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1. Genomic Reference Resource for African Cattle: Genome Sequences and High-Density Array Variants

Author: Abdulfatai Tijjani, Sumaya Kambal, Endashaw Terefe, Regina Njeru, Moses Ogugo, Gideon Ndambuki, Ayao Missohou, Amadou Traore, Bashir Salim, Chukwunonso Ezeasor, Claire D’andre H., Emmanuel T. Obishakin, Boubacar Diallo, Essodina Talaki, Issaka Y. Abdoukarim, Oyekanmi Nash, Richard Osei-Amponsah, Simeone Ravaorimanana, Youssouf Issa, Tsadkan Zegeye, Christopher Mukasa, Christian Tiambo, James G. D. Prendergast, Stephen J. Kemp, Jianlin Han, Karen Marshall, and Olivier Hanotte
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract The diversity in genome resources is fundamental to designing genomic strategies for local breed improvement and utilisation. These resources also support gene discovery and enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of resilience with applications beyond local breeds. Here, we report the genome sequences of 555 cattle (208 of which comprise new data) and high-density (HD) array genotyping of 1,082 samples (537 new samples) from indigenous African cattle populations. The new sequences have an average genome coverage of ~30X, three times higher than the average (~10X) of the over 300 sequences already in the public domain. Following variant quality checks, we identified approximately 32.3 million sequence variants and 661,943 HD autosomal variants mapped to the Bos taurus reference genome (ARS-UCD1.2). The new datasets were generated as part of the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH) Genomic Reference Resource for African Cattle (GRRFAC) initiative, which aspires to facilitate the generation of this livestock resource and hopes for its utilisation for complete indigenous breed characterisation and sustainable global livestock improvement.
Published: 2024
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2. Genomic characterization of a reemerging Chikungunya outbreak in Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal, 2023

Author: Idrissa Dieng, Bacary Djilocalisse Sadio, Alioune Gaye, Samba Niang Sagne, Marie Henriette Dior Ndione, Mouhamed Kane, Mamadou Korka Diallo, Bocar Sow, Safietou Sankhe, Ousseynou Sene, Amadou Diallo, Madeleine Dieng, Serge Freddy Moukaha Doukanda, Maimouna Mbanne, Seynabou Mbaye Ba Souna Diop, Diamilatou Balde, Mignane Ndiaye, Khalidou Djibril Sow, Maryam Diarra, Abdoulaye Sam, Ababacar Mbaye, Boubacar Diallo, Yoro Sall, Ousmane Faye, Boly Diop, Abdourahmane Sow, Amadou Alpha Sall, Cheikh Loucoubar, Ndongo Dia, Oumar Faye, Diawo Diallo, Gamou Fall, Scott C. Weaver, Mamadou Aliou Barry, Mawlouth Diallo, and Moussa Moise Diagne
Subjects: Chikungunya, Kedougou, Southeastern Senegal, outbreak, genomic characterization, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract: Chikungunya virus has caused millions of cases worldwide over the past 20 years, with recent outbreaks in Kedougou region in the southeastern Senegal, West Africa. Genomic characterization highlights that an ongoing epidemic in Kedougou in 2023 is not due to an introduction event but caused by the re-emergence of an endemic strain evolving linearly in a sylvatic context.
Published: 2024
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3. A nonlinear fractional fishery resource system model with Crowley–Martin functional response under Mittag-Leffler kernel

Author: Munkaila Dasumani, Stephen E. Moore, Duncan K. Gathungu, and Boubacar Diallo
Subjects: Atangana Baleanu–Caputo, Predator interference, Existence and uniqueness, Ulam–Hyers stability, Adams–Bashforth method, Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods, T57-57.97
Abstract: This article studies the action of predators and the predator-dependent functional response in the fishery resource model. We employ the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo fractional derivative to study the proposed fractional fishery resource model in the presence of predators with Crowley–Martin functional response. We present a theoretical and numerical analysis of the governing nonlinear differential equations of the model consisting of the biomass density of the fish population inside the unrestricted fishing zone, the biomass density of the fish population inside the reserve or restricted fishing zone, and the predator population. Using the fixed point theory and nonlinear analysis, we establish the existence and uniqueness results of the proposed ABC fractional fishery resource model. We establish stability analysis of the fishery model using the Ulam–Hyers stability approach. The numerical scheme of the fractional Adams–Bashforth method is provided and the approximate solutions for the model under consideration are given and discussed. We observe that an increase in the fish capturing rates increases the size of the predator population and reduces the fish subpopulations. To maintain a high number of fish species, we recommend a control measure to reduce the fish capturing rate by the predators.
Published: 2024
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4. Sur les traces des manuscrits islamiques du Fouta Djalon (Guinée)

Author: Boubacar DIALLO, Ismailou BALDE & Mariame DIALLO
Subjects: Language and Literature
Abstract: Résumé: Les manuscrits islamiques de la région du Fouta Djalon (Guinée) ont fait l’objet de recherche et de publication depuis une période relativement récente. Cependant, une grande partie de ces manuscrits conservée par de propriétaires privés reste à explorer. Dans le but de découvrir et d’étudier davantage de manuscrits, des recherches documentaires suivies des enquêtes de terrains et d’entretiens ont été menés dans la région courant 2022 et 2023. Cet article présente les résultats des recherches qui ont permis de découvrir plusieurs manuscrits importants pour la compréhension de l’histoire et de réalités socioculturelles du Fouta Djalon au XIXe et début du XXe siècle. Il rappelle que ce patrimoine documentaire est un gisement qui mérite toute l’attention de la communauté scientifique et des décideurs. Mots-clés : manuscrits, islamiques, arabe, Fouta Djalon, conservation
Published: 2024
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5. Modeling the Transmission Routes of Hepatitis E Virus as a Zoonotic Disease Using Fractional-Order Derivative

Author: Shaibu Osman, Binandam Stephen Lassong, Munkaila Dasumani, Ernest Yeboah Boateng, Winnie Mokeira Onsongo, Boubacar Diallo, and Oluwole Daniel Makinde
Subjects: Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the emerging zoonotic diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Domestic pigs are considered to be the main reservoir for this infectious disease. A third of the world’s population is thought to have been exposed to the virus. The zoonotic transmission of the HEV raises serious zoonotic and food safety concerns for the general public. This is a major public health issue in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 44,000 people died in 2015 as a result of HEV infection. East and South Asia have the highest prevalence of this disease overall. In this study, we proposed, developed, and analyzed the transmission routes of the infection using a fractional-order derivative approach. The existence, stability, and uniqueness of solutions were established using the approach and concept in Banach space. Local and global stability was determined using the Hyers–Ulam (HU) stability approach. Numerical simulation was conducted using existing parameter values, and it was established that, as the susceptible human population declines, the number of infected human populations rises with a change in fractional order θ^. When the susceptible pig population increases, the number of infected pig populations rises with a change in θ^. It was observed that a few variations in the fractional derivative order did not alter the function’s overall behavior with the results of numerical simulations. Moreover, as the number of recovered human populations increases, there is a corresponding increase in the population of recovered pigs with a change in θ^. The exponential increase in the infected pig population can be controlled by treatment of the infected pigs and prevention of the susceptible pigs. The authors recommend policymakers, and stakeholders prioritize the fight against the virus by enforcing the prevention of humans and treatment of infected pigs. The model can be extended to optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the most effective control strategy that comes with less cost in the combat of the disease.
Published: 2024
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6. Fractional-Order Model for Evolution of Bovine Tuberculosis with Vaccination and Contaminated Environment

Author: Boubacar Diallo, Jeconia Abonyo Okelo, Shaibu Osman, Simon Karanja, and Nnaemeka Stanley Aguegboh
Subjects: Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a zoonotic disease that is commonly transmitted via inhaling aerosols, drinking unpasteurized milk, and eating raw meat. We use a fractional-order model with the Caputo sense to examine the evolution of bovine tuberculosis transmission in human and animal populations, including a vaccine compartment for humans. We derived and obtained the threshold quantity R0 to ascertain the illness state. We established conditions guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of the equilibria (locally and globally). Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the factors that govern the dynamics of tuberculosis. The study demonstrates that the rate of human-to-animal transmission of tuberculosis and environmental pollution and the rate of bTB transmission between animals all affect tuberculosis transmission. However, as vaccination rates increase and fewer individuals consume contaminated environment products (such as meat, milk, and other dairy products), the disease becomes less common in humans. To manage bovine TB, it is advised that information programmes be implemented, the environment be monitored, infected persons be treated, contaminated animals be vaccinated, and contaminated animals be quarantined. The usefulness of the discovered theoretical results is demonstrated through numerical experiments.
Published: 2024
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7. Assessment of lung injury severity using ultrasound in critically ill COVID-19 patients in resource limited settings

Author: Seydina Alioune Beye, Boubacar Diallo, Modibo Keita, Yacouba Cissoko, Khadidia Ouattara, Hammadoun Dicko, Majaliwa Shabani, Amadou Sidibé, Modibo Berthé, Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly, Nouhoum Diani, Mohamed Keita, Yacouba Toloba, Sounkalo Dao, Veronique Suttels, Youssouf Coulibaly, and Armand Mekontso Dessap
Subjects: Lung ultrasound, Assessment, COVID-19 patients, ICU, Mali, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract: Abstract Background Lung ultrasound is a non-invasive tool available at the bedside for the assessment of critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of lung ultrasound in assessing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in critically-ill patients in a low-income setting. Methods We conducted a 12-month observational study in a university hospital intensive care unit (ICU) in Mali, on patients admitted for COVID-19 as diagnosed by a positive polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 and/or typical lung computed tomography scan findings. Results The inclusion criteria was met by 156 patients with a median age of 59 years. Almost all patients (96%) had respiratory failure at admission and many needed respiratory support (121/156, 78%). The feasibility of lung ultrasound was very good, with 1802/1872 (96%) quadrants assessed. The reproducibility was good with an intra-class correlation coefficient of elementary patterns of 0.74 (95% CI 0.65, 0.82) and a coefficient of repeatability of lung ultrasound score
Published: 2023
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8. The Spatiotemporal Distribution and Molecular Characterization of Circulating Dengue Virus Serotypes/Genotypes in Senegal from 2019 to 2023

Author: Idrissa Dieng, Cheikh Talla, Mamadou Aliou Barry, Aboubacry Gaye, Diamilatou Balde, Mignane Ndiaye, Mouhamed Kane, Samba Niang Sagne, Moussa Moise Diagne, Boly Diop, Boubacar Diallo, Amadou Alpha Sall, Ousmane Faye, Abdourahmane Sow, Gamou Fall, Cheikh Loucoubar, and Oumar Faye
Subjects: DENV, serotypes, Senegal, spatiotemporal distribution, genotypes, Medicine
Abstract: Dengue virus is becoming a major public health threat worldwide, principally in Africa. From 2016 to 2020, 23 outbreaks were reported in Africa, principally in West Africa. In Senegal, dengue outbreaks have been reported yearly since 2017. Data about the circulating serotypes and their spatial and temporal distribution were limited to outbreaks that occurred between 2017 and 2018. Herein, we describe up-to-date molecular surveillance of circulating DENV serotypes in Senegal between 2019 to 2023 and their temporal and spatial distribution around the country. For this purpose, suspected DENV-positive samples were collected and subjected to dengue detection and serotyping using RT-qPCR methods. Positive samples were used for temporal and spatial mapping. A subset of DENV+ samples were then sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Results show a co-circulation of three DENV serotypes with an overall predominance of DENV-3. In terms of abundance, DENV-3 is followed by DENV-1, with scarce cases of DENV-2 from February 2019 to February 2022. Interestingly, data show the extinction of both serotype 1 and serotype 2 and the only circulation of DENV-3 from March 2022 to February 2023. At the genotype level, the analysis shows that sequenced strains belong to same genotype as previously described: Senegalese DENV-1 strains belong to genotype V, DENV-2 strains to the cosmopolitan genotype, and DENV-3 strains to Genotype III. Interestingly, newly obtained DENV 1–3 sequences clustered in different clades within genotypes. This co-circulation of strains belonging to different clades could have an effect on virus epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Overall, our results highlight DENV serotype replacement by DENV-3, accompanied by a wider geographic distribution, in Senegal. These results highlight the importance of virus genomic surveillance and call for further viral fitness studies using both in vitro and in vivo models, as well as in-depth phylogeographic studies to uncover the virus dispersal patterns across the country.
Published: 2024
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9. Assessment of genotyping array performance for genome-wide association studies and imputation in African cattle

Author: Valentina Riggio, Abdulfatai Tijjani, Rebecca Callaby, Andrea Talenti, David Wragg, Emmanuel T. Obishakin, Chukwunonso Ezeasor, Frans Jongejan, Ndudim I. Ogo, Fred Aboagye-Antwi, Alassane Toure, Jahashi Nzalawahej, Boubacar Diallo, Ayao Missohou, Adrien M. G. Belem, Appolinaire Djikeng, Nick Juleff, Josephus Fourie, Michel Labuschagne, Maxime Madder, Karen Marshall, James G. D. Prendergast, and Liam J. Morrison
Subjects: Animal culture, SF1-1100, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Background In cattle, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have largely focused on European or Asian breeds, using genotyping arrays that were primarily designed for European cattle. Because there is growing interest in performing GWAS in African breeds, we have assessed the performance of 23 commercial bovine genotyping arrays for capturing the diversity across African breeds and performing imputation. We used 409 whole-genome sequences (WGS) spanning global cattle breeds, and a real cohort of 2481 individuals (including African breeds) that were genotyped with the Illumina high-density (HD) array and the GeneSeek bovine 50 k array. Results We found that commercially available arrays were not effective in capturing variants that segregate among African indicine animals. Only 6% of these variants in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 > 0.8) were on the best performing arrays, which contrasts with the 17% and 25% in African and European taurine cattle, respectively. However, imputation from available HD arrays can successfully capture most variants (accuracies up to 0.93), mainly when using a global, not continent-specific, reference panel, which partially reflects the unusually high levels of admixture on the continent. When considering functional variants, the GGPF250 array performed best for tagging WGS variants and imputation. Finally, we show that imputation from low-density arrays can perform almost as well as HD arrays, if a two-stage imputation approach is adopted, i.e. first imputing to HD and then to WGS, which can potentially reduce the costs of GWAS. Conclusions Our results show that the choice of an array should be based on a balance between the objective of the study and the breed/population considered, with the HD and BOS1 arrays being the best choice for both taurine and indicine breeds when performing GWAS, and the GGPF250 being preferable for fine-mapping studies. Moreover, our results suggest that there is no advantage to using the indicus-specific arrays for indicus breeds, regardless of the objective. Finally, we show that using a reference panel that better represents global bovine diversity improves imputation accuracy, particularly for non-European taurine populations.
Published: 2022
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10. Evaluation of Early Warning, Alert and Response System for Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018–2020

Author: Mory Keita, Héloïse Lucaccioni, Michel Kalongo Ilumbulumbu, Jonathan Polonsky, Justus Nsio-Mbeta, Gaston Tshapenda Panda, Pierre Celeste Adikey, John Kombe Ngwama, Michel Kasereka Tosalisana, Boubacar Diallo, Lorenzo Subissi, Adama Dakissaga, Iris Finci, Maria Moitinho de Almeida, Debarati Guha-Sapir, Ambrose Talisuna, Alexandre Delamou, Stephanie Dagron, Olivia Keiser, and Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
Subjects: Ebola, Ebola virus infection, viruses, Early Warning Alert and Response System, EWARS, surveillance, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: The 10th and largest Ebola virus disease epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was declared in North Kivu Province in August 2018 and ended in June 2020. We describe and evaluate an Early Warning, Alert and Response System (EWARS) implemented in the Beni health zone of DRC during August 5, 2018–June 30, 2020. During this period, 194,768 alerts were received, of which 30,728 (15.8%) were validated as suspected cases. From these, 801 confirmed and 3 probable cases were detected. EWARS showed an overall good performance: sensitivity and specificity >80%, nearly all (97%) of alerts investigated within 2 hours of notification, and good demographic representativeness. The average cost of the system was US $438/case detected and US $1.8/alert received. The system was stable, despite occasional disruptions caused by political insecurity. Our results demonstrate that EWARS was a cost-effective component of the Ebola surveillance strategy in this setting.
Published: 2021
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11. Public Health Program for Decreasing Risk for Ebola Virus Disease Resurgence from Survivors of the 2013–2016 Outbreak, Guinea

Author: Mory Keita, Sakoba Keita, Boubacar Diallo, Momo Camara, Samuel Mesfin, Koumpingnin Yacouba Nebie, N’Faly Magassouba, Seydou Coulibaly, Boubacar Barry, Mamadou Oury Baldé, Raymond Pallawo, Sadou Sow, Amadou Bailo Diallo, Pierre Formenty, Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey, Ibrahima Socé Fall, and Lorenzo Subissi
Subjects: Ebola, surveillance, Guinea, survivors, Africa, western, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: At the end of the 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Guinea, we implemented an alert system for early detection of Ebola resurgence among survivors. Survivors were asked to report health alerts in their household and provide body fluid specimens for laboratory testing. During April–September 2016, a total of 1,075 (88%) of 1,215 survivors participated in the system; follow up occurred at a median of 16 months after discharge (interquartile range 14–18 months). Of these, 784 acted as focal points and reported 1,136 alerts (including 4 deaths among survivors). A total of 372 (91%) of 408 eligible survivors had >1 semen specimen tested; of 817 semen specimens, 5 samples from 4 survivors were positive up to 512 days after discharge. No lochia (0/7) or breast milk (0/69) specimens tested positive. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring of survivors’ semen samples in an Ebola-affected country.
Published: 2020
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12. Sorghum Grains Grading for Food, Feed, and Fuel Using NIR Spectroscopy

Author: Irsa Ejaz, Siyang He, Wei Li, Naiyue Hu, Chaochen Tang, Songbo Li, Meng Li, Boubacar Diallo, Guanghui Xie, and Kang Yu
Subjects: FT-NIR, sorghum grains, biochemical composition, food, feed, fuel, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a non-destructive, fast, and low-cost method to measure the grain quality of different cereals. However, the feasibility for determining the critical biochemicals, related to the classifications for food, feed, and fuel products are not adequately investigated. Fourier-transform (FT) NIR was applied in this study to determine the eight biochemicals in four types of sorghum samples: hulled grain flours, hull-less grain flours, whole grains, and grain flours. A total of 20 hybrids of sorghum grains were selected from the two locations in China. Followed by FT-NIR spectral and wet-chemically measured biochemical data, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to construct the prediction models. The results showed that sorghum grain morphology and sample format affected the prediction of biochemicals. Using NIR data of grain flours generally improved the prediction compared with the use of NIR data of whole grains. In addition, using the spectra of whole grains enabled comparable predictions, which are recommended when a non-destructive and rapid analysis is required. Compared with the hulled grain flours, hull-less grain flours allowed for improved predictions for tannin, cellulose, and hemicellulose using NIR data. This study aimed to provide a reference for the evaluation of sorghum grain biochemicals for food, feed, and fuel without destruction and complex chemical analysis.
Published: 2021
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13. Assessment of a health facility based active case finding system for Ebola virus disease in Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo, June–July 2018

Author: Amber Kunkel, Mory Keita, Boubacar Diallo, Olivier le Polain de Waroux, Lorenzo Subissi, Bocar Wague, Roger Molala, Pierre Lonfandjo, Sébastien Bokoo Bokete, William Perea, and Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey
Subjects: Active case finding, Ebola, Ebola virus disease, Health facility, Surveillance, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background The ninth outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo occurred in Équateur Province from 8 May-24 July 2018. A system of health facility (HF)-based active case finding (ACF) was implemented in Mbandaka, a regional capital with four confirmed EVD cases, following completion of contact tracing. The goal of this HF-based ACF system was to look for undetected EVD cases among patients that visited HFs beginning one week prior to the system’s implementation. Methods From 23 June – 24 July 2018, ACF teams visited HFs in Mbandaka and reviewed all medical records as far back as 17 June for any consultations meeting the suspected EVD case definition. The teams then assessed whether to validate these as suspected EVD cases based on factors such as recovery, epidemiological links, and their clinical judgement. ACF teams also assessed HFs’ awareness of EVD symptoms and the process for alerting suspected cases. We calculated descriptive statistics regarding the characteristics of reviewed consultations, alert cases, and visited HFs. We also used univariate and multivariate random effects logistic regression models to evaluate the impact of repeated ACF visits to the same HF on the staff’s awareness of EVD. Results ACF teams reviewed 37,746 consultations, of which 690 met the definition of a suspected case of EVD. Two were validated as suspected EVD cases and transferred to the Ebola Treatment Unit for testing; both tested negative. Repeated ACF visits to the same HF were significantly associated with improved EVD awareness (p
Published: 2019
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14. 'Assessing Today for a Better Tomorrow': An observational cohort study about quality of care, mortality and morbidity among newborn infants admitted to neonatal intensive care in Guinea.

Author: Maria Bea Merscher Alves, N'Fanly Conté, Boubacar Diallo, Moustapha Mamadou, Albert Delamou, Oliver John, Stefanie von Felten, Ibrahima Sory Diallo, and Matthias Roth-Kleiner
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BackgroundNeonatal mortality in Guinea accounts for about 30% of all fatalities in children younger than five years. Countrywide, specialized neonatal intensive care is provided in one single clinic with markedly limited resources. To implement targeted measures, prospective data on patient characteristics and factors of neonatal death are needed.ObjectiveTo determine the rates of morbidity and mortality, to describe clinical characteristics of admitted newborns requiring intensive care, to assess the quality of disease management, and to identify factors contributing to neonatal mortality.MethodsProspective observational cohort study of newborns admitted to the hospital between mid-February and mid-March 2019 after birth in other institutions. Data were collected on maternal/prenatal history, delivery, and in-hospital care via convenience sampling. Associations of patient characteristics with in-hospital death were assessed using cause-specific Cox proportional-hazards models.ResultsHalf of the 168 admitted newborns underwent postnatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Reasons for admission included respiratory distress (49.4%), poor postnatal adaptation (45.8%), prematurity (46.2%), and infections (37.1%). 101 newborns (61.2%) arrived in serious/critical general condition; 90 children (53.9%) showed clinical signs of neurological damage. Quality of care was poor: Only 59.4% of the 64 newborns admitted with hypothermia were externally heated; likewise, 57.1% of 45 jaundiced infants did not receive phototherapy. Death occurred in 56 children (33.3%) due to birth asphyxia (42.9%), prematurity (33.9%), and sepsis (12.5%). Newborns in serious/critical general condition at admission had about a fivefold higher hazard to die than those admitted in good condition (HR 5.21 95%-CI 2.42-11.25, p = ConclusionNeonatal mortality was strikingly high. Birth asphyxia, prematurity, and infection accounted for 89.3% of death, aggravated by poor quality of in-hospital care. Children with serious general condition at admission had poor chances of survival. The whole concept of perinatal care in Guinea requires reconsideration.
Published: 2021
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15. Robust forgery detection for compressed images using CNN supervision

Author: Boubacar Diallo, Thierry Urruty, Pascal Bourdon, and Christine Fernandez-Maloigne
Subjects: Forgery image detection, Compression, Camera model identification, Convolutional neural networks supervision, Criminal law and procedure, K5000-5582
Abstract: Images available on online sharing platforms have a high probability of being modified, with additional global transformations such as compression, resizing or filtering covering the possible alteration. Such manipulations impose many constraints on forgery detection algorithms. This article presents a framework improving robustness for image forgery detection. The most important step of our framework is to take into account the image quality corresponding to the chosen application. Therefore, we relied on a camera identification model based on convolutional neural networks. Lossy compression such as JPEG being considered as the most common type of intentional or inadvertent concealment of image forgery, that leads us to experiment our proposal on this manipulation. Thus, our trained CNN is fed with a mixture of different qualities of compressed and uncompressed images. Experimental results showed the importance of this step to improve the effectiveness of our approach against recent literature approaches. To better interpret our trained CNN, we proposed an in-depth supervision by first a visualization of the layer and an experimental analysis of the influence of the learned features. This analysis led us to a more robust and accurate framework. Finally, we applied this improved system on an image forgery detection application and showed some promising results.
Published: 2020
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16. Exploratory Analysis on Pixelwise Image Segmentation Metrics with an Application in Proximal Sensing

Author: Paul Melki, Lionel Bombrun, Estelle Millet, Boubacar Diallo, Hakim ElChaoui ElGhor, and Jean-Pierre Da Costa
Subjects: evaluation metrics, classification, image segmentation, proximal sensing, precision agriculture, Science
Abstract: A considerable number of metrics can be used to evaluate the performance of machine learning algorithms. While much work is dedicated to the study and improvement of data quality and models’ performance, much less research is focused on the study of these evaluation metrics, their intrinsic relationship, the interplay of the influence among the metrics, the models, the data, and the environments and conditions in which they are to be applied. While some works have been conducted on general machine learning tasks such as classification, fewer efforts have been dedicated to more complex problems such as object detection and image segmentation, in which the evaluation of performance can vary drastically depending on the objectives and domains of application. Working in an agricultural context, specifically on the problem of the automatic detection of plants in proximal sensing images, we studied twelve evaluation metrics that we used to evaluate three image segmentation models recently presented in the literature. After a unified presentation of these metrics, we carried out an exploratory analysis of their relationships using a correlation analysis, a clustering of variables, and two factorial analyses (namely principal component analysis and multiple factorial analysis). We distinguished three groups of highly linked metrics and, through visual inspection of the representative images of each group, identified the aspects of segmentation that each group evaluates. The aim of this exploratory analysis was to provide some clues to practitioners for understanding and choosing the metrics that are most relevant to their agricultural task.
Published: 2022
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17. High-throughput analysis of chemical components and theoretical ethanol yield of dedicated bioenergy sorghum using dual-optimized partial least squares calibration models

Author: Meng Li, Jun Wang, Fu Du, Boubacar Diallo, and Guang Hui Xie
Subjects: Bioenergy sorghum, Near infrared spectroscopy, Linear discriminant analysis model, Chemical components, Theoretical ethanol yield, Optimal sample subset partitioning, Fuel, TP315-360, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65
Abstract: Abstract Background Due to its chemical composition and abundance, lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive feedstock source for global bioenergy production. However, chemical composition variations interfere with the success of any single methodology for efficient bioenergy extraction from diverse lignocellulosic biomass sources. Although chemical component distributions could guide process design, they are difficult to obtain and vary widely among lignocellulosic biomass types. Therefore, expensive and laborious “one-size-fits-all” processes are still widely used. Here, a non-destructive and rapid analytical technology, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) coupled with multivariate calibration, shows promise for addressing these challenges. Recent advances in molecular spectroscopy analysis have led to methodologies for dual-optimized NIRS using sample subset partitioning and variable selection, which could significantly enhance the robustness and accuracy of partial least squares (PLS) calibration models. Using this methodology, chemical components and theoretical ethanol yield (TEY) values were determined for 70 sweet and 77 biomass sorghum samples from six sweet and six biomass sorghum varieties grown in 2013 and 2014 at two study sites in northern China. Results Chemical components and TEY of the 147 bioenergy sorghum samples were initially analyzed and compared using wet chemistry methods. Based on linear discriminant analysis, a correct classification assignment rate (either sweet or biomass type) of 99.3% was obtained using 20 principal components. Next, detailed statistical analysis demonstrated that partial optimization using sample set partitioning based on joint X–Y distances (SPXY) for sample subset partitioning enhanced the robustness and accuracy of PLS calibration models. Finally, comparisons between five dual-optimized strategies indicated that competitive adaptive reweighted sampling coupled with the SPXY (CARS-SPXY) was the most efficient and effective method for improving predictive performance of PLS multivariate calibrations. Conclusions As a dual-optimized methodology, sample subset partitioning combined with variable selection is an efficient and straightforward strategy to enhance the accuracy and robustness of NIRS models. This knowledge should facilitate generation of improved lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks for bioethanol production. Moreover, methods described here should have wider applicability for use with feedstocks incorporating multispecies biomass resource streams.
Published: 2017
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18. Lessons learned by surveillance during the tail-end of the Ebola outbreak in Guinea, June-October 2015: a case series

Author: Mory Keïta, Fatoumata Conté, Boubacar Diallo, Dieudonné Lufwa, Jacques Katomba, René Snacken, Raymond Pallawo, Aminata Tolno, Amadou Bailo Diallo, Mamadou Harouna Djingarey, and Lorenzo Subissi
Subjects: Ebola, Guinea, Surveillance, Contact tracing, Transmission, Outbreak, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background By the end of the 2013–2016 West African Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks, a total of 3814 cases (probable and confirmed) and 2544 deaths were reported in Guinea. Clearly, surveillance activities aiming at stopping human-to-human transmission have been the breakthrough of EVD outbreak management, but their application has been at times easier said than done. This article presents five confirmed or probable EVD cases that arose in Conakry towards the end of the Guinea epidemic, which demonstrate flaws in surveillance and follow-up. Case presentation For case 1, safe burial requirements were not followed. For cases 1 and 2, negative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results were interpreted as no infection. For the first case, the sample may have not been taken properly while for the second the disease was possibly at its early stage. Case 3 was stopped at a border health checkpoint and despite her high temperature she was allowed to continue the bus journey. For case 4, an oral swab sample was supposedly taken after death but could not be found for retrospective testing. Despite characteristic symptomatology, case 5 was not identified as a suspect case for as long as 3 weeks. Conclusion In epidemic contexts, health systems must be able to track all samples of suspect cases and deaths, regardless of their laboratory results. Social mobilization in communities and training in health care facilities must be strengthened at the tail of an outbreak, to avoid the natural slackening of disease surveillance, in particular for long-lasting and deadly epidemics.
Published: 2017
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19. The impact of Infection Prevention and control (IPC) bundle implementationon IPC compliance during the Ebola virus outbreak in Mbandaka/Democratic Republic of the Congo: a before and after design

Author: Ibrahima Socé Fall, Kevin Ousman, Landry Kabego, Ambrose Talisuna, Janet Diaz, John Mbuyi, Bienvenu Houndjo, Jean-Paul Ngandu, Gaston Omba, Aaron Aruna, Mathias Mossoko, Mamadou Harouna Djingarey, Thierno Balde, Patrick Abok, Boubacar Diallo, Delanyo Dovlo, Michel Yao, Anne Fortin, and Pierre Formenty
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Objectives To assess the impact of refresher training of healthcare workers (HCWs) in infection prevention and control (IPC), ensuring consistent adequate supplies and availability of IPC kits and carrying out weekly monitoring of IPC performance in healthcare facilities (HCFs)Design This was a before and after comparison studySettings This study was conducted from June to July 2018 during an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Participants 48 HCFsInterventions HCWs capacity building in basic IPC, IPC kit donation and IPC mentoring.Primary outcome measures IPC scoreResults 48 HCFs were evaluated and 878 HCWs were trained, of whom 437 were women and 441 were men. The mean IPC score at baseline was modestly higher in hospitals (8%) compared with medical centres (4%) and health centres (4%), respectively. The mean IPC score at follow-up significantly increased to 50% in hospitals, 39% in medical centres and 36% in health centres (p value
Published: 2019
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20. Hématome rétro-péritonéal consécutif à une envenimation vipérine: à propos d'un cas

Author: Boubacar Diallo, Mohamed Keita, Hammadoun Dicko, Mamadou Karim Toure, Seydina Alioune Beye, Joseph Kone, Daouda Diallo, Abdoul Hamidou Almeimoune, Moustapha Issa Mangane4, Sory Traore, Abdoulaye Traore, Birama Togola, Diénéba Doumbia, and Youssouf Coulibaly
Subjects: envenimation vipérine, hématome rétro-péritonéal, réanimation, Medicine
Abstract: Les envenimations ophidiennes constituent un problème de santé publique en Afrique, entrainant 20 000 décès annuels. Cette mortalité traduit les difficultés de prise en charge des complications en particuliers hémorragiques. Nous rapportons le cas de Mr SL 35 ans, agriculteur, victime d'une morsure de vipère entrainant un syndrome hémorragique, suivi d'un abdomen aigu d'installation progressive. L'échographie objectivait un épanchement de grande abondance, dont la ponction ramenait du sang incoagulable. Devant la reconstitution de l'hémopéritoine après trois doses de sérum antivenimeux et la coagulation des prélèvements sur tube sec, une laparotomie exploratrice était réalisée à J9. Elle a retrouvé un hématome retro péritonéal bombant dans le méso-colon et qui s'écoulait dans la cavité péritonéale. Le geste a consisté à une évacuation de 1500ml de sang, et un toilettage au sérum physiologique. Les suites opératoires ont été simples. Le patient était transféré en secteur d'hospitalisation de chirurgie à J3 post opératoire puis sortie d'hôpital à J19.
Published: 2019
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21. Unusual Ebola Virus Chain of Transmission, Conakry, Guinea, 2014–2015

Author: Mory Keita, Sophie Duraffour, Nicholas J. Loman, Andrew Rambaut, Boubacar Diallo, Nfaly Magassouba, Miles W. Carroll, Joshua Quick, Amadou Sall, Judith R. Glynn, Pierre Formenty, Lorenzo Subissi, and Ousmane Faye
Subjects: Ebola, Ebola virus disease, Ebola virus, molecular evolution, transmission, flare-up, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: In October 2015, a new case of Ebola virus disease in Guinea was detected. Case investigation, serology, and whole-genome sequencing indicated possible transmission of the virus from an Ebola virus disease survivor to another person and then to the case-patient reported here. This transmission chain over 11 months suggests slow Ebola virus evolution.
Published: 2016
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22. Contact Tracing Activities during the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic in Kindia and Faranah, Guinea, 2014

Author: Meredith G. Dixon, Melanie M. Taylor, Jacob Dee, Avi Hakim, Paul Cantey, Travis Lim, Hawa Bah, Sékou Mohamed Camara, Clement B. Ndongmo, Mory Togba, Leonie Yvonne Touré, Pepe Bilivogui, Mohammed Sylla, Michael H. Kinzer, Fátima Coronado, Jon Eric Tongren, Mahesh Swaminathan, Lise Mandigny, Boubacar Diallo, Thomas Seyler, Marc Rondy, Guénaël Rodier, William Perea, and Benjamin A. Dahl
Subjects: Ebola, viruses, contact tracing, epidemic control, Guinea, Ebola virus disease, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: The largest recorded Ebola virus disease epidemic began in March 2014; as of July 2015, it continued in 3 principally affected countries: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Control efforts include contact tracing to expedite identification of the virus in suspect case-patients. We examined contact tracing activities during September 20–December 31, 2014, in 2 prefectures of Guinea using national and local data about case-patients and their contacts. Results show less than one third of case-patients (28.3% and 31.1%) were registered as contacts before case identification; approximately two thirds (61.1% and 67.7%) had no registered contacts. Time to isolation of suspected case-patients was not immediate (median 5 and 3 days for Kindia and Faranah, respectively), and secondary attack rates varied by relationships of persons who had contact with the source case-patient and the type of case-patient to which a contact was exposed. More complete contact tracing efforts are needed to augment control of this epidemic.
Published: 2015
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23. Different features of Vδ2 T and NK cells in fatal and non-fatal human Ebola infections.

Author: Eleonora Cimini, Domenico Viola, Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo, Antonella Romanelli, Nicola Tumino, Alessandra Sacchi, Veronica Bordoni, Rita Casetti, Federica Turchi, Federico Martini, Joseph A Bore, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Sophie Duraffour, Janine Michel, Tobias Holm, Elsa Gayle Zekeng, Lauren Cowley, Isabel Garcia Dorival, Juliane Doerrbecker, Nicole Hetzelt, Jonathan H J Baum, Jasmine Portmann, Roman Wölfel, Martin Gabriel, Osvaldo Miranda, Graciliano Díaz, José E Díaz, Yoel A Fleites, Carlos A Piñeiro, Carlos M Castro, Lamine Koivogui, N'Faly Magassouba, Boubacar Diallo, Paula Ruibal, Lisa Oestereich, David M Wozniak, Anja Lüdtke, Beate Becker-Ziaja, Maria R Capobianchi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Miles W Carroll, Stephan Günther, Antonino Di Caro, César Muñoz-Fontela, and Chiara Agrati
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Human Ebola infection is characterized by a paralysis of the immune system. A signature of αβ T cells in fatal Ebola infection has been recently proposed, while the involvement of innate immune cells in the protection/pathogenesis of Ebola infection is unknown. Aim of this study was to analyze γδ T and NK cells in patients from the Ebola outbreak of 2014-2015 occurred in West Africa, and to assess their association with the clinical outcome.Nineteen Ebola-infected patients were enrolled at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Centre in Guinea. Patients were divided in two groups on the basis of the clinical outcome. The analysis was performed by using multiparametric flow cytometry established by the European Mobile Laboratory in the field. A low frequency of Vδ2 T-cells was observed during Ebola infection, independently from the clinical outcome. Moreover, Vδ2 T-cells from Ebola patients massively expressed CD95 apoptotic marker, suggesting the involvement of apoptotic mechanisms in Vδ2 T-cell loss. Interestingly, Vδ2 T-cells from survivors expressed an effector phenotype and presented a lower expression of the CTLA-4 exhaustion marker than fatalities, suggesting a role of effector Vδ2 T-cells in the protection. Furthermore, patients with fatal Ebola infection were characterized by a lower NK cell frequency than patients with non fatal infection. In particular, both CD56bright and CD56dim NK frequency were very low both in fatal and non fatal infections, while a higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was associated to non-fatal infections. Finally, NK activation and expression of NKp46 and CD158a were independent from clinical outcome.Altogether, the data suggest that both effector Vδ2 T-cells and NK cells may play a role in the complex network of protective response to EBOV infection. Further studies are required to characterize the protective effector functions of Vδ2 and NK cells.
Published: 2017
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24. Exposure Patterns Driving Ebola Transmission in West Africa: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Author: International Ebola Response Team, Junerlyn Agua-Agum, Archchun Ariyarajah, Bruce Aylward, Luke Bawo, Pepe Bilivogui, Isobel M Blake, Richard J Brennan, Amy Cawthorne, Eilish Cleary, Peter Clement, Roland Conteh, Anne Cori, Foday Dafae, Benjamin Dahl, Jean-Marie Dangou, Boubacar Diallo, Christl A Donnelly, Ilaria Dorigatti, Christopher Dye, Tim Eckmanns, Mosoka Fallah, Neil M Ferguson, Lena Fiebig, Christophe Fraser, Tini Garske, Lice Gonzalez, Esther Hamblion, Nuha Hamid, Sara Hersey, Wes Hinsley, Amara Jambei, Thibaut Jombart, David Kargbo, Sakoba Keita, Michael Kinzer, Fred Kuti George, Beatrice Godefroy, Giovanna Gutierrez, Niluka Kannangarage, Harriet L Mills, Thomas Moller, Sascha Meijers, Yasmine Mohamed, Oliver Morgan, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Emily Newton, Pierre Nouvellet, Tolbert Nyenswah, William Perea, Devin Perkins, Steven Riley, Guenael Rodier, Marc Rondy, Maria Sagrado, Camelia Savulescu, Ilana J Schafer, Dirk Schumacher, Thomas Seyler, Anita Shah, Maria D Van Kerkhove, C Samford Wesseh, and Zabulon Yoti
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe ongoing West African Ebola epidemic began in December 2013 in Guinea, probably from a single zoonotic introduction. As a result of ineffective initial control efforts, an Ebola outbreak of unprecedented scale emerged. As of 4 May 2015, it had resulted in more than 19,000 probable and confirmed Ebola cases, mainly in Guinea (3,529), Liberia (5,343), and Sierra Leone (10,746). Here, we present analyses of data collected during the outbreak identifying drivers of transmission and highlighting areas where control could be improved.Methods and findingsOver 19,000 confirmed and probable Ebola cases were reported in West Africa by 4 May 2015. Individuals with confirmed or probable Ebola ("cases") were asked if they had exposure to other potential Ebola cases ("potential source contacts") in a funeral or non-funeral context prior to becoming ill. We performed retrospective analyses of a case line-list, collated from national databases of case investigation forms that have been reported to WHO. These analyses were initially performed to assist WHO's response during the epidemic, and have been updated for publication. We analysed data from 3,529 cases in Guinea, 5,343 in Liberia, and 10,746 in Sierra Leone; exposures were reported by 33% of cases. The proportion of cases reporting a funeral exposure decreased over time. We found a positive correlation (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) between this proportion in a given district for a given month and the within-district transmission intensity, quantified by the estimated reproduction number (R). We also found a negative correlation (r = -0.37, p < 0.001) between R and the district proportion of hospitalised cases admitted within ≤4 days of symptom onset. These two proportions were not correlated, suggesting that reduced funeral attendance and faster hospitalisation independently influenced local transmission intensity. We were able to identify 14% of potential source contacts as cases in the case line-list. Linking cases to the contacts who potentially infected them provided information on the transmission network. This revealed a high degree of heterogeneity in inferred transmissions, with only 20% of cases accounting for at least 73% of new infections, a phenomenon often called super-spreading. Multivariable regression models allowed us to identify predictors of being named as a potential source contact. These were similar for funeral and non-funeral contacts: severe symptoms, death, non-hospitalisation, older age, and travelling prior to symptom onset. Non-funeral exposures were strongly peaked around the death of the contact. There was evidence that hospitalisation reduced but did not eliminate onward exposures. We found that Ebola treatment units were better than other health care facilities at preventing exposure from hospitalised and deceased individuals. The principal limitation of our analysis is limited data quality, with cases not being entered into the database, cases not reporting exposures, or data being entered incorrectly (especially dates, and possible misclassifications).ConclusionsAchieving elimination of Ebola is challenging, partly because of super-spreading. Safe funeral practices and fast hospitalisation contributed to the containment of this Ebola epidemic. Continued real-time data capture, reporting, and analysis are vital to track transmission patterns, inform resource deployment, and thus hasten and maintain elimination of the virus from the human population.
Published: 2016
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25. The Penalized Inverse Probability Measure for Conformal Classification.

Author: Paul Melki, Lionel Bombrun, Boubacar Diallo, Jérôme Dias, and Jean-Pierre Da Costa
Published: 2024
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26. Use of Viremia to Evaluate the Baseline Case Fatality Ratio of Ebola Virus Disease and Inform Treatment Studies: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Author: Oumar Faye, Alessio Andronico, Ousmane Faye, Henrik Salje, Pierre-Yves Boëlle, N'Faly Magassouba, Elhadj Ibrahima Bah, Lamine Koivogui, Boubacar Diallo, Alpha Amadou Diallo, Sakoba Keita, Mandy Kader Konde, Robert Fowler, Gamou Fall, Simon Cauchemez, and Amadou Alpha Sall
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe case fatality ratio (CFR) of Ebola virus disease (EVD) can vary over time and space for reasons that are not fully understood. This makes it difficult to define the baseline CFRs needed to evaluate treatments in the absence of randomized controls. Here, we investigate whether viremia in EVD patients may be used to evaluate baseline EVD CFRs.Methods and findingsWe analyzed the laboratory and epidemiological records of patients with EVD confirmed by reverse transcription PCR hospitalized in the Conakry area, Guinea, between 1 March 2014 and 28 February 2015. We used viremia and other variables to model the CFR. Data for 699 EVD patients were analyzed. In the week following symptom onset, mean viremia remained stable, and the CFR increased with viremia, V, from 21% (95% CI 16%-27%) for low viremia (V < 104.4 copies/ml) to 53% (95% CI 44%-61%) for intermediate viremia (104.4 ≤ V < 105.2 copies/ml) and 81% (95% CI 75%-87%) for high viremia (V ≥ 105.2 copies/ml). Compared to adults (15-44 y old [y.o.]), the CFR was larger in young children (0-4 y.o.) (odds ratio [OR]: 2.44; 95% CI 1.02-5.86) and older adults (≥ 45 y.o.) (OR: 2.84; 95% CI 1.81-4.46) but lower in children (5-14 y.o.) (OR: 0.46; 95% CI 0.24-0.86). An order of magnitude increase in mean viremia in cases after July 2014 compared to those before coincided with a 14% increase in the CFR. Our findings come from a large hospital-based study in Conakry and may not be generalizable to settings with different case profiles, such as with individuals who never sought care.ConclusionsViremia in EVD patients was a strong predictor of death that partly explained variations in CFR in the study population. This study provides baseline CFRs by viremia group, which allow appropriate adjustment when estimating efficacy in treatment studies. In randomized controlled trials, stratifying analysis on viremia groups could reduce sample size requirements by 25%. We hypothesize that monitoring the viremia of hospitalized patients may inform the ability of surveillance systems to detect EVD patients from the different severity strata.
Published: 2015
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27. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Mauritania

Author: Pierre Nabeth, Dah Ould Cheikh, Baidy Lo, Ousmane Faye, Idoumou Ould Mohamed Vall, Mbayame Niang, Bocar Wague, Djibril Diop, Mawlouth Diallo, Boubacar Diallo, Ousmane Madiagne Diop, and François Simon
Subjects: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Mauritania, Urban, Nosocomial, Hospital, Outbreak, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: From February to August 2003, 38 persons were infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in Mauritania; 35 of these persons were residents of Nouakchott. The first patient was a young woman who became ill shortly after butchering a goat. She transmitted the infection to 15 persons in the hospital where she was admitted and four members of her family. In Nouakchott, two disease clusters and 11 isolated cases were identified. The case-fatality ratio was 28.6%. Of the patients not infected by the first case-patient, almost half were butchers, which suggests that the primary mode of animal-to-human transmission was direct contact with blood of infected animals. The hospital outbreak alerted health authorities to sporadic cases that occurred in the following weeks, which would have probably gone otherwise unnoticed. Studies must be conducted to determine the potential risk for continued sporadic outbreaks of CCHF in humans and to propose prevention measures.
Published: 2004
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28. Un nouvel algorithme pour la detection des transferts horizontaux de genes partiels entre les especes et pour la classification des transferts inferes

Author: Alix, Boc, Boubacar, Diallo Alpha, and Vladimir, Makarenkov
Subjects: Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods
Abstract: In this article we are describing a new algorithm for detecting and validating partial horizontal gene transfers (HGT). The presented algorithm is based on a sliding window procedure which analyzes fragments of the given multiple sequence alignment. A bootstrap procedure incorporated in our method can be used to estimate the support of each inferred partial HGT. The new algorithm can be also applied to confirm or discard complete (i.e., traditional) horizontal gene transfers detected by any HGT inferring algorithm. While working on a full-genome scale, the introduced algorithm can be used to assess the level of mosaicism of the whole species genomes as well as the rates of complete and partial HGT underlying the evolution of the considered set of species., Comment: in French
Published: 2021

29. Active learning for efficient annotation in precision agriculture: a use-case on crop-weed semantic segmentation.

Author: Bart M. van Marrewijk, Charbel Dandjinou, Dan Jeric Arcega Rustia, Nicolas Franco Gonzalez, Boubacar Diallo, Jérôme Dias, Paul Melki, and Pieter M. Blok
Published: 2024
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30. Group-Conditional Conformal Prediction via Quantile Regression Calibration for Crop and Weed Classification.

Author: Paul Melki, Lionel Bombrun, Boubacar Diallo, Jérôme Dias, and Jean-Pierre Da Costa
Published: 2023
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31. Rift Valley Fever Outbreak with East-Central African Virus Lineage in Mauritania, 2003

Author: Ousmane Faye, Mawlouth Diallo, Djibril Diop, O. Elmamy Bezeid, Hampathé Bâ, Mbayame Niang, Ibrahima Dia, Sid Ahmed Ould Mohamed, Kader Ndiaye, Diawo Diallo, Peinda Ogo Ly, Boubacar Diallo, Pierre Nabeth, François Simon, Baïdy Lô, and Ousmane Madiagne Diop
Subjects: Rift Valley fever, outbreak, virus lineage, emergence, field investigations, human, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: In October 2003, 9 human cases of hemorrhagic fever were reported in 3 provinces of Mauritania, West Africa. Test results showed acute Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection, and a field investigation found recent circulation of RVFV with a prevalence rate of 25.5% (25/98) and 4 deaths among the 25 laboratory-confirmed case-patients. Immunoglobulin M against RVFV was found in 46% (25/54) of domestic animals. RVFV was also isolated from the mosquito species Culex poicilipes. Genetic comparison of virion segments indicated little variation among the strains isolated. However, phylogenetic studies clearly demonstrated that these strains belonged to the East-Central African lineage for all segments. To our knowledge, this is the first time viruses of this lineage have been observed in an outbreak in West Africa. Whether these strains were introduced or are endemic in West Africa remains to be determined.
Published: 2007
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32. Improving Robustness of Image Tampering Detection for Compression.

Author: Boubacar Diallo, Thierry Urruty, Pascal Bourdon, and Christine Fernandez-Maloigne
Published: 2019
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33. Active learning with MaskAL reduces annotation effort for training Mask R-CNN.

Author: Pieter M. Blok, Gert Kootstra, Hakim Elchaoui Elghor, Boubacar Diallo, Frits K. van Evert, and Eldert J. van Henten
Published: 2021

34. Active learning with MaskAL reduces annotation effort for training Mask R-CNN on a broccoli dataset with visually similar classes.

Author: Pieter M. Blok, Gert Kootstra, Hakim Elchaoui Elghor, Boubacar Diallo, Frits K. van Evert, and Eldert J. van Henten
Published: 2022
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35. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.

Author: Gytis Dudas, Luiz Max Carvalho, Trevor Bedford, Andrew J. Tatem, Guy Baele, Nuno R. Faria, Daniel J. Park, Jason T. Ladner, Armando Arias, Danny Asogun, Filip Bielejec, Sarah L. Caddy, Matthew Cotten, Jonathan D'Ambrozio, Simon Dellicour, Antonino Di Caro, Joseph W. Diclaro, Sophie Duraffour, Michael J. Elmore, Lawrence S. Fakoli, Ousmane Faye, Merle L. Gilbert, Sahr M. Gevao, Stephen Gire, Adrianne Gladden-Young, Andreas Gnirke, Augustine Goba, Donald S. Grant, Bart L. Haagmans, Julian A. Hiscox, Umaru Jah, Jeffrey R. Kugelman, Di Liu, Jia Lu, Christine M. Malboeuf, Suzanne Mate, David A. Matthews, Christian B. Matranga, Luke W. Meredith, James Qu, Joshua Quick, Suzan D. Pas, My V. T. Phan, Georgios Pollakis, Chantal B. Reusken, Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart, Stephen F. Schaffner, John S. Schieffelin, Rachel S. G. Sealfon, Etienne Simon-Loriere, Saskia L. Smits, Kilian Stoecker, Lucy Thorne, Ekaete Alice Tobin, Mohamed A. Vandi, Simon J. Watson 0002, Kendra West, Shannon Whitmer, Michael R. Wiley, Sarah M. Winnicki, Shirlee Wohl, Roman Wölfel, Nathan L. Yozwiak, Kristian G. Andersen, Sylvia O. Blyden, Fatorma Bolay, Miles W. Carroll, Bernice Dahn, Boubacar Diallo, Pierre Formenty, Christophe Fraser, George F. Gao, Robert F. Garry, Ian Goodfellow, Stephan Günther, Christian T. Happi, Edward C. Holmes, Brima Kargbo, Sakoba Keïta, Paul Kellam, Marion Koopmans, Jens H. Kuhn, Nicholas J. Loman, N'Faly Magassouba, Dhamari Naidoo, Stuart T. Nichol, Tolbert Nyenswah, Gustavo F. Palacios, Oliver G. Pybus, Pardis C. Sabeti, Amadou Sall, Ute Ströher, Isatta Wurie, Marc A. Suchard, Philippe Lemey, and Andrew Rambaut
Published: 2017
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36. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With J.C in a Tropical Environment: Study of Six (6) Observations at the University Hospital of Conakry

Author: Mohamed Tafsir Diallo, Mohamed Lamine Toure, Souleymane Mbara DIALLO, Guelngar Othon Carlos, Souleymane Djigué Barry, Namory Camara, Foksouna Sakadi, Christ Matho Loramou, Bademba Diallo, Aminata Sakho, Thierno Hamidou Baldé, Mariama Boubacar Diallo, Adama Koné, Kadji Juste Milman, Hinima Madandi, Eugen Lamah, Abdoul Karim Telico Barry, Mamadou Hady Diallo, Fodé Abass Cissé, and Amara Cissé
Abstract: Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), related to oligodendrocyte infection by reactivation of latent John Cunningham virus (J.C.) involvement of the nervous system in the context of immunosuppression, is poorly described in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite the high prevalence of AIDS, tuberculosis, leukemia, and probably autoimmune diseases. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of six (6) observations of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the Neurology Department of the University Hospital of Conakry. The diagnostic confirmation formerly made from the brain biopsy, was certified by PCR (J.C) in the cerebrospinal fluid, the magnetic resonance imaging in a neurological context: motor disorders, dysarthria, cognitive, cerebellar and sensory disorders. Results: This study shows that it is an unrecognized disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Men were more represented (4 men and 2 women). The clinical picture was dominated by cognitive disorders, motor deficits, neurosensory manifestations and cerebellar damage. The incriminated pathologies that led to severe immunosuppression were HIV in 3 cases, leprosy in one case, systemic lupus erythematosus in one case and African trypanosomiasis in one case. CSF PCR for J.C virus was positive in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging contributed to the diagnosis by showing T2 hypersignals in the white matter. Conclusion: PML occurring in chronic autoimmune conditions should be sought in re-emerging tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. These data are useful for the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic discussion.
Published: 2023
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37. Management of Abdominal Gunshot Wounds of Ballistic Trauma at Somine DOLO Hospital of Mopti

Author: Bréhima Traoré, Pierre Coulibaly, Djibril Traoré, Modibo Coulibaly, Soumaila Sagara, Oumar Guindo, Abdoulaye Traoré, Dramane Cissé, Kiffery Ibrahim Keita, Fodé Mory, Keita Dramane Samaké, David T Théra, Aly Guindo, Aly Boubacar Diallo, Seydou Mariko, and Adégué Pierre Togo
Subjects: General Engineering
Published: 2022
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38. First Malian series of surgery for rheumatic valve disease: opening of the centre, clinical features and peri-operative realities

Author: A Maiga, Salia I Traore, Siriman A Koita, Modibo Doumbia, Boubacar Diallo, Baba Ibrahima Diarra, Seydina Alioune Beye, MB Diarra, Binta Diallo, Djibo M. Diango, Rakiswendé A Zongo, Y Coulibaly, Gaoussou Fofana, Bréhima Coulibaly, M Touré, Mahamadoun Coulibaly, and S Daffe
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Heart Valve Diseases, Young Adult, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Child, Retrospective Studies, Mitral regurgitation, business.industry, Cardiovascular Topics, Mortality rate, Public health, Incidence (epidemiology), Rheumatic Heart Disease, General Medicine, Perioperative, medicine.disease, Surgery, Cardiac surgery, Stenosis, Blood pressure, Rheumatic Fever, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Introduction Over the past two decades, the incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD) have dramatically declined in wealthier regions of the world as a result of preventative programmes, improved living standards and access to cardiac surgery. Nevertheless, ARF and RHD are still public health problems in less-developed regions of the world such as Oceania, south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Aim We report on clinical, therapeutic and prognostic aspects as well as the difficulties encountered during this first series of surgery for rheumatic valve disease in Mali. Methods This was a prospective, descriptive study conducted at the Andre Festoc Cardiac Surgery Centre from September 2018 to August 2019. Results The frequency of patients having been operated on for rheumatic valve disease was 44.73% (68 patients). The mean age of the patients was 18 ± 10 years with extremes of five and 60 years. The gender ratio was 0.7. The delay to treatment was between one and three years for 39.7% of the patients. The main diagnoses found were: mitral regurgitation in 50% of patients, mitral stenosis in 16.2% and aortic regurgitation in 10.3%. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 35-50 mmHg in 19.1% of patients and more than 50 mmHg in 25%. The median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 132 minutes (60-276) and median extubation time was three hours (0-96). The main complications were cardiac, renal, neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal and infectious. In the immediate postoperative period, we recorded three deaths, which is a mortality rate of 4.4%. Conclusions Humanitarian efforts have led non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to launch surgical programmes in low-and middle-income countries in an attempt to fill the gap in these fragile healthcare systems. Cardiac surgery requires much expertise from the medical staff, as well as many material and financial resources. Empowerment of the local team is a challenge that is being realised since taking these essential steps of companionship with the NGO la Chaine de l'Espoir.
Published: 2022
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39. Acute Renal Failure in COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care at the CHU du Point G in Mali

Author: Boubacar, Diallo, primary, Nouhoum, Coulibaly, additional, Hammadoun, Dicko, additional, Modibo, Berthe, additional, Alioune, Beye Seydina, additional, Bassirou, Niangado Rokiatou, additional, Mohamed, Keita, additional, and Youssouf, Coulibaly, additional
Published: 2023
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40. Evaluation of the Reasons for the Choice of Their Learning Course by Resident Physicians of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (ICU) in Mali

Author: Abdoulhamidou Almeimoune, Moustapha Mangane, Diop Madane Thierno, Seidou Alaji Démbele, Sirman Koita, Mahamadoun Coulibaly, Youssouf Sogoba, Kalba Tembine, Mamadou A. C. Cisse, Harouna Sangare, Sidy Yattara, André Kassogue, Boubacar Diallo, Hammadoun Dicko, Djibo Mahamane Diango, and Youssouf Coulibaly
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2022
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41. Nesting behavior of the savanna chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in the non-protected area of Bantankiline (Kedougou, Senegal)

Author: Jill D. Pruetz, Boubacar Diallo, Kristine Micheletti, Landing Badji, Papa Ibnou Ndiaye, and Dame Diallo
Subjects: Multidisciplinary
Abstract: Le chimpanzé d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Pan troglodytes verus) est inscrit sur la liste des espèces « en danger critique d'extinction » de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature depuis 2016, suite au déclin de ses effectifs. Ce travail se focalise sur la nidification du chimpanzé dans la savane boisée, chaude et sèche de Bantankiline. Son objectif est d’améliorer l’état des connaissances sur la nidification du chimpanzé au Sénégal par : 1) l’identification des dortoirs du chimpanzé à Bantankiline ; 2) l’identification des espèces végétales les plus utilisées pour construire les nids de repos ; 3) la détermination de la hauteur des nids par rapport au sol et 4) l’identification des menaces sur la survie du chimpanzé dans ce site. Pour cela, nous avons recensé au total 809 nids de chimpanzé et parcouru 155,1 kilomètres répartis entre 37 transects, soit une moyenne de 4,19 kilomètres par transect. Les nids ont été recensés au cours des années 2018, 2020 et 2021. Les résultats montrent que la majorité des nids (environ 655 nids, soit 80,96 % des observations) est portée principalement par 6 espèces végétales : Pterocarpus erinaceus, Parkia biglobosa, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Diospyros mespiliformis, Cola cordifolia, Hexalobus monopetalus. Khaya senegalensis, Piliostigma thonningii et Adansonia digitata sont faiblement utilisés par les chimpanzés pour la nidification à Bantankiline. L’inventaire quantitatif des espèces végétales par la méthode des plots nous a permis de recenser au total 3582 pieds d’arbres répartis entre 50 espèces le long des transects. Nous avons noté la prédominance de 4 espèces végétales lors du recensement : Hexalobus monopetalus, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Combretum glutinosum et Combretum micranthum. Parkia biglobosa est peu abondante dans le site d’étude mais elle est la deuxième espèce végétale la plus utilisée par les chimpanzés pour la nidification après P. erinaceus. La hauteur moyenne des arbres utilisés comme supports de nids est de 13 m et la hauteur moyenne des nids se situe à 9,91 m. Ces informations scientifiques sont d’une importance capitale pour l’élaboration des documents de gouvernance de ces sites par les services techniques et la prise de décisions pour la conservation du chimpanzé et de ses espèces sympatriques au Sénégal.
Published: 2022
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42. Genes, Culture, and Voluntary Audits

Author: Sami Dakhlia, Boubacar Diallo, Shahriar M. Saadullah, and Akrem Temimi
Published: 2023
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43. Fama–French three versus five, which model is better? A machine learning approach

Author: Boubacar Diallo, Aliyu Bagudu, and Qi Zhang
Subjects: Strategy and Management, Modeling and Simulation, Management Science and Operations Research, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Computer Science Applications
Published: 2023
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44. Assessment of the efficiency of the routine epidemiological surveillance system for malaria at the Tambacounda Health District, Senegal

Author: Tidiane Gadiaga, Mouhamadou Faly Ba, Siré Sagna, Bayal Cissé, Boubacar Diallo, Samba Ndiaye, Urbain Ithiar Bonang, Mariama Diamé, Fatimata Diallo, Seynabou Gaye, Doudou Sene, Tidiane Ndoye, Aminata Colle Lo, Abdoulaye Diallo, Isaac Manga, Sylla Thiam, Elhadj Konko Ciré Ciré, and Jean Louis Abdou Ndiaye
Abstract: Introduction: As part of the fight against malaria, epidemiological surveillance (ES) is one of the key pillars of the global technical strategy 2016-2030 to combat this disease. However, in the south-east of Senegal, where malaria poses a major public health problem, epidemiological surveillance has until recently been very neglected. To help reduce malaria-related morbidity and mortality in Senegal, an evaluation of the routine malaria ES system was conducted in the Tambacounda Health District in 2021. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive survey of 27 health structures in Tambacounda district from 20 February to 1 March 2022. Results: Overall, the routine ES system in the district was acceptable according to its users, with satisfactory tool filling time in 96.3% of the structures in our study, a cumulative completeness of reports at 92% despite a 77% promptness. The data collected at the services delivery points (SDP) level allowed a representativeness of the ES system in 100% of health facilities. The ES system was also rated as simple by 74.1% of SDP managers even though only 55.6% of them were trained. However, the stability of the system was low because 55.6% of SDP had staff to ensure the continuity of ES service despite the availability of management tools (100%) and the telephone network (96.3%). The same was true for the usefulness of the ES because only 25.9% of SDP managers analyzed their produced data. The reported ES and malaria morbidity data were not adequate. On the other hand, the ES system was reactive with a speed of transmission of information at 96.3% and a possibility of rapid diagnosis and management of cases at 100%. Conclusion: The routine malaria ES system at the level of health facilities in Tambacounda district was acceptable, simple, flexible, representative, and responsive. However, an increase in qualified staff at the health posts, capacity strengthening of the ES staff, regular supervision of SDP are needed essential to make the district's malaria surveillance system more efficient.
Published: 2023
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45. Understanding the performance of a pan-African intervention to reduce postoperative mortality: a mixed-methods process evaluation of the ASOS-2 trial

Author: Nicola Vickery, Timothy Stephens, Leon du Toit, Dawid van Straaten, Rupert Pearse, Alexandra Torborg, Lucy Rolt, Mariechen Puchert, Graham Martin, Bruce Biccard, Bruce M. Biccard, Maia Lesosky, Tim Stephens, Landon Myer, Agya BA. Prempeh, Hyla-Louise Kluyts, Akinyinka Omigbodun, Adesoji Ademuyiwa, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elfagieh, Bernard Mbwele, Mpoki Ulisubisya, Lazaro Mboma, Daniel Z. Ashebir, Mahlet Tesfaye Bahta, Mohammed Hassen, Mikiyas Teferi, Yakob Seman, Eugene Zoumenou, Adam Hewitt-Smith, Janat Tumukunde, Dolly Munlemvo, Atilio Morais, Apollo Basenero, Pisirai Ndarukwa, Nazinigouba Ouerdraogo, Maman Sani Chaibou, Mohyeddine Zarouf, Ahmed Rhassane El Adib, Veekash Gobin, Zimogo Sanogo, Youssouf Coulibaly, Zipporah Ngumi, Tarig Fadalla, Cynthia Iradukunda, Vénérand Barendegere, Isaac O. Smalle, Mustapha Bittaye, Ahmadou Lamin Samateh, Mahmoud Elfiky, Maher Fawzy, Wakisa Mulwafu, Vanessa Msosa, Lygia Lopes, Akwasi Antwi-Kusi, Hamza D. Sama, Patrice Forget, Rupert M. Pearse, Marichen Puchert, Kris Schwebler, Freddy Kabambi, Tebogo Mabotja, Leandys Cobas, Albino Freitas, Maria Antunes, Bartolomeu Cabo, Domingos Paulo, Carlos Camongua, Yvette Avognon, Osseni Marcos, Raymond Kintomonho, Onesime Demahou, Gisèle Hounsa, Hugues Chobli, Elie Fassinou, Aurore Zoglobossou, Blaise Tchaou, Charles Tchegnonsi, Fifame Amadji, Francine Bossa, Ernest Ahounou, Djima Alao, Roushdane Odérémi, Afissatou Montairou, Oswald Gbehade, Romaric Tobome, Adam Boukari, Patrick Bakantieba, Arouna Sambo, Fanou Lionelle, Nounagnon Gilbert, Julien Attinon, Roger Klikpezo, Aumar Dadjo, Dénis Fanou, Gilberte Hounkpe, Bachabi Fafana, Néné Nguilu, Bodourin Dossou-Yovo, Chantal Segla, Mohamed Toko, Evelyne Gnele-Dedewanou, Michel Noukounwoui, Ethienne Yado, Timothé Gouroubéra, Valéry Adjignon, Serge Mewanou, Aïcha Tchomgang, Urielle Agossou, Fernand Soton, Charbel Azanlin, Lidwine Zomahoun, Rawéléguinbasba Armel Flavien Kabore, Salam Savadogo, Fatou Fleur Rosine Sanou, Farid Belém, Victoria Hien, Cheik Tidiane Hafid W. Bougouma, Sie Ahmed Ouattara, Mariam Bambara Kabore, Ouedraogo Nazinigouba, Papougnezambo Bonkoungou, Martin Lankoandé, Mireille Traoré, Patrick Sawadogo, Inès Wenmenga, Boureima Kinda, André Simporé, Christian Sapo, Salah Idriss Traore, Haoua Dipama, Lydie WR. Kaboré, Salifou Napon, Télesphore G. Kaboré, Arouna Louré, Pélagie PP. Tondé, Christian Zoundi, Martin Lankoande, Harouna Sanou, Remy Ndikumana, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Gregory Sund, Alliance Niyukuri, Axel Kwizera, Jean-Claude Niyondiko, Adolphe Manzanza Kilembe, Jean Pierre Mwema Ilunga, Nehema Hailemariam Sarah, Gabriel Mubobo Makeya, Idesbald Mwebe Mwepu, Ted Botawaosenge Likongo, Richard Kapela Mvwala, Raphael Nzau Kapend Mubunda, Noellie Kanka Mukuna, Julie Djondo Pembe, Nicolas Lumuanga Ndaye, Eric Bibonge Amisi, Mike Ilunga Madika, Joe Kembo Lungela, Didier Ndonda Mayemba, Philomene Mamba Diyoyo, Alex Mbo Ngalala, Martin Mamba Mukenga, Patricia Tito Kabuni, Dany Bolimo Mpoto, Herve Inesnku Mole, Louise Keby, Oria Andavo Buti, Anselme Phaka, Belinda Mayenge, Jean Jeacques Kabuley Kalongo, Timothe Kemfuni Mawisa, Rodrigue Tondo Ngwizani, Kuyala Leya, Dieudonne Kisile Sanduku, Timothe Nkemfuni Mawisa, Coco Nseke Mfumu, Mbuta Bolenge, Desire Kinzenzengu Kabuce, Patrick Kintieti, Amelia Mbuluku, Vicky Mahuwa, Tharcice Khonde Mabiala, Guilain Ngoy, Patrick Boloko, Nono Mazangama Mvwama, Jose Kengbanda, Pitchou Mushimbonga, Blaise Kuhapala, Nzosani Marcel, Kienze Guylain, Gerard Mboma, Sandra Zalambo Sagboze, Michel Muteya Manika, Jean Pierre Mumbere Kigayi, Roger Mukanire Cishugi, Placide Buhendwa Mugisho, Roger Baguma, Moïse Kongolo, Michel Mandungu Mbayabu, Crispin Mukendi Muamba, Edmond Banema Kapinga, Vasco Ngolela Kapinga, Guylain Tshimanga Nsumpi, Patrick Kanda Odia, Salomon Bingidimi, Gilbert Kpengbemale, Desire Hubert Bofunga Bosonga Imposo, Patricia Matondo, Servet Lelo, Jeremie Kalambayi, Mohamed Abdel-Ghaffar, Abdelrahman Soliman, Mostafa Abdelrahman, Sameh Shehata, Alia Rabee, Mohamed Abou Heba, Mohamed Rabei Abdelfattah, Tamer Ahmed Maher Ghoniem, Sherif M.K. Shehata, Mohamed Lotfy, Ahmed ElHaddad, Bereket Gebremeskel, Girmay Fisseha, Mebrahtu Abay, Degena Bahrey, Assefa Hika, Abdurezak Ali, Kindie Moges, Jemal Ahmed, Desalegn Abdisa, Abebe Megersa, Wendwosen Abayne, Haftom Berhane, Reiye Esayas, Fitsum Kifle, Kokeb Desita, Abebe Addise, Dagim Shimelash, Shitalem Tadesse, Bezaye Zemedkun, Peniel Kenna, Ayenew Yirdie, Abinet Sisay, Tebikew Gashu, Fassil Mihretu, Yesuf Ahmed, Bekele Debebe, Abdureuf Misgea, Amare Agmas, Rahel Assefa, Abdurahman Gelmo, Seifu Alemu, Brook Damtachew, Merid Mersha, Yaekob Chemere, Samuel Fekadu, Sintayehu Regasa, Bonsa Sileshi, Desalegn Wosen, Rebira Adamu, Gersam Mulugeta, Teshome Bacha, Zewude Gudisa, Kebebe Bekele, Alelign Tasew, Habtamu Gezahegn, Daniel Atlaw, Damtew Solomon, Habtemariam Gebresillasie, Girmaye Tesfaye, Negussie Sarbecha, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Kenbon Seyoum, Gemechu Ganfure, Yohannes Tekalegn, Gosa Tesfaye, Temesgen Ayichew, Shibiru Sendaba, Musefa Redwan, Eyasu Muse, Girma Nina, Bizuneh Sime, Addisalem Tadege, Anbesse Jima, Nugusu Ayalew, Dagmawi Workneh, Daniel Teferi, Momodou T. Nyassi, Landing N. Sanyang, Omar Jallow, Abdoulie Keita, Kitabu Jammeh, Charles Roberts, Patrick Idoko, Kebba Marenah, Masirending Njie, Musa Marena, Karamba Suwareh, Simon Boissey, Fatoumatta Jarjusey, Awa Jah, Awa Sanyang, Dado Jabbi, Kajali Camara, Armando Correa, John Jabang, Lamin Jaiteh, Lamin Dampha, Aminata Manneh, Baboucarr Sowe, Abdoulie Bah, Edrisa Jawo, Victoria Okoje, Momodou Baro, Yaya Bah, Mustapha Njie, Sainabou Mbowe, Ebrima Kanteh, Sarjo Ceesay, Alagie Manneh, Evans Atito-Narh, Adwoa Wilson, Romeo Hussey, Emmanuel Okine, Jemima Kwarteng, Ridge Ntiamoah, Samuel Dadzie, Mark Aseti, Naa Sowah, Akosua Appiah, Charles Bankah, Patrick Mburugu, Thomas Chokwe, Patrick Olang, Vernon Gacii, Susane Nabulindo, Antony Gatheru, Timothy Mwiti, Caroline Mwangi, Julius Muriithi, Daniel Ojuka, Omondi Ogutu, Evans Masitara, Mohamed Chaudhry, Reuben Kamundi, Annmarie Kangangi, Thomas Massaquoi, Stephen Takow, Felister Moraa, Aziz Munubi, Moses Kimani, Adili Wobenjo, Linda Nguu, Vincent Omeddo, Rose Malaba, Ambrose Nabwana, Anita Mwancha, Alexandria Mugaa, John Wamwaki, Joyce Chege, Seymour Sinari, Andrew Ndonga, Rose Shitsinzi, Walter Akello, Winfred Kimani, Elisha Kirwa, Seno Saruni, Andrew Wainaina, Ernest Nshom, Aidah Kenseko, Kizito Shisanya, Purity Wanjiru, Julliah Cherotich, Judy Kimutai, Benson Wahome, Grace Wangui, Dennis Wamalwa, Stephen Mwangi, John Chege, Tabitha Wanjiku, Carolyne Njoki, Wachira Waititu, Conrad Ambani, Samuel Murimi, Sharon Waithira, Nilson Mouti, Collins Kibet, John Kibet, Virginia Sokobe, Beatrice Jeymah, Antony Kamadi, Faith Gichuri, Steve Moses, David Wasike, Favours Adeya, Caesar Bitta, Stephen Ogendo, Killian Kariuki, Hdaya BenAbdalla, Taha Suliaman, Fatima Ali Abokhzam, Mohaned Isa, Mohammed Huwaysh, Asma Bourawi, Kais Alzubaidy, Mohammed Albaraesi, Sumayyah Bahroun, Abdulmueti Alhadi, Ahmed Msherghi, Amira Mohamed, Ala Khaled, Nouran Aljadi, Elham Bareig, Khaled Elgazwi, Adel Elgazwi, Ibrahim El-busife, Safa Owhida, Almahdi Eltwati, Samah Elakeili, Taha Abubaker, Fatima Elkhfeefi, Soha Younis Hasan, Amal Alttaira, Imbarkah Elmraied, Rim Wishah, Omar Abugassa, Hazem Ahmed, Amera Ellafi, Shoukrie Shoukrie, Nawal Aldokali, Aws ElGammudi, Akram Alkaseek, Hoda Elhaddad, Ayyah Alqaarh, Ahlam Brish, Malek Abudsnnuga, Salsabil Albuaishi, Mohammed Albashri, Marwa Morgom, Mohammed Alawami, Eman Shawesh, Abdullah Almabrouk, Moaz Alwarfalli, Nagia Abeid, Anis Buzreg, Ans Malek, Ameerah Abayu, Butaina Abdulhafith, Wedad Abouruwes, Marim Albakuri, Sabria Almuammari, Esam Alsaghair, Fatheia Alreshi, Hassan Badi, Rabiee Alfetoey, Naji Zubia, Bushray Almiqlash, Abdulsalam Alshuhoumi, Rayet Al-islam Ben Jouira, Amaal Dier, Essra Gebril, Mohammed Abdelkabir, Sana Moussa, Marwa Alfitori, Mabroukah Azbeda, Hajar Alamin, Ejmeya Barka, Omlsaad Mosbah, Rema Abdasalam, Miftah Hiyoum, Maryam Abd allateef, Ibrahim Altomi, Mahdi Alsakloul, Ekhlas Karami, Munyah Alriqeeq, Mabruka Omar, Ashraf Samer, Aml Aemeesh, Ahmad Bouhuwaish, Ahmed Elusta, Sultan Ahmeed, Wesal AlFighi Hassan, Mouadah Ali Altayr, Mohamed Addalla, Abrar Geddeda, Kheria Khoja, Doaa Alhaj, Muaad Etturki, Ahmed Elhadi, Ibrahim Ellojli, Anshirah Shuwayyah, Ahmed Elfaghih, Malak Alduwayb, Mohamed Aleiyan, Wedad Aboubreeq, Soliman Alkassem, Sami Ashour, Hayat Ben Hasan, Najat Ben Hasan, Ali Yahya, Palesa Chisala, Edward Kommwa, Lusayo Simwinga, Agness Chalira, Precious Kachitsa, Onias Mtalimanja, Drissa Traoré, Moussa Sissoko, Moussa Camara, Adama Koita, Sekou Koumaré, Omar Sacko, Mahamadou Coulibaly, Lamine Soumaré, Soumaïla Keita, Sidiki Keita, Hamadoun Dicko, Boubacar Diallo, Boureima Bengaly, Mohamed Keita, Siaka Diallo, Drissa Ouattara, Nouhoun Ongoiba, Seydina Beye, Honoré Berthe, Mamadou Diakite, Mamadou Sima, Adégné Togo, Bakary Dembele, Djibo Diango, Moussa Samake, Youssouf Traoré, Louis Traoré, Ongoïba Oumar, Sogoba Gaoussou, Issaga Traoré, Sidy Sangaré, Doua Kanté, Lassana Cissé, Thiam Souleymane, Keita Koniba, Sundaresan Maiyalagan, Julien Chong, Adil Mohit, Khushyant Mungar, Shankaran Vinayagam, Kevin Ramlochun, Jamie Sim, Desai Sneha, Vishaal Kissoon, Yan Tseung, Mohamed Aboobakar, Nitish Fokeerah, Ravi Ramsewak, Jayprakash Gopall, Meetheelesh Abeeluck, Varun Seewoo, Divyanand Jankee, Ashveen Puryag, Senthil Beemadoo, Yashraj Deenoo, Abhisek Goureah, Munawwara Makoon, Hemanshu Rambojan, Beeharry Shanjugsingh, Kevin Viraswami, Shehzaad Joomye, Ashwant Bhugwandass, Bibi Deelawar, Vakil Leelodharry, Luckshmanraj Mungur, Sajid Aungraheeta, Sirsingh Bhajoo, Manpreet Rajcoomar, Rishi Seetaram, Subha Gaya, Gini Batra, Yoshvin Sunnassee, Shailendra Petkar, Sbai Hicham, Labib Smail, Ait Laalim Said, Motaai Youssef, Mouhssine Doumiri, Mustapha Alilou, Nora Farnaoui, Mustapha Bensghir, Abdelghafour Elkoundi, Abdelhamid Jaafari, Abderhmann Elwali, Mohammed Meziane, Walid Atmani, Houssam Rebahi, Hajar Chichou, Safae Zarouf, Abderraouf Soummani, Abou Elhassan Taoufik, Meryem Essafti, Aminata Oumou Traoré, Hamzaoui Hamza, Adnane Berdai, El allani Linda, Salhi Oussama, Nelson Mucopo, Machado Banze, Mouzinho Saide, Tomas Sitoi, Artur Machava, Antonio Carlos, Amilton Guidione, Antonio Saide de Carvalho, Natacha Gemo, Samiro Sema Camal, Arsénio Cuna, Ornelos Madeira, Ladino Assuade, Dercio Amde Fernandes, Dulce Alexandre Machavae Fernandes, Mandua Sebastião, Bernard Sikombe, Matti Kandjimi, Ayoub Shekimweri, Diana Shilomboleni, Mbaundju Kandjii, Leonard Kabongo, Cholastic Hangero, Ike Ndjoze, Ruben Nailonga, Immanuel Uukonga, Uutoni Nakanyala, Lavinia Johannes, Adrian Haruzuvi, Chris Terblanche, Natangwe Shimenda, Delwina Katjipu, Hilma Shalimba, Juliah Kaweendwa, Ali Mbuyi, John Oyedele, Mapumba Mulolo, Peter Njuki, Mutombo Ndaie, Akutu Munyika, Hilma Katangolo, David Tjiyokola, Tawanda Mhene, Archbald Masiambiri, Paidamoyo Mandudzo, Sandra Kapepiso, Haziel Mavesere, Cedia Tjihoto, Daylight Manyere, Charlotte Kauraisa, Learnmore Garanowako, Michael Tune, William DeKlerk, Benvenue Ndolo, Maria Angula, Ndapewoshali Hishekwa, Elizabeth Nandjendja, Elsabe Tsauses, Eunice Mouton, Kudzai Katandawa, Sophia Bruwer, Jaydee Van Staden, Beata Siteketa, Beata Kaholongo, Martha Ntinda, Pueya Nashidengo, Johanna Kandjumbwa, Lahia Lipumbu, Moussa Sirfi, Fouma Djibo, Moutari Mahaman, Abdoulaye Mahaman Bachir, Maikassoua Mamane, Adakal Ousseini, Maman Noury Hamissou Souley, Rabo Oumarou, Rekia Idrissa, Moussa Ichaou, Amina Saley, Abdoulay Seyni, Sahabi Amadou, Mahamane Sani Mahamane Laminou, Issoufou Moustapha Camara, Moussa Gagara, Hadjara Rabiou Daddy, Harissou Adamou, Ibrahim Amadou Magagi, Oumarou Habou, Sabo Ramatou, Saidu Kadas, Rabiu Mohammed, Abubakar Ballah, Tella Olalekan, Kefas Bwala, Mohammed Adamu, Adamu Isa, Ademola Adeyeye, Samuel Fayose, Akinola Akinmade, Taiwo Ajayi, Elizabeth Nwasor, Saidu Yakubu, Euphemia Ugwu, George Mukoro, Muhammed Ahmed, Gideon Akafa, Ahmad Lawal, Daniel Nwoye, Michael Odigbo, Zulaihatu Sarkin-Pawa, Tunde Sholadoye, Benjamin Fomete, Hamisu Yakubu, Abdulkadir Kabiru, Samaila Timothy, Ali Yusuf, Tasiu Saadu, Babangida Mohammed, Abdulghaffar Yunus, Ganiyat Olagunju, Muhammad Aminu, Mohammad Idris, Musliu Tolani, Nasiru Dalhat, Samuel Gana, Talent Adike, Lofty-John Anyanwu, Abdurrahman Sheshe, Sani Aji, Mamuda Atiku, Raphael Attah, Abubakar Muhammed, Rasaki Oseni, Halima Salisu-Kabara, Benjamin Nkemjika, Omotayo Salami, Adekunle Akadri, Bukola Olayinka, Clement Onuoha, Umar Usman Jamaare, Auwalu Saminu Jibrin, Sani Giade Abdullahi, Ibrahim Ishaku, Adenike Odewabi, John Bamigboye, Oladapo Kuforiji, Chidiebere Ogo, Stella Ogunmuyiwa, Abdussemee Abdurrazzaaq, Adebayo Tanimola, Michael Adeyanju, Oluwatimilehin Andero, Temitope Ojo, Olusi Adedotun, Gbadamosi Kehinde, Jimoh Buraimoh, Kabiru Muhammad, Sophia Baidoo, Patrick Okoli, Azeez Adigun, Ekene Ezeonye, Kabir Isa, Yetunde Aremu-Kasumu, Kamil Shoretire, Peter Enesi, Amechi Ezike, Olatunde Olawoye, Emmanuel Ugwu, Christopher Ukah, Abolade Olugbenga, Nwachukwu Chidiebere, Nasiru Abdulraman, Adebiyi Olusegun, Alisa Halisa, Semiat Yusuf, Jamila Salisu, Chidiebube Okoro, Abdul Suleiman, Fabian Onowighose, Aliyu Farinyaro, Suleiman Baba, Umar Abdulmajid, Aisha Abdurrahman, Ogochukwu Obi, Olatunde Alabi, William Adeyemi, Jelili Salau, Jones Taiwo, Nnaemeka Nwafulume, Taiye Ibiyeye, Edith Agu, Ayodeji Danboy, James Abdulazeez, Christopher Ekwunife, Chimaobi Nnaji, Chigozirim Onyekpere, Amara Arunsi, Jude Egwim, Obianuju Nwana, Nnabuike Ojiegbe, Charles Mbamba, Paul Ngwu, Frank Imahigbe, Emmanuel Okoroji, Iloh Ikenna, Abdulrahman Mohammed, Adebayo Adeniyi, Toluwalope Ariyo, Olajide Gabriel, Tesleem Orewole, Salawu Idris, Idowu Adebara, Abiodun Okunlola, Akinwale Akinbade, Oluwasesan Afolabi, Adewumi Bakare, Olabisi Adeyemo, Benjamin Ugwu, Samuel Nuhu, Henry Embu, Erdoo Isamade, Chinedu Obikili, Amaka Ocheke, Solomon Peter, Donald Orshio, Peter Onuminya, Jack Okopi, Olufemi Bankole, Bosede Afolabi, Dapo Osinowo, Ayodeji Oluwole, Muyiwa Rotimi, Ibironke Desalu, Rufus Ojewola, Bolaji Mofikoya, Kola Owonikoko, Adeolu Adeoye, Temidayo Bobo, Taiwo Akinloye, David Ama, Ebere Okoronkwo, Muhammad Mahmud, Jamiu Adebiyi, Temitope Babalola, Mansur Muhammad, Afeez Aruna, Maryrose Osazuwa, Ayodeji Yusuf, Isiaka Lawal, Bitrus Fidelis, Rephath Pius, Cyril Jomosu, Adebayo Adedayo, Abubakar Aliyu, Adaora Agholor, Abdullateef Abdulazeez, Chabiya Bala, Eziamaka Eze, Elizabeth Ani, Uchenna Okeke, Dominica Adebayo, Okechukwu Ekwunife, Victor Modekwe, Chuka Ugwunne, Chukwuemeka Okoro, Chisom Uche, Simeon Olateju, Fred Ige-Orhionkpaibima, Adedapo Adetoye, Olurotimi Aaron, Jeremiah Abimbola, Folayemi Faponle, Olumuyiwa Ajayeoba, Olusoji Jagun, Oluwabunmi Fatungase, Adeniyi Akiseku, Chigbundu Nwokoro, Ramotalai Shoyemi, Ibukunolu Ogundele, Nankat Joseph, Salihu Bura, Chukwuka Nwezoku, Manu Bwala, Meshach Philips, Abubakar Usman, Emmanuel Filibus, Zara Umate, Nwabuoke Chukwuka, Ahmed Nuhu, Watakiri Ibrahim, James Nggada, Ali Izge, Musa Ismail, Olayinka Eyelade, Tinuola Adigun, Babatunde Osinaike, Olayinka Ogunbode, Olusola Idowu, Taiwo Lawal, Temidayo Ogundiran, Olayiwola Shittu, Omobolaji Ayandipo, Stephen Edino, Zumnan Songden, Olumide Akitoye, Bissallah Ekele, Godwin Akaba, Terkaa Atim, Akitoye Adeleke, Owoicho Okochi, Sunday Akeju, Ernest Ukpoju, Osayomwanbo Osaheni, Ifunanya Obaseki, Lateef Kehinde, Osawemwenze Monday, Stanley Nte, Adesuwa Agboifo, Omajuwa Dawodu, Precious Orhiere, David Atiti, Queeneth Kalu, Felix Effiom, Israel Kolawole, Olawale Ojo, Afusat Olabinjo, Olufemi Ige, Beatrice Ogunyemi, Olusola Oladosu, Kikelomo Adesina, Sulaiman Agodirin, Asimiyu Shittu, Audu Idrisa, Sadiq Adamu, Nuhu Ali, Olayinka Adewunmi, Stephen Nwankwor, Akinwumi Olakanmi, Oluseye Ajayi, Ayotolu Ajayi, Victor Ogunmola, Oluwafunke Olakanmi, Adam Kuranga, Enoch Uche, Chukwuemeka Osuagwu, Chukwudi Ilo, Mesi Matthew, Uko Uko, Ngozi Mba, Olubusola Alagbe-Briggs, Amabra Dodiyi-Manuel, Bisola Onajin-Obembe, Bright Obasuyi, Richard Echem, Ihuoma Mike-Elechi, Job Otokwala, Mark Edubio, Catherine Eyo, Isaac Udo, Aliyu Abdulrahman, A.A. Abdullahi, Ibrahim Galadima Bello, Usman Adinoyin Mohammed, Abidemi Oyaromade, Mohammed Bello, Usman Muhammad, Emeri Mbah, Hyacinth Okereke, Almustapha Aminu, Anthony Ahmadu, Abu Rogers, Peter Samai, Sao Amara, Margaret Yankuba, Mary Josayah, Jayah Swarray Jnr, Alusine Dawo, Peter George, Mustapha Kabba, Mohamed Bah, Charles Mondeh, Ibrahim Kapuwa, Mohamed Sheku, Philip Mattia, Brima Sesay, Jones O.A. Omoshoro-Jones, Motselisi Mbeki, Estie Cloete, Philip Anderson, Busi Mrara, Annemarie Steyn, Tsakani Mhlari, Nic Proctor, Caroline Robertson, Gillian Lamacroft, Usha Singh, Sebenzile Sikhakhane, Kelly Gate, Shepherd Nzenza, John Tshimbalanga Kasonga, Sibongile Ndebele, Patrick Lufuta Kande, Jody Davids, Tino-vito Orlandi, Marischka de Jong, Hugo Stark, Francois Roodt, Jonathan Hall, Ian Nortje, Akanimo Akpakan, Vishendran Govindasamy, Ronisha Sathiram, Mohammad Kathrada, Zane Farina, Lucio Frittella, Charles Kohler, Sibuyiselwe Lubelwana, Sarwat Ikram-Hameed, Adriaan Smit, Muneerah Cassiem, Yvonne Freeman, Saaliha Goga, Larissa Cronje, Constantin Buzdugan, Subash Chirkut, Priyadeshni Singh, Sandhya Jithoo, Vivesh Rughubar, John Arnold, Rishan Bipath, Suman Mewa Kinoo, Ncumisa Khanyisa Msolo, Fleur Ackermans-Deijnen, Tshegofatso Mmasello Emma Boka, Martyn Biccard Greenwood, Shakthi Anand Jayrajh, Devarani Naidoo, Syndrini Reddy, Devandiran Harriraman Rungan, Kylene Subrayen, John Roos, Nina Tredoux, Pascal Plumacher, Anthony Reed, Harald Steinhaus, Mariesa Nock, Paul Ryan Herselman, Gareth Davies, Talitha Harvey, Franklin Muller, Willem Naude, Tania Pretorius, Johan Jochemus Swart, Merryn Walls, Prashant Gokal, Nicolette Rorke, Farzaana Dhoodhat, Precious Dzanibe, Mohammed Yusuf Hussain, Ashmita Junpath, Ameela Maharaj, Hylda Makanisi, Khalid Moosa, Ting Ting Wong, Sean Mould, Trisha Ramsamy, Roel Matos-Puig, Hayley Morgan, Nadeem Nabeebuccas, Ria Devi Naidoo, Viantha Pather, Vasheel Vasheel Bahadur, Renilda Pillay, Zahnne Fullerton, Nicole Bell, Bongisa Grey, Vincent Lorenzo Visentin, Hendrik Adriaan Van Zyl, Terri Anne Killingbeck, Emile Maneveldt, Gerhard Thiart, Magdelena May Venter, Oostewalt Swart, Mariette Grobelaar, Carel Cairns, David Bishop, Christien Steenkamp, Thandekile Khumalo, Noel Naidoo, Ross Murray, Martin Kopieniak, Melusi Sishange, Mxolisi Brian Ndimande, Megan Jaworska, Sarwat Ikram, Bence Rainier, Renier J. Liebenberg, Helena D. Zwiegers, Philip M. Nortje, Kamal Bhagwan, Margot Flint, Robert Dyer, Simone Adams, Yoshua Bwambale, Danny Ngomo, Patrice Kanku, Nivashen Pillay, Alexa de Castro, Atisha Maharaj, Janine Carim, Jenna Leigh Taylor, Karl M. Köhne, Leanne W. Drummond, Leanne Temlett, Lieze Geldenhuys, Yvonne Seilbea, Kathryn Naidoo, Nicola A. Kalafatis, Stefné Verwey, Thulile Biyase, Theroshnie Kisten, Belinda S. Kusel, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Richard Magagula, Christian Kampik, Kuzolunga Xulu, Sivuyisiwe Solala, Mia Sayed, Basil Enicker, Anil Madaree, Innocent Mukama, Gladmore Madombwe, Nonhlanhla Zulu, Nompumelelo Gasa, Nokuzula Kanjana, Sebenzile Buthelezi, Thembelihle Buthelezi, Andries Brink, Francois Potgieter, Busisiwe Mrara, Zaynab Alexander, Charles Choto, Paula Ima, Zintle Gxagxisa, Baphethuxolo Ningiza, Gillian Lamacraft, Jerome Mogorosi, Nadia du Plessis, Leonie de Man, Suné Thompson, Gerrit van Heerden, Edwin W. Turton, Pieter M. van der Linde, Josephine K. Teme-Pitse, Reitumetse Tladi, Gillian D. Saffy, Ene-Mari Roscher, Kristel Fortune, George Barnard, Tiisetso Makhasane, Evan Bowen, Akangcha Pal, Rachel Moore, Maria Fourtounas, Mary Augusta Adam, Renessa Arumugan, Gabriella Hyman, Jaclyn Jonosky, Maninginingi Makondo, Heveshan Moodley, Phillip Munda, Mzwandile Nyalungu, Victor Olusola, Sohan Zane Pinto, Tristan Pillay, Lucinda Singh, Paul Mwindekuma Wondoh, John Devar, Boitumelo Baloyi-Mnisi, Zach Koto, Matlou Ernest Mabitsela, Sibongile Ruth Ndlovu, Branny Mthelebofu, Colin Beck, Matthew Dold, Alice Fan, Shannon MacQueen, Thembani Matabata, Catherine Mpehle, Charné Kulenkampf, Tsakani McCreath Mhlari, Simangele Cecilia Nyoka-Mokgalong, Felix Thumba Masinge, Randhir Ramnath Gunpath, Maropeng Petrus Pat Mothwa, Jo-Anne Asenath Mothwa, Danai Mhlanga, Jamie-Lyn Colly, Aunel Mallier Peter, Khalid Ben Hameda, Pulane Mokae, Stella Josephine Moumakoe, Kelechi Ekeh, Nezingu Lengo, Marnus Booyens, Inge Louise Seale, Pieter Daniel Theron, Nicolaas Abraham Schuman, Amber Carlyn Sonn, Jacobus Lukas Stander, Nadia Cloete, Marius Cloete, Catherine Ann Makepeace, Ronel van der Westhuizen, Leanne Robyn Messiahs, Amy Ruth Visagie, Fatima Vawda, Frans Christiaan Voster, Deepika Dhilraj, Oliver Smith, Stefan Bolon, Daniel Montwedi, Motsilisi Mbeki, Jayde Wyngaard, Mthunzi Ngcelwane, Thomas Kleyenstuber, Phyllis Phukubye, Liesel Schärf, Grace Laker, Elizabeth Semenya, Reinhard Dembskey, Thomas Tarlton, Tapiwa Jiri, Ngoie Hubert Mushid, Nhlanhla Samuel Ngwenya, Hazel Morongoa Mogodi, Carmen Sinevici, Anthony Osarogie Usenbo, Naledi Fodo, Anesu Chimini, Ntetelelo Sikobi, Sinovuyo Nokwange, Mluleki Noqhamza, Qumba Thembisa, Kajake Anantha Padmanabha Bhat, Rabin Mathew, Katrin Middleton, Abdus-sami Adewunmi, Craig Dickson, Humairah Bulbulia, Bianka Bester, Michelle de Klerk, Christia Benade, Francois Viljoen, Monique Fischer, Khalid Alfaki, Abdalmalik Awad, Abdelsalam Algray, Mohammed Elsiddig, Suha Mohamed, Salih Mahmoud, Muhammed Osman, Asia Elgailany, Mazin Suliman, Hanaa Mohammed, Lina Aljeally, Mohammed Dirar, Mohammed Osman, Mazin Mohamed, Mohamed Elhasan, Abrar Widatalla, Abubakr Abubakr, Eman Mohamed, Alshareef Nour, Ntonto Doris Gama, Dolorosa Khetsiwe Shabangu, Cynthia Iradikunda, Samuel Mkoko, Paul Kisanga, Emmanuel Lema, Benson Lyimo, Mohamed Binde, Alphonce Chandika, Salim Salim, Sylvia Jumbe, Abel Makubi, Vihar Kotecha, Felician Kachinde, Museleta Nyakiroto, Emmanuel Jitambi, Venant Geofrey, Johaphes Josiah, Phinius Makubi, Frank Manumbu, Suzan Mlingwa, Ernest Ibenzi, Peter Mbelle, Kato Peleus, Enid Chiwanga, Nillah Richard, Shoo Leonard, Paulo Sanka, Subira Mushi, Bashir Nyangasa, Mohamed Janabi, Naizihijwa Majani, Pedro Palangyo, Evarist Nyawawa, William Ramadhan, Faraj Lydenge, Gileard Gabriel Masenga, Sakina Rashid, Mubashir Jusabani, Ansbert Ndebea, Jenitha Cheru, Margaret Henjewele, Greyson Kilimanjaro, Sarah Sikimata, Deocles Donatus, Hazina Maduhu, Tumaini Mariro, Given Massasi, Moshi Moshi Shabani, Braison Cholela, Marco Mgeleka, Yohatinus Mbilinyi, Faraja Chiwanga, Bilton Exavery, Caspar Haule, Samson Ndile, Sirili Harya, Julieth Magandi, Deogratius Manyama, Redempta Matindi, Adam Moshi, Daudi Kitwana, Merida Makia, Philip Muhochi, Miriam Herman, Clauda Miombo, Furaha Kahindo, Langtone Kishebuka, Elijah Ussiri, Gloria Kinasa, Patrick Adel, Eric Malaba, Vensesla Sakwari, Sadot Lugereka, Mohamed Mungia, George Mocha, Herman Wella, Cecilia Protas, Patrick Karua, Ahmada Kashagama, Faraja Mwasambugu, Suzana Kajeri, Jacquiline Mchilla, Elibariki Lucumay, Robert Maise, Amon Marti, Beatrice Mahundi, Frederika Jager, Charles Majani, Ludovick Rukeha, Tareeq Mohamed, Nabila Fuad, Winifrida Halinga, Elias Chrisant, Gilbert Msoma, Titus Kihwili, Gadiel Temu, Naima Yusuf, Rashid Saleh, Rashid Inoja, Eva Shang'a, Stella Ibrahim, Hussein Msuma, Edwin Edward, Paul Kilamile, Stephen Mwakyolile, Talkana Adja, Edem Gueouguede, Hafoudhoi Oussene Seddoh, Saliou Adam, Pilakimwe Egbohou, Mawunyo Ahomagnon, Olivier Kadjossou, Abdul-Bassiti Boukari, Mary T. Nabukenya, Ruth Muhindo, Peter Waswa, Peter Kaahwa Agaba, Daphne Kabatoro, Joseph Kayongo, Margaret Naggujja, Nabasiige Rehema, Phiona Nansubuga, Daniel Kavuma, Aggrey Lubikire, Hope Bisilikirwa, Godfrey Ssebaggala, Emmanuel Muwema, Humble Joan Agaba, John Kiconco, Nicholas Wataaka, Bonet Chan, Mary Juliet Nampawu, Fred Bulamba, Emmanuel Bua, Christine Mugala, Caroline Nyakato, John Paul Ochieng, Linda Kyomuhendo Jovia, George Kateregga, Rachel Alum, Lazia Najjuma, Gorret Nampiina, Andrew Kintu, Joshua Sempiira, Luzige Simon, Peter Kayima, Jacob Eyul, Erick Odwar, Rita Nkwine, Christine Namata, Elizabeth Nabakka, Denis Kakaire, Velda Mushangwe-Mtisi, Erisha Munhamo, Celestino Dhege, Juliet Hungwa, Hemish Jasi, Crispin Ntoto, Derek Matsika, Brightson Mutseyekwa, Joseph Zimbovoora, Beaulah Gudyanga, Dennis Mazingi, Chenesa Mbanje, Busisiwe Mlambo, Michael Chiwanga, Harunavamwe N. Chifamba, Sarudzai Zhou, Esta Hove, Shamiso Dende, Beauty Manjengwa, Penias Kapisa, null Mashava, Caritas Chiura, Locadia Katsukunya, Godfrey Muguti, Doreen Mashava, Elton Ndhlovu, Zanele Mangwangwa, and Nombulelo Dube
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Interprofessional Relations, media_common.quotation_subject, Psychological intervention, Fidelity, Postoperative Complications, Surveys and Questionnaires, Intervention (counseling), Humans, Medicine, Postoperative Period, Cooperative Behavior, Nursing management, media_common, Response rate (survey), business.industry, Standard of Care, Odds ratio, Hospitals, Confidence interval, Clinical trial, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Population Surveillance, Africa, Physical therapy, business
Abstract: Background The African Surgical OutcomeS-2 (ASOS-2) trial tested an enhanced postoperative surveillance intervention to reduce postoperative mortality in Africa. We undertook a concurrent evaluation to understand the process of intervention delivery. Methods Mixed-methods process evaluation, including field notes, interviews, and post-trial questionnaire responses. Qualitative analysis used the framework method with subsequent creation of comparative case studies, grouping hospitals by intervention fidelity. A post-trial questionnaire was developed using initial qualitative analyses. Categorical variables were summarised as count (%) and continuous variables as median (inter-quartile range [IQR]). Odds ratios (OR) were used to rank influences by impact on fidelity. Results The dataset included eight in-depth case studies, and 96 questionnaire responses (response rate 67%) plus intervention fidelity data for each trial site. Overall, 57% (n=55/96) of hospitals achieved intervention delivery using an inclusive definition of fidelity. Delivery of the ASOS-2 interventions and data collection presented a significant burden to the investigators, outstripping limited resources. The influences most associated with fidelity were: surgical staff enthusiasm for the trial (OR=3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–7.0); nursing management support of the trial (OR=2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6.5); performance of a dummy run (OR=2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6.1); nursing colleagues seeing the value of the intervention(s) (OR=2.1; 95% CI, 0.9–5.7); and site investigators' belief in the effectiveness of the intervention (OR=3.2; 95% CI, 1.2–9.4). Conclusions ASOS-2 has proved that coordinated interventional research across Africa is possible, but delivering the ASOS-2 interventions was a major challenge for many investigators. Future improvement science efforts must include better planning for intervention delivery, additional support to investigators, and promotion of strong inter-professional teamwork. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials gov NCT03853824.
Published: 2021
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46. Nutritional Status of Patients Co-Infected with TB/HIV During Tuberculosis Treatment at Conakry-Guinea UHC

Author: Lansana Mady Camara, Boubacar Diallo, Sidikiba Sidibé, Alioune Camara, Ibrahima Camara, Mamadou Saliou Sow, Ibrahima Kaba, and Nestor Niouma Leno
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis, business.industry, Internal medicine, medicine, Parasitology, Nutritional status, medicine.disease, business, Microbiology, Co infection
Abstract: Introduction: The aim was to assess weight gain during tuberculosis treatment in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV. Methods: Tuberculosis patients co-infected with HIV and undergoing tuberculosis treatment in the pneumophtisiology and infectious and tropical diseases departments of the CHU in Conakry were included. Results: 562 patients were included, with a mean age of 35.6±11.3 years, and 52.5% were women. The average Body Mass Index [BMI] at baseline was 17.8 3.3 kg/m2. 71.5% of patients had a favorable result and 28.5% had an unfavorable result [death, abandonment]. Healed and lost patients gained an average of 2.6 kg and 0.1 kg respectively. Deceased patients lost an average of 3.6 kg. The weight variations of the cured patients were different from those of the deceased [p < 0.001]. A weight gain of 5% after 6 months of treatment was associated with the treatment site [OR=3.81; 95% CI 1.08 to 13.45], alcohol consumption [OR=10.33; 95% CI 1.20 to 89.16], malnutrition before treatment [OR=2.72; 95% CI 1.43 to 5.17] and the form of tuberculosis [OR=3.27; 95% CI 1.15 to 9.33]. Conclusion: Newly diagnosed patients co-infected with TB-HIV at Conakry's CHU are often malnourished. Weight gain during treatment seems to be a reliable indicator of the overall response to treatment.
Published: 2021
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47. Machine learning approaches to testing institutional hypotheses: the case of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001)

Author: Boubacar Diallo
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Economics and Econometrics, business.industry, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Gross domestic product, Test (assessment), Identification (information), Mathematics (miscellaneous), Standard error, Expropriation, Property rights, Economics, Artificial intelligence, business, Robustness (economics), computer, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Test data
Abstract: In their seminal 2001 work, Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (AJR) argued that institutions influence economic development, using the logarithm of settler mortality as an instrument to establish a causal effect. A number of economists and other social scientists have challenged this work in terms of both data and identification strategy. Some of those criticisms concerned the IV estimated coefficients and standard errors, which were nearly twice as large as the OLS coefficients and standard errors. The research uses machine learning to test the robustness of AJR’s findings. Using the AJR dataset, which I randomly divide into training data and testing data, I am able to predict the average protection against expropriation risk from settler mortality. These predicted values of property rights protection are then regressed on per capita GDP growth. The results indicate a strong and positive effect of property rights protection on growth, consistent with AJR’s earlier results. Moreover, the use of machine learning to obtain institutional values yields estimates close to the OLS estimates, unlike AJR. Removing African countries and Neo-European countries, such as Canada, Australia, USA, and New Zealand, does not alter the sign and significance of the coefficient of interest. These results suggest that machine learning can be helpful to economists facing data issues.
Published: 2021
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48. Enhanced postoperative surveillance versus standard of care to reduce mortality among adult surgical patients in Africa (ASOS-2): a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Author: Bruce M Biccard, Leon du Toit, Maia Lesosky, Tim Stephens, Landon Myer, Agya BA Prempeh, Nicola Vickery, Hyla-Louise Kluyts, Alexandra Torborg, Akinyinka Omigbodun, Adesoji Ademuyiwa, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elfagieh, Bernard Mbwele, Mpoki Ulisubisya, Lazaro Mboma, Daniel Z Ashebir, Mahlet Tesfaye Bahta, Mohammed Hassen, Mikiyas Teferi, Yakob Seman, Eugene Zoumenou, Adam Hewitt-Smith, Janat Tumukunde, Dolly Munlemvo, Atilio Morais, Apollo Basenero, Pisirai Ndarukwa, Nazinigouba Ouerdraogo, Maman Sani Chaibou, Mohyeddine Zarouf, Ahmed Rhassane El Adib, Veekash Gobin, Zimogo Sanogo, Youssouf Coulibaly, Zipporah Ngumi, Tarig Fadalla, Cynthia Iradukunda, Vénérand Barendegere, Isaac O Smalle, Mustapha Bittaye, Ahmadou Lamin Samateh, Mahmoud Elfiky, Maher Fawzy, Wakisa Mulwafu, Vanessa Msosa, Lygia Lopes, Akwasi Antwi-Kusi, Hamza D Sama, Patrice Forget, Dawid van Straaten, Rupert M Pearse, Marichen Puchert, Lucy Rolt, Kris Schwebler, Freddy Kabambi, Tebogo Mabotja, Leandys Cobas, Albino Freitas, Maria Antunes, Bartolomeu Cabo, Domingos Paulo, Carlos Camongua, Yvette Avognon, Osseni Marcos, Raymond Kintomonho, Onesime Demahou, Gisèle Hounsa, Hugues Chobli, Elie Fassinou, Aurore Zoglobossou, Blaise Tchaou, Charles Tchegnonsi, Fifame Amadji, Francine Bossa, Ernest Ahounou, Djima Alao, Roushdane Odérémi, Afissatou Montairou, Oswald Gbehade, Romaric Tobome, Adam Boukari, Patrick Bakantieba, Arouna Sambo, Fanou Lionelle, Nounagnon Gilbert, Julien Attinon, Roger Klikpezo, Aumar Dadjo, Dénis Fanou, Gilberte Hounkpe, Bachabi Fafana, Néné Nguilu, Bodourin Dossou-Yovo, Chantal Segla, Mohamed Toko, Evelyne Gnele-Dedewanou, Michel Noukounwoui, Ethienne Yado, Timothé Gouroubéra, Valéry Adjignon, Serge Mewanou, Aïcha Tchomgang, Urielle Agossou, Fernand Soton, Charbel Azanlin, Lidwine Zomahoun, Rawéléguinbasba Armel Flavien Kabore, Salam Savadogo, Fatou Fleur Rosine Sanou, Farid Belém, Victoria Hien, Cheik Tidiane Hafid W Bougouma, Sie Ahmed Ouattara, Mariam Bambara Kabore, Ouedraogo Nazinigouba, Papougnezambo Bonkoungou, Martin Lankoandé, Mireille Traoré, Patrick Sawadogo, Inès Wenmenga, Boureima Kinda, André Simporé, Christian Sapo, Salah Idriss Traore, Haoua Dipama, Lydie WR Kaboré, Salifou Napon, Télesphore G Kaboré, Arouna Louré, Pélagie PP Tondé, Christian Zoundi, Harouna Sanou, Remy Ndikumana, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Gregory Sund, Alliance Niyukuri, Axel Kwizera, Jean-Claude Niyondiko, Adolphe Manzanza Kilembe, Jean Pierre Mwema Ilunga, Nehema Hailemariam Sarah, Gabriel Mubobo Makeya, Idesbald Mwebe Mwepu, Ted Botawaosenge Likongo, Richard Kapela Mvwala, Raphael Nzau Kapend Mubunda, Noellie Kanka Mukuna, Julie Djondo Pembe, Nicolas Lumuanga Ndaye, Eric Bibonge Amisi, Mike Ilunga Madika, Joe Kembo Lungela, Didier Ndonda Mayemba, Philomene Mamba Diyoyo, Alex Mbo Ngalala, Martin Mamba Mukenga, Patricia Tito Kabuni, Dany Bolimo Mpoto, Herve Inesnku Mole, Louise Keby, Oria Andavo Buti, Anselme Phaka, Belinda Mayenge, Jean Jeacques Kabuley Kalongo, Timothe Kemfuni Mawisa, Rodrigue Tondo Ngwizani, Kuyala Leya, Dieudonne Kisile Sanduku, Timothe Nkemfuni Mawisa, Coco Nseke Mfumu, Mbuta Bolenge, Desire Kinzenzengu Kabuce, Patrick Kintieti, Amelia Mbuluku, Vicky Mahuwa, Tharcice Khonde Mabiala, Guilain Ngoy, Patrick Boloko, Nono Mazangama Mvwama, Jose Kengbanda, Pitchou Mushimbonga, Blaise Kuhapala, Nzosani Marcel, Kienze Guylain, Gerard Mboma, Sandra Zalambo Sagboze, Michel Muteya Manika, Jean Pierre Mumbere Kigayi, Roger Mukanire Cishugi, Placide Buhendwa Mugisho, Roger Baguma, Moïse Kongolo, Michel Mandungu Mbayabu, Crispin Mukendi Muamba, Edmond Banema Kapinga, Vasco Ngolela Kapinga, Guylain Tshimanga Nsumpi, Patrick Kanda Odia, Salomon Bingidimi, Gilbert Kpengbemale, Desire Hubert Bofunga Bosonga Imposo, Patricia Matondo, Servet Lelo, Jeremie Kalambayi, Mohamed Abdel-Ghaffar, Abdelrahman Soliman, Mostafa Abdelrahman, Sameh Shehata, Alia Rabee, Mohamed Abou Heba, Mohamed Rabei Abdelfattah, Tamer Ahmed Maher Ghoniem, Sherif M.K. Shehata, Mohamed Lotfy, Ahmed ElHaddad, Bereket Gebremeskel, Girmay Fisseha, Mebrahtu Abay, Degena Bahrey, Assefa Hika, Abdurezak Ali, Kindie Moges, Jemal Ahmed, Desalegn Abdisa, Abebe Megersa, Wendwosen Abayne, Haftom Berhane, Reiye Esayas, Fitsum Kifle, Kokeb Desita, Abebe Addise, Dagim Shimelash, Shitalem Tadesse, Bezaye Zemedkun, Peniel Kenna, Ayenew Yirdie, Abinet Sisay, Tebikew Gashu, Fassil Mihretu, Yesuf Ahmed, Bekele Debebe, Abdureuf Misgea, Amare Agmas, Rahel Assefa, Abdurahman Gelmo, Seifu Alemu, Brook Damtachew, Merid Mersha, Yaekob Chemere, Samuel Fekadu, Sintayehu Regasa, Bonsa Sileshi, Desalegn Wosen, Rebira Adamu, Gersam Mulugeta, Teshome Bacha, Zewude Gudisa, Kebebe Bekele, Alelign Tasew, Habtamu Gezahegn, Daniel Atlaw, Damtew Solomon, Habtemariam Gebresillasie, Girmaye Tesfaye, Negussie Sarbecha, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Kenbon Seyoum, Gemechu Ganfure, Yohannes Tekalegn, Gosa Tesfaye, Temesgen Ayichew, Shibiru Sendaba, Musefa Redwan, Eyasu Muse, Girma Nina, Bizuneh Sime, Addisalem Tadege, Anbesse Jima, Nugusu Ayalew, Dagmawi Workneh, Daniel Teferi, Momodou T Nyassi, Landing N Sanyang, Omar Jallow, Abdoulie Keita, Kitabu Jammeh, Charles Roberts, Patrick Idoko, Kebba Marenah, Masirending Njie, Musa Marena, Karamba Suwareh, Simon Boissey, Fatoumatta Jarjusey, Awa Jah, Awa Sanyang, Dado Jabbi, Kajali Camara, Armando Correa, John Jabang, Lamin Jaiteh, Lamin Dampha, Aminata Manneh, Baboucarr Sowe, Abdoulie Bah, Edrisa Jawo, Victoria Okoje, Momodou Baro, Yaya Bah, Mustapha Njie, Sainabou Mbowe, Ebrima Kanteh, Sarjo Ceesay, Alagie Manneh, Evans Atito-Narh, Adwoa Wilson, Romeo Hussey, Emmanuel Okine, Jemima Kwarteng, Ridge Ntiamoah, Samuel Dadzie, Mark Aseti, Naa Sowah, Akosua Appiah, Charles Bankah, Patrick Mburugu, Thomas Chokwe, Patrick Olang, Vernon Gacii, Susane Nabulindo, Antony Gatheru, Timothy Mwiti, Caroline Mwangi, Julius Muriithi, Daniel Ojuka, Omondi Ogutu, Evans Masitara, Mohamed Chaudhry, Reuben Kamundi, Annmarie Kangangi, Thomas Massaquoi, Stephen Takow, Felister Moraa, Aziz Munubi, Moses Kimani, Adili Wobenjo, Linda Nguu, Vincent Omeddo, Rose Malaba, Ambrose Nabwana, Anita Mwancha, Alexandria Mugaa, John Wamwaki, Joyce Chege, Seymour Sinari, Andrew Ndonga, Rose Shitsinzi, Walter Akello, Winfred Kimani, Elisha Kirwa, Seno Saruni, Andrew Wainaina, Ernest Nshom, Aidah Kenseko, Kizito Shisanya, Purity Wanjiru, Julliah Cherotich, Judy Kimutai, Benson Wahome, Grace Wangui, Dennis Wamalwa, Stephen Mwangi, John Chege, Tabitha Wanjiku, Carolyne Njoki, Wachira Waititu, Conrad Ambani, Samuel Murimi, Sharon Waithira, Nilson Mouti, Collins Kibet, John Kibet, Virginia Sokobe, Beatrice Jeymah, Antony Kamadi, Faith Gichuri, Steve Moses, David Wasike, Favours Adeya, Caesar Bitta, Stephen Ogendo, Killian Kariuki, Hdaya BenAbdalla, Taha Suliaman, Fatima Ali Abokhzam, Mohaned Isa, Mohammed Huwaysh, Asma Bourawi, Kais Alzubaidy, Mohammed Albaraesi, Sumayyah Bahroun, Abdulmueti Alhadi, Ahmed Msherghi, Amira Mohamed, Ala Khaled, Nouran 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Stander, Nadia Cloete, Marius Cloete, Catherine Ann Makepeace, Ronel van der Westhuizen, Leanne Robyn Messiahs, Amy Ruth Visagie, Fatima Vawda, Frans Christiaan Voster, Deepika Dhilraj, Oliver Smith, Stefan Bolon, Daniel Montwedi, Motsilisi Mbeki, Jayde Wyngaard, Mthunzi Ngcelwane, Thomas Kleyenstuber, Phyllis Phukubye, Liesel Schärf, Grace Laker, Elizabeth Semenya, Reinhard Dembskey, Thomas Tarlton, Tapiwa Jiri, Ngoie Hubert Mushid, Nhlanhla Samuel Ngwenya, Hazel Morongoa Mogodi, Carmen Sinevici, Anthony Osarogie Usenbo, Naledi Fodo, Anesu Chimini, Ntetelelo Sikobi, Sinovuyo Nokwange, Mluleki Noqhamza, Qumba Thembisa, Kajake Anantha Padmanabha Bhat, Rabin Mathew, Katrin Middleton, Abdus-sami Adewunmi, Craig Dickson, Humairah Bulbulia, Bianka Bester, Michelle de Klerk, Christia Benade, Francois Viljoen, Monique Fischer, Khalid Alfaki, Abdalmalik Awad, Abdelsalam Algray, Mohammed Elsiddig, Suha Mohamed, Salih Mahmoud, Muhammed Osman, Asia Elgailany, Mazin Suliman, Hanaa Mohammed, Lina Aljeally, Mohammed Dirar, Mohammed Osman, Mazin Mohamed, Mohamed Elhasan, Abrar Widatalla, Abubakr Abubakr, Eman Mohamed, Alshareef Nour, Ntonto Doris Gama, Dolorosa Khetsiwe Shabangu, Cynthia Iradikunda, Samuel Mkoko, Paul Kisanga, Emmanuel Lema, Benson Lyimo, Mohamed Binde, Alphonce Chandika, Salim Salim, Sylvia Jumbe, Abel Makubi, Vihar Kotecha, Felician Kachinde, Museleta Nyakiroto, Emmanuel Jitambi, Venant Geofrey, Johaphes Josiah, Phinius Makubi, Frank Manumbu, Suzan Mlingwa, Ernest Ibenzi, Peter Mbelle, Kato Peleus, Enid Chiwanga, Nillah Richard, Shoo Leonard, Paulo Sanka, Subira Mushi, Bashir Nyangasa, Mohamed Janabi, Naizihijwa Majani, Pedro Palangyo, Evarist Nyawawa, William Ramadhan, Faraj Lydenge, Gileard Gabriel Masenga, Sakina Rashid, Mubashir Jusabani, Ansbert Ndebea, Jenitha Cheru, Margaret Henjewele, Greyson Kilimanjaro, Sarah Sikimata, Deocles Donatus, Hazina Maduhu, Tumaini Mariro, Given Massasi, Moshi Moshi Shabani, Braison Cholela, Marco Mgeleka, Yohatinus Mbilinyi, Faraja Chiwanga, Bilton Exavery, Caspar Haule, Samson Ndile, Sirili Harya, Julieth Magandi, Deogratius Manyama, Redempta Matindi, Adam Moshi, Daudi Kitwana, Merida Makia, Philip Muhochi, Miriam Herman, Clauda Miombo, Furaha Kahindo, Langtone Kishebuka, Elijah Ussiri, Gloria Kinasa, Patrick Adel, Eric Malaba, Vensesla Sakwari, Sadot Lugereka, Mohamed Mungia, George Mocha, Herman Wella, Cecilia Protas, Patrick Karua, Ahmada Kashagama, Faraja Mwasambugu, Suzana Kajeri, Jacquiline Mchilla, Elibariki Lucumay, Robert Maise, Amon Marti, Beatrice Mahundi, Frederika Jager, Charles Majani, Ludovick Rukeha, Tareeq Mohamed, Nabila Fuad, Winifrida Halinga, Elias Chrisant, Gilbert Msoma, Titus Kihwili, Gadiel Temu, Naima Yusuf, Rashid Saleh, Rashid Inoja, Eva Shang'a, Stella Ibrahim, Hussein Msuma, Edwin Edward, Paul Kilamile, Stephen Mwakyolile, Talkana Adja, Edem Gueouguede, Hafoudhoi Oussene Seddoh, Saliou Adam, Pilakimwe Egbohou, Mawunyo Ahomagnon, Olivier Kadjossou, Abdul-Bassiti Boukari, Mary T Nabukenya, Ruth Muhindo, Peter Waswa, Peter Kaahwa Agaba, Daphne Kabatoro, Joseph Kayong, Margaret Naggujja, Nabasiige Rehema, Phiona Nansubuga, Daniel Kavuma, Aggrey Lubikire, Hope Bisilikirwa, Godfrey Ssebaggala, Emmanuel Muwema, Humble Joan Agaba, John Kiconco, Nicholas Wataaka, Bonet Chan, Mary Juliet Nampawu, Fred Bulamba, Emmanuel Bua, Christine Mugala, Caroline Nyakato, John Paul Ochieng, Linda Kyomuhendo Jovia, George Kateregga, Rachel Alum, Lazia Najjuma, Gorret Nampiina, Andrew Kintu, Joshua Sempiira, Luzige Simon, Peter Kayima, Jacob Eyul, Erick Odwar, Rita Nkwine, Christine Namata, Elizabeth Nabakka, Denis Kakaire, Velda Mushangwe-Mtisi, Erisha Munhamo, Celestino Dhege, Juliet Hungwa, Hemish Jasi, Crispin Ntoto, Derek Matsika, Brightson Mutseyekwa, Joseph Zimbovoora, Beaulah Gudyanga, Dennis Mazingi, Chenesa Mbanje, Busisiwe Mlambo, Michael Chiwanga, Harunavamwe N Chifamba, Sarudzai Zhou, Esta Hove, Shamiso Dende, Beauty Manjengwa, Penias Kapisa, null Mashava, Caritas Chiura, Locadia Katsukunya, Godfrey Muguti, Doreen Mashava, Elton Ndhlovu, Zanele Mangwangwa, and Nombulelo Dube
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Standard of care, business.industry, Psychological intervention, MEDLINE, Standard of Care, General Medicine, Articles, Hospitals, Hospitalization, Intervention (counseling), Relative risk, Emergency medicine, Africa, medicine, Humans, In patient, Female, Cluster randomised controlled trial, Postoperative Period, business, Surgical patients
Abstract: Summary Background Risk of mortality following surgery in patients across Africa is twice as high as the global average. Most of these deaths occur on hospital wards after the surgery itself. We aimed to assess whether enhanced postoperative surveillance of adult surgical patients at high risk of postoperative morbidity or mortality in Africa could reduce 30-day in-hospital mortality. Methods We did a two-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial of hospitals (clusters) across Africa. Hospitals were eligible if they provided surgery with an overnight postoperative admission. Hospitals were randomly assigned through minimisation in recruitment blocks (1:1) to provide patients with either a package of enhanced postoperative surveillance interventions (admitting the patient to higher care ward, increasing the frequency of postoperative nursing observations, assigning the patient to a bed in view of the nursing station, allowing family members to stay in the ward, and placing a postoperative surveillance guide at the bedside) for those at high risk (ie, with African Surgical Outcomes Study Surgical Risk Calculator scores ≥10) and usual care for those at low risk (intervention group), or for all patients to receive usual postoperative care (control group). Health-care providers and participants were not masked, but data assessors were. The primary outcome was 30-day in-hospital mortality of patients at low and high risk, measured at the participant level. All analyses were done as allocated (by cluster) in all patients with available data. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03853824 . Findings Between May 3, 2019, and July 27, 2020, 594 eligible hospitals indicated a desire to participate across 33 African countries; 332 (56%) were able to recruit participants and were included in analyses. We allocated 160 hospitals (13 275 patients) to provide enhanced postoperative surveillance and 172 hospitals (15 617 patients) to provide standard care. The mean age of participants was 37·1 years (SD 15·5) and 20 039 (69·4%) of 28 892 patients were women. 30-day in-hospital mortality occurred in 169 (1·3%) of 12 970 patients with mortality data in the intervention group and in 193 (1·3%) of 15 242 patients with mortality data in the control group (relative risk 0·96, 95% CI 0·69–1·33; p=0·79). 45 (0·2%) of 22 031 patients at low risk and 309 (5·6%) of 5500 patients at high risk died. No harms associated with either intervention were reported. Interpretation This intervention package did not decrease 30-day in-hospital mortality among surgical patients in Africa at high risk of postoperative morbidity or mortality. Further research is needed to develop interventions that prevent death from surgical complications in resource-limited hospitals across Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists. Translations For the Arabic, French and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Published: 2021

49. Fade Slope Analysis of Ka-Band LEO Satellite Links.

Author: Weiwen Liu, Boubacar Diallo, and David G. Michelson
Published: 2007
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50. New Efficient Algorithm for Modeling Partial and Complete Gene Transfer Scenarios.

Author: Vladimir Makarenkov, Alix Boc, Charles F. Delwiche, Alpha Boubacar Diallo, and Hervé Philippe
Published: 2006
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