIn 2013, 775 cases /100,000 inhab.week were observed in average, and remain roughly constant until 2015. Malaria re-increased from 2016, reaching 2428 cases /100,000 inhab.week in 2018.From 2013 to 2016, two transmission periods were observed: low from January to July (included) and high from August to December (included).From 2017 to 2018, an intermediate transmission period from mid-November to early January intercalated between the low transmission period from mid-February to early June and the high transmission period from July to late DecemberFrom 2013 to 2015, the most affected districts were located in the center and central-eastern part of the country. From 2016 to 2018 all health districts, except those in the Sahel region, were affected with at least 45,000 cases per 100,000 persons/year. This south-to-north gradient was also observed with rainfall, temperature and NDVI.ConclusionMalaria incidences re-increased through years and across the country since 2016. But no modification of the environmental factor variability was observed during the same period, in time or space. The re-increase of malaria in Burkina Faso could be due to a real increase of the disease, or to a better access to diagnostic and cure, together with the development of the epidemiological information system.

Background: The world has high hopes of vaccination against COVID-19 to protect the population, boost economies and return to normal life. Vaccination programmes are being rolled out in high income countries, but the pandemic continues to rage in many low-income countries (LICs) despite implementation of strict hygiene measures. We aim to present a comprehensive research protocol that will generate epidemiological, sociological, and anthropological data about the COVID-19 epidemic in Burkina Faso a landlocked country in West Africa with scares resources. Methods: We will perform a multidisciplinary research using mixed methods in the two main cities in Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso). Data will be collected in general population and in COVID-19 patients, caregivers and health care professional in reference care centers: (i) to determine cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Burkinabe population using blood samples collected from randomly selected households according to the WHO-recommended protocol; (ii) develop a score to predict severe complications of COVID-19 in persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 using retrospective and prospective data; (iii) perform semi-structured interviews and direct observation on site, to describe and analyze the healthcare pathways and experiences of patients with COVID-19 attending reference care centers, and to identify the perceptions, acceptability and application of preventive strategies among the population. Discussion: This study will generate comprehensive data that will contribute to improve COVID-19 response strategies in Burkina Faso. The lessons learned from the management of the epidemic may serve as examples to the country authorities to better design preventive strategies in the case of future epidemics or pandemics.Ethics and disseminationThis project was approved by the Ministry for Health (N° 2020 - 00952/MS/CAB/INSP/CM) and the Ethics Committee for Health Research of Burkina Faso (N° 2020-8-140).

BackgroundMalaria control and prevention programs are more efficient and cost-effective when they target hotspots or select the best periods of year to implement interventions. This study aimed to identify the spatial distribution of malaria hotspots at the village level in Diébougou health district, Burkina Faso, and to model the temporal dynamics of malaria cases as a function of meteorological conditions and of the distance between villages and health centers (HCs).MethodsCase data for 27 villages were collected in 13 HCs using continuous passive case detection. Meteorological data were obtained through remote sensing. Two synthetic meteorological indicators (SMIs) were created to summarize meteorological variables. Spatial hotspots were detected using the Kulldorf scanning method. A General Additive Model was used to determine the time lag between cases and SMIs and to evaluate the effect of SMIs and distance to HC on the temporal evolution of malaria cases. The multivariate model was fitted with data from the epidemic year to predict the number of cases in the following outbreak.ResultsOverall, the incidence rate in the area was 429.13 cases per 1,000 person-year with important spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Four spatial hotspots, involving 7 of the 27 villages, were detected, for an incidence rate of 854.02 cases per 1,000 person-year. The hotspot with the highest risk (relative risk = 4.06) consisted of a single village, with an incidence rate of 1,750.75 cases per 1,000 person-years. The multivariate analysis found greater variability in incidence between HCs than between villages linked to the same HC. The epidemic year was characterized by a major peak during the second part of the rainy season and a secondary peak during the dry-hot season. The time lag that generated the better predictions of cases was 9 weeks for SMI1 (positively correlated with precipitation variables and associated with the first peak of cases) and 16 weeks for SMI2 (positively correlated with temperature variables and associated with the secondary peak of cases). Euclidian distance to HC was not found to be a predictor of malaria cases recorded in HC. The prediction followed the overall pattern of the time series of reported cases and predicted the onset of the following outbreak with a precision of less than 3 weeks.ConclusionsOur spatio-temporal analysis of malaria cases in Diébougou health district, Burkina Faso, provides a powerful prospective method for identifying and predicting high-risk areas and high-transmission periods that could be targeted in future malaria control and prevention campaigns.

Background Sleeping under an ITN reduces contact with mosquitoes through the combination of a physical barrier and an insecticidal effect, which reduces the incidence of malaria. The 2016–2020 Burkina Faso National Malaria Strategic Plan aims to have at least 90% of the population, 100% of children under age 5, and 100% of pregnant women sleep under an ITN. Methods The analysis examines individual, household, and community-level factors associated with ITN usage. According to the 2017–18 Burkina Faso MIS, 58% of individuals in households that own at least one ITN reported that they slept under an ITN on the night before the survey. Results The use of ITNs was significantly associated with individual, household, and community-level variables that included age, gender, age of household head, number of sleeping rooms, wealth, malaria prevalence, residence, and region. Conclusions The results highlight areas of intervention at the individual, household, and community levels that can increase ITN use.

Additional file 2. The descriptions of the other transmission periods: 2010–2011 HTP, 2011–2012 HTP, 2008–2009 HTP, 2012 LTP, 2009 LTP and 2008 LTP.

Background In malaria endemic areas, identifying spatio-temporal hotspots is becoming an important element of innovative control strategies targeting transmission bottlenecks. The aim of this work was to describe the spatio-temporal variation of malaria hotspots in central Senegal and to identify the meteorological, environmental, and preventive factors that influence this variation. Methods This study analysed the weekly incidence of malaria cases recorded from 2008 to 2012 in 575 villages of central Senegal (total population approximately 500,000) as part of a trial of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Data on weekly rainfall and annual vegetation types were obtained for each village through remote sensing. The time series of weekly malaria incidence for the entire study area was divided into periods of high and low transmission using change-point analysis. Malaria hotspots were detected during each transmission period with the SaTScan method. The effects of rainfall, vegetation type, and SMC intervention on the spatio-temporal variation of malaria hotspots were assessed using a General Additive Mixed Model. Results The malaria incidence for the entire area varied between 0 and 115.34 cases/100,000 person weeks during the study period. During high transmission periods, the cumulative malaria incidence rate varied between 7.53 and 38.1 cases/100,000 person-weeks, and the number of hotspot villages varied between 62 and 147. During low transmission periods, the cumulative malaria incidence rate varied between 0.83 and 2.73 cases/100,000 person-weeks, and the number of hotspot villages varied between 10 and 43. Villages with SMC were less likely to be hotspots (OR = 0.48, IC95%: 0.33–0.68). The association between rainfall and hotspot status was non-linear and depended on both vegetation type and amount of rainfall. The association between village location in the study area and hotspot status was also shown. Conclusion In our study, malaria hotspots varied over space and time according to a combination of meteorological, environmental, and preventive factors. By taking into consideration the environmental and meteorological characteristics common to all hotspots, monitoring of these factors could lead targeted public health interventions at the local level. Moreover, spatial hotspots and foci of malaria persisting during LTPs need to be further addressed. Trial registration The data used in this work were obtained from a clinical trial registered on July 10, 2008 at www.clinicaltrials.gov under NCT00712374.

Background In the context of environmentally influenced communicable diseases, proximity to environmental sources results in spatial heterogeneity of risk, which is sometimes difficult to measure in the field. Most prevention trials use randomization to achieve comparability between groups, thus failing to account for heterogeneity. This study aimed to determine under what conditions spatial heterogeneity biases the results of randomized prevention trials, and to compare different approaches to modeling this heterogeneity. Methods Using the example of a malaria prevention trial, simulations were performed to quantify the impact of spatial heterogeneity and to compare different models. Simulated scenarios combined variation in baseline risk, a continuous protective factor (age), a non-related factor (sex), and a binary protective factor (preventive treatment). Simulated spatial heterogeneity scenarios combined variation in breeding site density and effect, location, and population density. The performances of the following five statistical models were assessed: a non-spatial Cox Proportional Hazard (Cox-PH) model and four models accounting for spatial heterogeneity—i.e., a Data-Generating Model, a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), and two Stochastic Partial Differential Equation (SPDE) models, one modeling survival time and the other the number of events. Using a Bayesian approach, we estimated the SPDE models with an Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation algorithm. For each factor (age, sex, treatment), model performances were assessed by quantifying parameter estimation biases, mean square errors, confidence interval coverage rates (CRs), and significance rates. The four models were applied to data from a malaria transmission blocking vaccine candidate. Results The level of baseline risk did not affect our estimates. However, with a high breeding site density and a strong breeding site effect, the Cox-PH and GAM models underestimated the age and treatment effects (but not the sex effect) with a low CR. When population density was low, the Cox-SPDE model slightly overestimated the effect of related factors (age, treatment). The two SPDE models corrected the impact of spatial heterogeneity, thus providing the best estimates. Conclusion Our results show that when spatial heterogeneity is important but not measured, randomization alone cannot achieve comparability between groups. In such cases, prevention trials should model spatial heterogeneity with an adapted method. Trial registration The dataset used for the application example was extracted from Vaccine Trial #NCT02334462 (ClinicalTrials.gov registry). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12874-019-0759-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

MSE of the treatment, age, and sex effect for all models (baseline risk 0.37). (DOCX 32 kb)

Data-Generating Model (DGM) performance index for estimating the different factor effects (baseline risk 0.37). (DOCX 23 kb)

With limited resources and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of malaria in developing countries, it is still difficult to assess the real impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors in order to set up targeted campaigns against malaria at an accurate scale. Our goal was to detect malaria hotspots in rural area and assess the extent to which household socioeconomic status and meteorological recordings may explain the occurrence and evolution of these hotspots., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Description of mathematical formulas and terms used in this manuscript. (DOCX 17 kb)

Hypertension, chronic and silent disease, is a public health problem. The objective of this survey was to assess the prevalence of hypertension in population in the city of Koudougou. This deals with a population survey held in one day consisting of controlling blood pressure and glycaemia among patients having values above the normal ones. All volunteering patients were included in the study. We screened 497 patients during the survey. The average age of patients was 36 ± 12.4 years with extreme of 18 and 75 years. The sex ratio was 1.1. The average systolic blood pressure was 118 ± 21.5 mmHg with extreme of 90 and 200 and the average diastolic blood pressure was 70.8 ± 11 mmHg with extreme of 50 and 100. The frequency of patients suffering from hypertension was 21.6% and that of the diabetic patients was 19%. The average age of patients suffering from hypertension was 43.9 ± 14 years against 37.5 ± 12.8 years for patients suffering from diabetes. During the previous year, 49% (n = 244) had controlled their blood pressure against 51% of cases who controlled theirs during a consultation. 16.3% of patients had their blood sugar controlled (n = 81) against 43.4% who had theirs controlled during a consultation. Hypertension is an under-diagnosed disease despite the available diagnostic tools such as self-measurement. Screening programs should be set up to establish early diagnosis of high blood pressure.

Introduction Le rapport hebdomadaire de surveillance epidemiologique du Burkina Faso agrege les donnees de 11 maladies transmissibles, ainsi que les donnees de deces maternels et neonataux. Initialement papier, il a ete informatise sous forme d’un formulaire electronique mobile capable d’alimenter directement l’entrepot de donnees national (ENDOS-BF). Ce projet denomme « initiative de Baskuy » a ete experimente dans le district sanitaire de Baskuy en 2013 et a ete etendu en 2015 a deux autres districts sanitaires du pays (Kongoussi et Gourcy). L’organisation pyramidale basee sur les missions et les entites a ete transformee en une organisation plus en reseau, axee sur le processus de partage de donnees. Nous avons realise une etude d’evaluation de cette configuration avec toutes les parties prenantes. Methode Nous avons evalue ce dispositif aupres : – des infirmiers chefs de postes de toutes les 87 structures sanitaires (SS) publiques des trois districts sanitaires (DS) ; – des medecins-chefs et des gestionnaires de donnees de ces trois districts ; – des trois gestionnaires de donnees des directions regionales de la sante (DRS) de ces DS ; – et dans trois directions centrales (DC) du ministere de la sante (MS) qui sont les utilisatrices de la plateforme. L’enquete a ete realisee de fevrier a avril 2016. L’ensemble des questions portaient sur l’utilisation du dispositif tout au long de l’annee 2015. Nous avons adopte le modele de l’outil « Tool for Assessing Level of Information » (TALI) developpe par « Health Information Systems Project » d’Afrique du Sud. Cet outil est structure en trois paliers : le fonctionnement du systeme d’information, l’analyse de l’information, et l’utilisation de l’information. Nous avons adopte les etapes d’evaluation des systemes d’information medicale utilisees par Ann Fruhling et Stacie Petter. Une echelle de Likert a sept options de choix a ete utilisee pour la majorite des items du questionnaire. Une question ouverte de satisfaction cloturait les items de chaque palier. Resultats Pour le fonctionnement correct du dispositif, il y avait « rarement » ou « jamais » : une transmission des donnees en dehors des delais ; un defaut de couverture du reseau ; une transmission incomplete des donnees ; ou une absence de transmission de donnees dans une semaine. Dans 73,6 % des structures sanitaires, il y avait une absence de feedback. L’information etait souvent analysee et discutee au niveau des DS. Les courbes de tendances des tableaux de bord dont tous les acteurs avaient acces ont permis aux trois DRS et aux trois DC d’identifier les alertes epidemiologies de meningites et de rougeole. Les indicateurs etaient « toujours » utilises pour l’elaboration des plans d’actions au niveau des DS, mais « jamais » utilises au niveau des DRS et des trois DC. La majorite (54 %) des SS avaient souhaite un acces aux informations des autres SS a travers l’application mobile. Des formations continues avaient ete demandees par 37 % des structures. Certains agents des SS (14 %) avaient exprime un besoin d’une plus grande implication des DS, des DRS et du MS. Conclusion Les resultats de cette etude ont montre que le dispositif de surveillance par la telephonie mobile au Burkina a permis d’identifier des alertes epidemiologiques. L’insuffisance d’implication des premiers acteurs constitue un frein pour ameliorer la transmission des donnees dans les delais et le suivi du fonctionnement correct des dispositifs mobiles.

Additional file 3. Spatial hotspots by transmission period.

International audience; BACKGROUND:In the field of epidemiological surveillance, no systematic literature review appears to exist of implemented projects using cellular phone technology.METHOD:We performed a systematic literature review using the Pubmed and Scopus databases to retrieve articles published up to December 2015. We analyzed information reported in these publications according to the mobile health (mHealth) evidence reporting and assessment (mERA) checklist, and complemented this work with specific items related to epidemiology, in order to clarify the types of results reported and summarized in this context.RESULTS:Thirty-three articles were selected and reviewed. Each article was related to a different project. Two mERA items were systematically and fully reported, while two others were never reported. Three projects were deployed in very specific zones. Most of the projects were implemented in Africa. Infectious diseases were the elements most monitored. Most projects were based on daily data collection and SMS transmission. Economic assessment was limited to SMS, mobile phone, and implementation costs.DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION:Although suitable for epidemiologic surveillance, the mERA checklist needs further interpretation. The technical and transmission modes of cellular phone use varied greatly from one study to another. No evaluation of the interoperability capabilities of cellular phones with other applications or sub-systems was possible.

Introduction La proximite d’un environnement favorable a la transmission (ex. presence de gites larvaires pour le cas du paludisme) modifie l’exposition aux maladies transmissibles. Lors d’essais cliniques, cette heterogeneite spatiale de l’exposition pourrait influer sur les resultats si elle n’est pas prise en compte dans la randomisation ou dans l’analyse. L’objectif de ce travail etait de quantifier l’impact de l’heterogeneite spatiale et de comparer ses methodes d’analyse. Methode Huit scenarios ont ete simules (50 echantillons, 1000 individus) avec des parametres issus de la litterature : localisation suivant un processus de Poisson inhomogene, risque de base (0,37) ; effet âge (RR = 0,8) ; effet sexe nul. La difference a porte sur l’effet traitement faible ou fort (RR = 0,8 ; 0,25) ; la densite de gites faible ou forte (0,25 ; 0,75) et l’effet gite faible ou fort (RR = 1,2 ; 3). La randomisation entre sujets « traites » et « temoins » a permis la simulation de l’essai. L’impact de l’heterogeneite spatiale de l’exposition a ete quantifie par la mesure du biais et de l’erreur quadratique moyenne (MSE) sur l’estimation de l’effet du traitement lors de l’analyse par un modele de Cox non spatial. L’heterogeneite spatiale a ete modelisee suivant trois methodes : modele additif generalise (GAM) avec des fonctions splines bivariees ; modele d’equations aux derivees partielles stochastiques (SPDE) ; modele de Poisson. Les modeles SPDE et Poisson (fonction de Matern) ont utilise la methode bayesienne (INLA). Resultats Deux grandes categories de scenarios ont ete identifiees lors de l’analyse de l’efficacite du traitement. Faible densite des gites (0,25) avec effet faible (RR = 1,2) : le biais et le MSE du Cox etaient faibles. La modelisation spatiale a apporte peu d’amelioration. Le SPDE tendait a sous-estimer les forts effets du traitement. Forte densite des gites (0,75) avec effet fort (RR = 3) : le biais et le MSE du Cox etaient eleves et similaires a ceux du GAM. La modelisation spatiale avec SPDE et Poisson a permis d’ameliorer le biais et le MSE mais ils etaient plus faibles et moins variant pour le Poisson. Conclusion Sur la base des scenarios simules, ces resultats ont montre, que dans un essai clinique, la randomisation classique n’eliminait pas completement l’impact de l’heterogeneite spatiale. Il donc est necessaire de le prendre en compte dans la modelisation pour les maladies liees a une exposition heterogene.

This paper uses an original dataset that was built upon extensive surveys covering 300 forest fringe households on the main participatory forest management (PFM) sites in Burkina Faso. We then combine simultaneously the seminal approach of Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (1984) monetary poverty indices and the Béné’s (2013) approach of resilience on costs (expenditures) analysis, so as to emphasize forests fringe households’ resilience against poverty mainly by capturing the induced changes by the 1998 forest policy, in these households’ abilities to cope with poverty. The major outcomes are: (i) forest income sources remain the most dominant in households’ total income for 1997 and 2004; (ii) both poverty rate and poverty gap decrease from 1997 to 2004. This decline in the level of poverty is mainly explained by the households’ coping strategies through the development of investments and others expenditures (agricultural equipment, livestock, poultry, trade, crafts activities and processing of NTFPs) so that to cope with poverty; (iii) forest fringe households are resilient against poverty in PFM sites. The main environmental policy implication of this study should be to update the levels of the instruments of the environmental policy (forest), twenty years after the implementation of the 1998 forest policy so that to reinforce forest households’ resilience and forest sustainability.

This paper uses data of investigation into a sample of 205 savers (including 186 households and 19 female associative groupings) members of the Federation of the Popular Cases of Burkina (FCPB) of Ouagadougou the capital city of this country, to evaluate the determinants of poor households’ saving intensification in the decentralized financial system in Burkina Faso. An econometric evaluation starting from a simple linear model preceded by descriptive analyses makes it possible to show that the institutional characteristics of saving and credit of the FCPB’s structures and the savers’ socio-economic characteristics are incentives for the poor households adhering to these structures with a greater motivation with the saving.

An extensive survey on household expenditures in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso, was used to analyze the factors determining urban household energy choices using a multinomial logit model. Wood-energy remains the preferred fuel of most urban households in the country; though rational, the choice is not sustainable as it portends a threat to the savanna woodlands and the economy. Many important policies have been adopted by public authorities to minimize household wood-energy consumption and to substitute it by alternative fuel. Despite the magnitude of all these policies, the depletion rate of the forest resource is increasing. A kind of inertia is thus observed for household preferences for cooking fuel. This model analyzes the sociological and economic variables of household energy preferences for cooking in Ouagadougou. The analyses show that the inertia of household cooking energy preferences are due to poverty factors such as low income, poor household access to electricity for primary and secondary energy, low house standard, household size, high frequency of cooking certain meals using woodfuel as cooking energy. The descriptive analyses show that the domestic demand for wood-energy is strongly related to household income. The firewood utilization rate decreases with increasing household income. In other words, this fuel appears as a “transition good” for these households which aim for other sources of energy for cooking that are more adapted for urban consumption. This implies that a price subsidy policy for liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and its cook stoves could significantly decrease the utilization rate of wood-energy.

This article uses data survey on 82 teachers from the University of Ouagadougou and the model of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to assess the determinants of acceptance and educational use of ICT by teachers. The paper’s outcomes show that the construct “performance expectancy” of ICT (expected utility and expected results) positively affects the teachers’ acceptance of ICT. Acceptance of ICT and the Internet experience positively affect the educational use of ICT. However, facilitating conditions have a negative effect on these purposes. The Internet experience of teachers has a positive and significant direct effect on their specific use of ICT. These results could help public powers’ decision makers to develop effective policies for introducing ICTs in Higher Education Institutions.

Cet article utilise, les données de la zone UEMAO de la période 1979-2010 pour examiner les relations de causalité entre le PIB par employé et la Consommation d’énergie d’une part, et celles entre l’Emploi et la consommation d’énergie d’autre part. Les tests de Phillips Perron, permettant de déterminer le niveau d’intégration des variables, ont conduit à la conclusion que les séries sont stationnaires à l’exception du PIB par emploi qui est intégré d’ordre 1. Les tests de la version Hsiao de la méthode de causalité de Granger révèlent l’existence d’une relation à sens unique entre d’une part le PIB par employé et la consommation d’énergie et l’emploi et la consommation d’énergie d’autre part. Ce qui permet une bonne définition de la politique énergétique en zone UEMOA.

Cet article utilise des données recueillies sur 82 professeurs de l’Université de Ouagadougou et le modèle TUAUT pour évaluer les déterminants de l’acceptation et des usages éducatifs des TIC des professeurs. Il en résulte que la performance attendue des TIC (utilité attendue et résultats espérés) affecte positivement l’acceptation des TIC des professeurs. L’acceptation des TIC et l’expérience d’Internet affectent positivement les usages éducatifs des TIC. Cependant, les conditions de facilitation ont un effet négatif sur ces usages. L’expérience d’Internet des professeurs a un effet direct positif et significatif sur leurs usages spécifiques des TIC. Ces résultats pourraient aider les décideurs de cette université à élaborer des politiques efficientes d’intégration des TIC.

This paper aims to analyse closely the role and the incidence of forest income on reducing poverty and income inequalities among forest fringe households who are located in joint forest management (JFM) areas in Burkina Faso. Poverty indexes (Foster et al., 1984) and Gini coefficient are used to examine how forestry can reduce poverty and income inequalities in these JFM sites. Furthermore, a first attempt to analyse interactions between wealth and environmental resources is discussed through the ecological inequality concept. A specific environmental variable, \"rainfall\", is introduced into the analysis to simulate the relationship that may exist between forest households’ well-being and rainwater collected in these JFM sites. The study outcomes show a higher dependency of forest fringe households to forest resources and how forest incomes have a great contribution to poverty and income inequalities reduction among these households. Moreover, rainfall variability in these JFM villages affects significantly both forest income sources (positively) and these households’ poverty level (negatively).

This article uses survey data streams on timber and non-timber forest products out of the forest of Gonsé to highlight the importance of human pressure on the peri-urban forest of Gonsé, located 35 km from Ouagadougou, the country’s capital city. A literature review on drivers of deforestation in the world and specifically in Burkina Faso, can retain the use of the timber resource to energy goals as the main driver of deforestation in Burkina Faso, and of course in this case, as the mainspring of forest resources’ depletion in Gonsé. A descriptive approach not only allows quantifying the volume of wood energy out of the forest, but also shows the importance of fraudulent harvesting of fuelwood from this forest. Thus, it was found that 30% and 22% of firewood and charcoal harvesting in this forest are insidiously sent to the neighboring villages and to the city of Ouagadougou between 18 pm and 6 am. Thus, this paper recounts how the anthropogenic pressure on forest resources will bring the government to change the status of the classified forest of Gonsé into another one called \"classified forest and partial wildlife reserves of Gonsé\" by Decree adopted on 4th July of 2007 by the Council of Ministers.

This paper aims to analyse closely the role and the incidence of forest income in reducing poverty and income inequalities among forest fringe households who are located in joint forest management (JFM) areas in Burkina Faso. Based on a cross-sectional dataset concerning 300 forest fringe households surveyed, poverty indices (Foster et al., 1984) and Gini coefficients are used to examine how forestry contributes to the reduction of poverty and income inequalities in these JFM sites. Our results provide significant evidence about the high dependency of forest fringe households to forest resources and the role of these resources in poverty and income inequality reduction.

In this chapter we apply a multivariate regression model to assess the effects of agro-climatic and socio-economic factors on land use and crop yields in Mali and Burkina Faso. We use 1965–1990 time-series data at national level on climate, prices, input use, infrastructure, and population density to explain land use and crop yields. The results show that infrastructure development and credit availability have, in particular, been stimuli which have enhanced cotton yields and expanded the cotton area. Farmers managed to increase cotton production against lower output prices mainly because costs were reduced by better crop management practices. Cereal and groundnut production benefited from spin-off effects at farm level, such as the availability of animal traction, fertiliser residual effects and improved market outlets. These findings confirm the importance of supportive agricultural policies that facilitate the optimal use of inputs and access to new technologies. Moreover, a sound production environment can offset the effects of adverse and deteriorating climate conditions. Further enhancement of food crop production will require additional public investments in infrastructure, markets and technological development.

Burkina Faso has been running many interventions in the energy sector over the last decades. Still, there is a dearth of reliable and ready available price and income elasticities of demand to base these on, especially for domestic use of traditional fuels. The paper uses an Almost Ideal demand system (AIDS) model to explain the failures of wood-energy pricing and substitution policies. With the consumers’ preferences strong separability assumption, income elasticities of AIDS model are estimated; the use of the formula of Frisch (1959) allowed computing own- and cross-price elasticities. A relative inelasticity is observed for.wood-energy demand compared to households income and fuel price. This low sensitivity of the wood-energy compared to its own price and households’ income confirms the strong dependency of these households to fuel wood. Moreover, hicksian cross price elasticities between wood-energy and other fuels reveal substitution relations. The low income and own- and cross-price elasticities of wood-energy explain why substitution and price policies do not operate well and have a very weak impact on the fall in the demand of the wood-energy.