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Qu’est-ce que la comparaison ? En quoi est-elle utile au raisonnement historique, et plus généralement aux sciences humaines et sociales ? De l’histoire comparée proposée par Marc Bloch aux débats les plus récents sur l’histoire transnationale et connectée, ce dictionnaire offre un large panorama des références, des concepts, des débats, des méthodes et des outils essentiels à la mise en œuvre de la démarche comparatiste, à la fois dans l’espace et dans le temps. Ses courtes notices seront utiles à celles et ceux qu’intéresse cette approche, qu’il s’agisse de la pratiquer, de la penser ou de la critiquer, notamment en histoire moderne et contemporaine. Le classement des quatre-vingt-quatre entrées en plusieurs rubriques — » Épistémologies », « Boîte à outils », « Groupes sociaux », « Pratiques politiques », « Cultures européennes », « Lieux », « Croisements », « Temporalités » et « Collectifs » — éclaire les axes et les enjeux explorés par les auteurs ici rassemblés. Principalement historiens et historiennes, sociologues ou spécialistes de littérature, ils ont pour point commun de dialoguer avec la pensée de l’historien Christophe Charle, dont toute l’œuvre s’est efforcée de proposer une histoire sociale et culturelle comparée à l’échelle de l’Europe.

L’évolution historique du rapport à la figure du grand écrivain dans les sociétés occidentales, telle que permet de la saisir l’étude des clubs, sociétés et associations ayant pris nom d’auteur (Shakespeare Society, Goethe Gesellschaft…), offre un point d’observation idoine sur la pertinence de la perspective comparatiste et les modalités de sa mise en œuvre. Vu de France, ce que l’on nomme, à défaut d’expression mieux appropriée, « sociétés d’amis d’écrivains » semble un épiphénomène. L’hist...

Crop health management systems can be designed according to practices that help to reduce crop losses by restricting pathogen development and promoting host plant growth. A good understanding of pathogen and host dynamics, which are interdependent, is therefore needed. In this article, we used a holistic approach to explain the behavior of coffee leaf rust (CLR), a major coffee disease. We monitored coffee plant and CLR dynamics simultaneously in plots under different disease management and agroforestry systems. Diseased leaves were also collected to characterize inoculum stock and rust life stages (latent rust area, area with uredospores, necrosis due to rust) through picture analysis. We used structural equation modeling to obtain an overview of CLR pathosystem functioning on a plant scale. This overview integrates processes such as disease dilution by host leaf renewal, direct and indirect effects of fruit load on CLR development, antagonistic effects of shading depending on rust life stages, the tonic effect of copper-based fungicides on leaf retention, and effects on rust life stages depending on fungicide types. From our results, we also deduced that the inoculum stock could be calculated in unsprayed plots from the rust area with uredospores, with uredospores at 58 × 103 cm−2, on average.

Respectueux de l’environnement et garantissant une sécurité alimentaire soutenue par la diversification des productions et des revenus qu’ils procurent, les systèmes agroforestiers apparaissent comme un modèle prometteur d’agriculture durable dans les pays du Sud les plus vulnérables aux changements globaux. Cependant, ces systèmes agroforestiers ne peuvent être optimisés qu’à condition de mieux comprendre et de mieux maîtriser les facteurs de leurs productions. L’ouvrage présente un ensemble de connaissances récentes sur les mécanismes biophysiques et socio-économiques qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement et la dynamique des systèmes agroforestiers. Il concerne, d’une part les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cultures pérennes, telles que cacaoyers et caféiers, de régions tropicales humides en Amérique du Sud, en Afrique de l’Est et du Centre, d’autre part les parcs arborés et arbustifs à base de cultures vivrières, principalement de céréales, de la région semi-aride subsaharienne d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Il synthétise les dernières avancées acquises grâce à plusieurs projets associant le Cirad, l’IRD et leurs partenaires du Sud qui ont été conduits entre 2012 et 2016 dans ces régions. L’ensemble de ces projets s’articulent autour des dynamiques des systèmes agroforestiers et des compromis entre les services de production et les autres services socio-écosystémiques que ces systèmes fournissent.

Dans les systèmes agroforestiers, l’ombrage peut avoir des effets synergiques ou, au contraire, antagonistes sur l’expression des dégâts du complexe de bioagresseurs et des dommages associés. Les travaux présentés ont été réalisés dans des systèmes agroforestiers à base de caféiers au Costa Rica. Ils ont pour but d’illustrer les effets des interactions de l’ombrage à différents niveaux : avec le climat et l’environnement ; au sein même du cycle de vie d’un bioagresseur ; entre bioagresseurs du complexe parasitaire ; entre auxiliaires et bioagresseurs. L’effet de l’ombrage sur la fourniture de plusieurs services écosystémiques est également illustré. Nos résultats montrent que l’ombrage augmente la dispersion du pathogène Hemileia vastatrix, responsable de la rouille quand il pleut, alors qu’il la réduit quand il fait sec. L’ombrage favorise le processus pré-infectieux et la colonisation du caféier par la rouille, ainsi que sa régulation par son ennemi naturel, le champignon Lecanicillium lecaniii. Les effets de l’ombrage sont contraires selon le bioagresseur foliaire (deux basidiomycètes, deux ascomycètes et une larve de lepidoptère). Une approche « multipest » montre qu’un ombrage optimal permet de réduire l’impact total du cortège de bioagresseurs. Enfin, l’ombrage peut avoir des effets antagonistes selon les services écosystémiques, comme en réduisant directement la production mais en augmentant la régulation des bioagresseurs. L’étude des compromis de l’ensemble de ces services doit être réalisée afin de concevoir des systèmes permettant d’optimiser la régulation des bioagresseurs par l’intermédiaire l’ombrage. The shade cover on agroforestry systems can have synergic or antagonistic effects on the pest and disease (“bioagressor”) injury profile and the associated damages. The present study has been carried out in coffee-based agroforestry systems in Costa Rica and aims to illustrate the effects of shade interactions at different levels: with climate/environment, within the life cycle of a bioagressor, between bioagressors of the parasitic complex, and/or between bioagressors and their natural enemies. The impact of shading on the provision of ecosystem services is also illustrated. Our results show that under shade, the dispersion of coffee rust is increased under rainy conditions, while it is reduced under dry conditions. Shade promotes the pre-infectious process and the colonization of coffee by rust and at the same time its regulation by its natural enemy, Lecanicillium lecaniii. These effects are opposite according to the foliar pests and diseases, and our multipest approach makes it possible to demonstrate that optimal shading allows the reduction of the overall impact of foliar pests and diseases. Lastly, shading can have antagonistic effects depending on the ecosystem services, such as crop production and pest and disease regulation, and the study of trade-offs between all these services must be carried out in order to design systems which optimize pest and disease regulation via shading.

Given the great dissimilarity in the differing functions of literature in France and England, the present study of the two earliest associations in those countries dedicated to a contemporary writer – the Browning Society (founded 1881) in England and France’s Association Émile Zola (1909) – shows that they also differed in their make-up. In the first, we find a grouping based on personal bonds with the author, while the second shows those bonds intermingled with more impersonal and mutually shared feelings of solidarity with the author’s political causes and combats. The two societies, however, are alike in their inability to establish a coherent network, one with its own individual dynamics, since both are above all focused in on their central point, the writer, whose message, thus made exemplary, becomes fossilized through the process of institutionalisation.

Crop health management systems can be designed according to practices that help to reduce crop losses by restricting pathogen development and promoting host plant growth. A good understanding of pathogen and host dynamics, which are interdependent, is therefore needed. In this article, we used a holistic approach to explain the behavior of coffee leaf rust (CLR), a major coffee disease. We monitored coffee plant and CLR dynamics simultaneously in plots under different disease management and agroforestry systems. Diseased leaves were also collected to characterize inoculum stock and rust life stages (latent rust area, area with uredospores, necrosis due to rust) through picture analysis. We used structural equation modeling to obtain an overview of CLR pathosystem functioning on a plant scale. This overview integrates processes such as disease dilution by host leaf renewal, direct and indirect effects of fruit load on CLR development, antagonistic effects of shading depending on rust life stages, the tonic effect of copper-based fungicides on leaf retention, and effects on rust life stages depending on fungicide types. From our results, we also deduced that the inoculum stock could be calculated in unsprayed plots from the rust area with uredospores, with uredospores at 58 × 10

Hemileia vastatrix caused a severe epidemic in Central America in 2012−13. The gradual development of that epidemic on nearly a continental scale suggests that dispersal at different scales played a significant role. Shade has been proposed as a way of reducing uredospore dispersal. The effect of shade (two strata: Erythrina poeppigiana below and Chloroleucon eurycyclum above) and full sun on H. vastatrix dispersal was studied with Burkard traps in relation to meteorological records. Annual and daily patterns of dispersal were observed, with peaks of uredospore capture obtained during wet seasons and in the early afternoon. A maximum of 464 uredospores in 1 day (in 14.4 m3 of air) was recorded in October 2014. Interactions between shade/full sun and meteorological conditions were found. Rainfall, possibly intercepted by tree cover and redistributed by raindrops of higher kinetic energy, was the main driver of uredospore dispersal under shade. Wind gusts reversed this effect, probably by inhibiting water accumulation on leaves. Wind gusts also promoted dispersal under dry conditions in full sun, whereas they had no effect under shaded conditions, probably because the canopy blocked the wind. Our results indicate the importance of managing shade cover differentially in rainy versus dry periods to control the dispersal of airborne H. vastatrix uredospores.

International audience; The shade cover on agroforestry systems can have synergic or antagonistic effects on the pest and disease (“bioagressor”) injury profile and the associated damages. The present study has been carried out in coffee-based agroforestry systems in CostaRica and aims to illustrate the effects of shade interactions at different levels: with climate/environ-ment, within the life cycle of a bioagressor, between bioagressors of the parasitic complex, and/or between bioagressors and their natural enemies. The impact of shading on the provision of ecosystem services is also illustrated. Our results show that under shade, the dispersion of coffee rust is increased under rainy conditions, while it is reduced under dry conditions. Shade promotes the pre-infectious process and the colonization of coffee by rust and at the same time its regulation by its natural enemy, Lecanicillium lecaniii. These effects are opposite according to the foliar pests and diseases, and our multipest approach makes it possible to demonstrate that optimal shading allows the reduction of the overall impact of foliar pests and diseases. Lastly, shading can have antagonistic effects depending on the ecosystem services, such as crop production and pest and disease regulation, and the study of trade-offs between all these services must be carried out in order to design systems which optimize pest and disease regulation via shading.; Dans les systèmes agroforestiers, l’ombrage peut avoir des effets synergiques ou, au contraire, antagonistes sur l’expression des dégâts du complexe de bioagresseurs et des dommages associés. Les travaux présentés ont été réalisés dans des systèmes agroforestiers à base de caféiers au CostaRica. Ils ont pour but d’illustrer les effets des interactions de l’ombrage à différents niveaux: avec le climat et l’environnement; au sein même du cycle de vie d’un bioagresseur; entre bioagresseurs du complexe parasi-taire; entre auxiliaires et bioagresseurs. L’effet de l’ombrage sur la fourniture de plusieurs services écosystémiques est également illustré. Nos résultats montrent que l’ombrage augmente la dispersion du pathogène Hemileia vastatrix, responsable de la rouille quand il pleut, alors qu’il la réduit quand il fait sec. L’ombrage favorise le processus pré-infectieux et la colonisation du caféier par la rouille, ainsi que sa régulation par son ennemi naturel, le champignon Lecanicillium lecaniii. Les effets de l’ombrage sont contraires selon le bioagresseur foliaire (deux basidiomycètes, deux ascomycètes et une larve de lepidop-tère). Une approche «multipest» montre qu’un ombrage optimal permet de réduire l’impact total du cortège de bioagresseurs. Enfin, l’ombrage peut avoir des effets antago-nistes selon les services écosystémiques, comme en réduisant directement la production mais en augmentant la régulation des bioagresseurs. L’étude des compromis de l’ensemble de ces services doit être réalisée afin de concevoir des systèmes permettant d’optimiser la régulation des bioagresseurs par l’intermédiaire l’ombrage.

To better understand shade effects on coffee rust (Hemileiavastatrix), we studied pathogen dispersal, deposition, germination, penetration, colonization and sporulation under shade and full sun conditions (Figure). Studies were conducted from 2008 in the CATIE agroforestry system long term trial, at Turrialba, Costa Rica, at 600 m of altitude. Shade had a preponderant and unwished effect on spore conservation during rains. At full sun, spores were washed from the leaves to the ground more easily. An average loss of 69 spores cm-2 of ground, at full sun, was estimated after a rainy day, under coffee trees, while under shade, only 52 spores cm-2 were lost, despite inoculum stock being on average about 25 638 spores per coffee tree branch at full sun and 63 579 spores under shade. The reduc-tion of the inoculum stock by rains was therefore 3.3 times higher at full sun as compared to shade. This can be explained by the interception of rainwater by shade trees. As lost spores cannot contribute to the growth of the epidemic, this effect seems to be one of the most relevant effects favoring rust under shade.Shade is necessary to cope with climate change in coffee systems. Many of the negative effects of shade have to do with the interception of rainwater (reduced throughfall water and also higher raindrop kinetic energy). Shade tree functional traits or management systems that allow to increase throughfall water in coffee plots would be of great interest to manage rust.

For the past thirty years Fert’s action has been focusing on accompanying farmers in implementing agricultural services through farmers’ organizations. Fert’s continuous wish to improve its methodology of support resulted in the implementation of a crossed study on the conditions of durability of the services in Madagascar, Burkina Faso and Tanzania, in the framework of the program TransFert, in the framework of the Convention-Programme signed with French Development Agency in 2015. The context of the action in Tanzania was specific as there was no existing service developed in a farmer’s organization. The lack of emergence of initiatives amongst farmers’ groups led Fert to review its mode of action. A deepened comprehension of the farming systems of the households of the Meru District was meant to enable the identification of needs in agricultural services, in order to suggest hypothesis of services to be developed. The great diversity of the farming systems identified in a first phase enabled a global identification of the needs in services. However this identification could not be deepened for each system due to the limited laps of time spent in the area. Therefore it was decided to undertake, in a second phase, a focus on the identification of the needs in services for chicken production. This study of the demand was deepened, in comparison with the first part, by the cross analysis of the needs and the service providers. The study identifies six major farming systems that are inserted in a peri-urban context facing major transitions. The needs in services were identified according to the strategies implemented by the households to cope with this evolving context. The study of the chicken breeding systems underlines the important role of chicken production in the strategies implemented by the households. The analysis of the offer enables to show the importance of linking farmers to their environment in this peri-urban context. Thereafter, the study enables to suggest some ways forward concerning the support approach and on the actions Fert could implement in the area. A short discussion enables to advice on the methodology of the identification of needs in services of family farmers.; L’accompagnement des agriculteurs pour la mise en place de services agricoles au sein d’organisations de producteurs (OP) est au cœur de l’action de l’agri-agence française Fert depuis plus de trente ans. La volonté continuelle d’améliorer sa méthodologie d’action a résulté en la conduite d’une étude croisée sur les conditions de pérennisation des services à Madagascar, au Burkina Faso et en Tanzanie, dans le cadre de la Convention Programme TransFert signée avec l’Agence Française de Développement en 2015. Le contexte de la Tanzanie était particulier du fait de l’absence de service formalisé au sein d’une OP. La difficulté à faire émerger des initiatives au sein des groupements accompagnés a poussé Fert à souhaiter revoir son mode d’action. Une compréhension approfondie des systèmes d’activité des ménages du District du Meru devait permettre d’identifier leurs besoins en services agricoles afin d’émettre des hypothèses de services à développer. La grande diversité des systèmes d’activité identifiée dans un premier temps a permis d’acquérir une compréhension globale de la demande en services sur le District. Cependant cette diversité ne permettait pas d’approfondir l’étude des besoins pour chaque système dans le temps imparti. Ainsi, il a été réalisé, dans un second temps, un focus sur l’identification des besoins en services pour la production de poulets. Celle-ci a été approfondie, par rapport à celle de la première phase, par le croisement avec l’offre de services pour la production de poulets sur le territoire. L’étude identifie six principaux systèmes d’activité qui sont insérés dans un contexte péri-urbain en pleine transition. Des besoins en services sont identifiés selon les stratégies mises en œuvre par les ménages pour faire face à ce contexte mouvant. L’étude des systèmes d’élevage de poulets souligne le rôle de « banque » de la production dans les systèmes d’activité et l’étude de l’offre en services permet quant à elle de mettre en évidence l’importance de la mise en relation des agriculteurs avec leur environnement dans le contexte péri-urbain du District. Par la suite, l’étude permet de proposer des pistes de réflexion quant à l’approche d’accompagnement et les actions à mettre en œuvre par Fert en Tanzanie. Des pistes de réflexion sont également proposées sur la méthodologie d’étude des besoins en services des agricultures familiales.

For more information, please contact: Anne Boudrot, aboudrot@mapigroup.com www.mapigroup.com  We reviewed the records of all linguistic validation projects involving the M.I.N.I. led by the linguistic validation department of Mapi.  The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) is a short, structured diagnostic interview, developed jointly by psychiatrists and clinicians in the United States and Europe, for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders. The M.I.N.I. is divided into modules identified by letters corresponding to diagnostic categories (e.g., A. Major Depressive episodes, B. Suicidality, C. Manic Episodes, etc.) with cliniciandirected (instructions and algorithms) and patient-directed parts. With an administration time of approximately 15 minutes, it was designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in non-research clinical settings.

Background: A common epidemiology curriculum was developed by a nurse epidemiologist and delivered by generic nursing faculty on 5 campuses of a western U.S. university school of nursing. The objective was to assess whether student achievement would be affected in this multi-campus, multi-faculty, distance delivery common epidemiology course. Methods: 329 nursing students admitted to 5 campuses of one university were enrolled by cohort in an epidemiology course between 2009 and 2011. 138 students were enrolled by cohort in four courses taught by the nurse epidemiologist who developed the course. The remaining 191 students were divided into sections, enrolled in the common course, and taught by multiple nursing faculty members, variously prepared in the field of public health. Final test score averages were compared between 6 cohorts of students: 1 large set of cohorts taught by the nurse epidemiologist who developed the common course but prior to its implementation, and 5 smaller cohorts of students taught by multiple faculty (including the nurse epidemiologist (author)), at multiple campuses, using identical curriculum. Results: A moderate, but significant difference in student achievement was noted between the courses taught by the nurse epidemiologist as compared to the other cohorts. Conclusions: Critical faculty shortages and the need for updated public health nursing education call for innovative teaching approaches. A commonly developed epidemiology course can be delivered at multiple campuses by generic faculty with minor loss of student achievement.

Basal insulin dose (BID) determination is the key to successful flexible insulin therapy (FIT). As our hypothesis was that BID changes over time, the primary objective of the present study was to determine the changes in BID 1 year after a therapeutic educational programme on FIT.This single-centre retrospective study recruited the first 40 type 1 adult diabetic patients undergoing an educational FIT programme, which was conducted over a 4-day hospital stay and included a carbohydrate-fasting test.Patients' BIDs decreased between Day 0 and Day 4 after the programme (0.31±0.11IU/kg/day vs 0.27±0.09IU/kg/day; P0.0001), and was increased at 1 year (0.29±0.09IU/kg/day; P=0.004). There was no significant variation in prandial insulin requirements. A tendency toward a reduction in HbA(1c) was observed at 1 year (8.3±1.4% vs 8.1±1.6%; P=0.075), with a decrease by more than 0.5% in 37.5% of patients. Body weight increased at 1 year (66.9±10.4 kg vs 68.1±10.7 kg; P=0.003), and the gain was greater than 5% in 7.5% of patients. Frequency of mild hypoglycaemia either remained stable (40%) or decreased (30%). Only nine patients (baseline HbA(1c) 8.03±1.7%, baseline BID 0.27±0.09IU/kg/day) had BID increases more than 20%, with no changes in prandial insulin requirements and no distinctive phenotype. Baseline HbA(1c), and BID have an impact on the BID at 1 year of approximately 0.3IU/kg/day in most patients.The stability of BID over 1 year, with values close to 0.3IU/kg/day associated with a trend towards improvement in HbA(1c), reduction in the frequency of mild hypoglycaemic episodes and absence of major weight gain, supports the relevance of FIT educational training.

A study was carried out in 2008-2009 on the practices of patients with diabetes with regard to insulin self-injection techniques. The results highlight in particular the importance of patient education.

The Institute of Medicine recommends reforms to public health education to better prepare the public health workforce. This study addresses the application of two of the recommended reforms in the population health nursing curriculum at one university: use of an ecological model and distance learning methods. Using interdisciplinary faculty, integrated teaching and learning methods, and a multimedia curriculum, this study examined the following question: Can distance learning be designed to support learning goals and outcomes specific to an ecological approach and population health concepts in general? Course content was evaluated using students’ perception of practice utility and understanding of population health concepts. Integrated teaching methods were evaluated using a scale as well as comparison to other student distance learning experiences within the university. Findings demonstrated that both the ecological model and distance learning methods were successfully used to teach population health to a large nursing student cohort.