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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Annual incidence of reported measles cases in Singapore, 2000���2018. Table S1. Seroprevalence of measles IgG antibodies in Bangladesh, China, India and Malaysia. Table S2. Vaccination schedule and vaccination coverage for measles, and incidence per million population of measles cases in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and the Philippines. Table S3. Number and percentage of samples tested positive based on ELISA alone and those based on ELISA or PRNT by country of origin, birth cohort and gender.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against diphtheria antitoxin in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Supplementary Table 2. Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) vaccination coverage (%) among 1-year-olds and incidence rate per million population of diphtheria cases in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and the Philippines.

We investigated the temporal trends of short-term mortality (death within 1 year of diagnosis) and cause-specific deaths in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons by stage of HIV infection at diagnosis. We also assessed the impact of late diagnosis (LD) on short-term mortality. Epidemiological records of HIV-infected Singapore residents from the National HIV Registry were linked to death records from the Registry of Births and Deaths for observational analyses. Newly-diagnosed HIV cases with available cluster of differentiation 4 count at time of diagnosis in a 5-year period from 2012 to 2016 were included in the study. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of LD for all deaths excluding suicides and self-inflicted or accidental injuries, and HIV/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths occurring within 1 year post-diagnosis were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustment for age at HIV/AIDS diagnosis. Population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) were then calculated using the adjusted HRs. Of the 1990 newly-diagnosed HIV cases included in the study, 7.2% had died by end of 2017, giving an overall mortality rate of 2.16 per 100 person-years (PY) (95% CI 1.82–2.54). The mortality rate was 3.81 per 100 PY (95% CI 3.15–4.56) in HIV cases with LD, compared with 0.71 (95% CI 0.46–1.05) in non-LD (nLD) cases. Short-term mortality was significantly higher in LD (9.1%) than nLD cases (1.1%). Of the 143 deaths reported between 2012 and 2017, 58.0% were HIV/AIDS-related (nLD 28.0% vs LD 64.4%). HIV/AIDS-related causes represented 70.4% of all deaths which occurred during the first year of diagnosis (nLD 36.4% vs LD 74.7%). The PARP of short-term mortality due to LD was 77.8% for all deaths by natural causes, and 87.8% for HIV/AIDS-related deaths. The mortality rate of HIV-infected persons with LD was higher than nLD, especially within 1 year of diagnosis, and HIV/AIDS-related causes constituted majority of these deaths. To reduce short-term mortality, persons at high risk of late-stage HIV infection should be targeted in outreach efforts to promote health screening and remove barriers to HIV testing and treatment.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. All supplementary tables as listed in the article.