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Center clamp forming method has been applied to avoid wrinkles in the press forming of a rectangular cup with bottom edge trimming using a continuous woven carbon fiber-reinforced plastic plate. Trimming of a bottom edge during forming is a convenient method to obtain smooth bottom without any other successive process. But it closes the die profile that may cause fiber wrinkle. By the center clamp forming compared with free forming, it is confirmed that this is one of the methods to achieve smooth top flat surface of the cup without wrinkles. Monitoring pressure using pressure sensors elucidated pressure application process during the press forming and cooling process. Difference of the pressure holding time in the cooling process was observed between the pressure on the side plate and that on the top flat plate. Sliding descent during the cooling under constant load indicated the solidification finishing time of the thermoplastic resin.

Results of experimental investigation of adiabatic motion of a water–air flow in a short vertical tube with the underfeed of phases and the injection feed of water have been presented. It has been shown that the size of the gap between the bottom edge of the tube and the level of liquid in the apparatus casing has a decisive influence on the regime of flow. Conditions for the occurrence of characteristic hydrodynamic regimes, and also the heat loss in the active zone of a contact-apparatus model have been determined.

Contaminated coring tools may transfer bacteria to iceberg lettuce. The efficiency of coring tool design modifications in reducing bacterial transfer to lettuce heads was evaluated under simulated field operations. The standard coring tool consists of a stainless steel cylindrical tube welded to a tab that is inserted into a plastic handle. Design modifications included removal of the welded portion, incorporation of a shorter front straight bottom edge, or an angled bottom edge toward the front. In the first study, coring tools of four different designs were inoculated by dipping in a tryptic soy broth (TSB) suspension that contained 8.85 Log CFU/mL of Escherichia coli K-12 and then were used to core 100 lettuce heads, consecutively. Use of the standard tool resulted in 91% ± 9% positive lettuce heads. Removing the welded surface from the standard tool resulted in the highest reduction of E. coli transfer (44% ± 11.9% positive lettuce heads, P < 0.05), whereas incorporation of a short front straight edge with no welding resulted in 65.6% ± 5.6% of the cored lettuce heads being positive for E. coli. Removal of the welded surface resulted in a 40% decrease in E. coli contamination among the last 20 cored lettuce heads (81 to 100), which indicates that coring tool design modifications resulted in reduced cross-contamination. In the second study, the transfer of Salmonella to coring tools after their immersion in rinsing solutions was evaluated using imaging. The tools were dip inoculated for 2 min in water, water with lettuce extract, or TSB containing 7 Log CFU/mL bioluminescent Salmonella Newport; they were then imaged to observe spatial distribution of bacteria. There was greater retention and spatial distribution of Salmonella on the surface of tools immersed in water containing lettuce extract than in TSB and water. The results of the second study indicate that rinsing solutions that contain lettuce particulate and organic load could facilitate cross-contamination of Salmonella Newport to tool surfaces.

Soiling of photovoltaic (PV) modules, especially non-uniform soiling, can lead to PV power loss. For example, soiling bands at the bottom edge of framed modules are caused by the accumulation of water and dirt at a lower tilt angle. However, few studies have investigated this issue. In this study, industrial and commercial metal rooftop PV power stations in central and eastern China were investigated, with a focus in Xi’an and Kaifeng cities. The results show that (1) soiling bands were widespread, even in Guangzhou city, where annual rainfall is approximately 1,800 mm; (2) soiling bands were found during every month in Xi’an city, even from July to September when heavy rainfall occurs frequently; (3) three types of soiling bands were observed on modules (rectangular, transverse trapezoidal, and triangular), with double triangular, arch, and shallow U-shape types also being observed in landscape-oriented modules; (4) the mean relative difference of the maximum direct current due to soiling bands between one maximum power point tracking system and its control from June 19 to October 2, 2019 in Kaifeng city was approximately 4.7%.

Plants require adequate nutrient content for a total as well as natural life cycle. Six macronutrients, such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and magnesium are essential for the natural and healthy rise of plants. Regular activities with a lack of nutrients in plants lead to transportation difficulties and ultimately affect crop. Plants show a definite lack of nutrient on their leaves with notable differences in pattern. Our research suggested is to provide an automated and economically viable method for detecting defects nutritional conditions. Our system uses helpful information to forecast performance of crops. The dataset for deficient leaves and healthy leaves develop with the help of the RGB Color Extraction Analysis Technique, Disclosure of texture in real time, Identification of bottom edge, etc. This dataset will allow supervised machine learning to predict and identify accurate shortages of vitamins and healthy plants to prohibit growth rates.

The use of face masks by the general population during viral outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, although at times controversial, has been effective in slowing down the spread of the virus. The fit of simple cloth masks on the face as well as the resulting perimeter leakage and face mask efficacy are expected to be highly dependent on the type of mask and facial topology. However, this effect has to date, not been examined and quantified. Here, we study the leakage of a rectangular cloth mask on a large virtual population of subjects with diverse facial features, using computational mechanics modeling. The effect of weight, age, gender, and height on the leakage is studied. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended mask size was used as a basis for comparison and was found not to be the most effective design for all subjects. Thin, feminine, and young faces benefit from mask sizes smaller than that recommended by the CDC. The results show that side-edge tuck-in of the masks could lead to a larger localized gap opening in many face categories, and is therefore not recommended for all. The perimeter leakage from the face mask worn by thin/feminine faces is mostly from the leakage area along the bottom edge of the mask and therefore, a tuck-in of the bottom edge of the mask or a mask smaller than the CDC recommended mask size are proposed as a more effective design. The leakage from the top edge of the mask is determined to be largely unaffected by mask size and tuck-in ratio, meaning that other mechanical alterations such as a nose wire strip are necessary to reduce the leakage at this site.

Six antennas placed on the short edges of the metal-framed smartphone for the long-term evolution (LTE) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) operation are presented. The six-antenna structure comprises three antennas placed on the top edge of the smartphone and three antennas placed on the bottom edge thereof. The three antennas on the bottom edge are identical to those on the top edge. Each three-antenna structure consists of one inverted-F antenna (IFA) that covers the LTE low band (LB) in 698–960 MHz and two open-slot antennas (OSAs) that cover the LTE middle/high bands (M/HB) in 1710–2690 MHz. The three-antenna structure is compactly integrated, with the IFA placed between two OSAs, to fit in one short edge of the smartphone. In addition, the presence of the IFA is able to decrease the mutual coupling between two OSAs in the LTE M/HB. Furthermore, two IFAs at opposite short edges can also show good decoupling to have decreased envelope correlation coefficients in the LTE LB. The six antennas at two short edges can, therefore, achieve good performances for $2\times 2$ LTE LB MIMO and $4\times 4$ LTE M/HB MIMO operations.

Nycticebus coucang had the closely related to their habitat. The observation research to determine using of (1) forest stratum, (2) substrate space (3) canopy space (4) vegetation types and (4) daily behavior of N.coucang in Protected Forest KPHL Batutegi Block Kalijernih, Tanggamus Lampung, February-May 2014, used the explore, one zero sampling and rapid assessment method s . The results of the 60 days observation was found 50 hours N.coucang behavior observed for a total of 3652 data, N.coucang used (1) forest floor (57%), understory layer (42 ,7 %), canopy layer (0,2%) , (2) A substrate (4,3%), B substrate (13%), C substrate (43,7%), D substrate (38 ,3 %), E substrate (0,4%) and F substrate (0,08%) , (3) middle (24,6%) , top middle (16,7%) , middle down (14,7%), middle edge (20,8% ), top edge (13,4%) , bottom edge (0,9 %) , (4) vegetation type are stake (46,2%), pole (33,6%) and tree (20%) , (5) to did d aily behavior are travelling (56 ,7 %), feeding ( 7,5 %), forage ( 25,9 %), grooming (5,7%), active (3,6%), inactive (0,2%), and defecating (0,02% . Keywords : Selection and space using of forest, Nycticebus coucang, KPHL Batutegi

In this article, a cutting forces model for micro flat end milling is developed by regarding tool run-out or eccentric and tilt deviation of tool path as well as the effect of bottom edge cutting. ...

Megathrust earthquakes tend to be confined to fault areas locked in the interseismic period and often rupture them only partially. For example, during the 2015 M7.8 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal, a slip pulse propagating along strike unzipped the bottom edge of the locked portion of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). The lower edge of the rupture produced dominant high-frequency (>1 Hz) radiation of seismic waves. We show that similar partial ruptures occur spontaneously in a simple dynamic model of earthquake sequences. The fault is governed by standard laboratory-based rate-and-state friction with the aging law and contains one homogenous velocity-weakening (VW) region embedded in a velocity-strengthening (VS) area. Our simulations incorporate inertial wave-mediated effects during seismic ruptures (they are thus fully dynamic) and account for all phases of the seismic cycle in a self-consistent way. Earthquakes nucleate at the edge of the VW area and partial ruptures tend to stay confined within this zone of higher prestress, producing pulse-like ruptures that propagate along strike. The amplitude of the high-frequency sources is enhanced in the zone of higher, heterogeneous stress at the edge of the VW area.

For a toroid-shaped end-milling cutter to have multi-structure features of tooth offset center and introversion of bottom edge, this article proposes a generalized parametric modeling method of the bottom edge, including a straight edge segment and a circular arc edge segment. And based on the parametric model, this article also deduces the corresponding tool path for grinding of the bottom edge’s rake and flank faces. The parametric modeling method is based on the geometric analytic equations while the grinding method is driven by the proposed parametric model and the parameters of rake and flank faces. The two methods can be applied to a bottom edge of a cutter with multi-structure features to guarantee G1 continuity at the two joints for connecting a circular arc edge with a straight edge and a conical helix edge, respectively. In order to verify the accuracy of proposed methods, experiments were carried out. The modeling and grinding experimental results verified the accuracy and utility of the methods.

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Maritime vessels equipped with visible and infrared cameras can complement other conventional sensors for object detection. However, application of computer vision techniques in maritime domain received attention only recently. The maritime environment offers its own unique requirements and challenges. Assessment of the quality of detections is a fundamental need in computer vision. However, the conventional assessment metrics suitable for usual object detection are deficient in the maritime setting. Thus, a large body of related work in computer vision appears inapplicable to the maritime setting at the first sight. We discuss the problem of defining assessment metrics suitable for maritime computer vision. We consider new bottom edge proximity metrics as assessment metrics for maritime computer vision. These metrics indicate that existing computer vision approaches are indeed promising for maritime computer vision and can play a foundational role in the emerging field of maritime computer vision.

To reduce condensation and ensure occupant comfort, the Korean Design Standard for Preventing Condensation in Apartment Buildings was enacted in 2014. However, glazing edges remain vulnerable to condensation. Because this design standard is recent, few window products satisfy the condensation resistance requirement for glazing edges, especially in the coldest region, and there have been limited investigations on improvement measures. This study evaluates and verifies various treatments for improving the glazing edge thermal resistance of double-glazed four-track horizontal sliding windows to reduce condensation risk and satisfy the design standard. Three-dimensional heat transfer simulations are performed for each alternative to obtain the surface temperature and temperature difference ratio (TDR) for the bottom edge of the glazing. The U-factors of the alternatives satisfying the required TDR for the coldest region are simulated, and the effects of increased local thermal resistance in the glazing edge on the U-factor of the window are analyzed. Mock-up tests are performed on the most economical and best-performing alternatives satisfying the coldest region TDR, and the TDRs and U-factors from the simulations and mock-up tests are compared to verify the performance of the most economical alternative. Insulating spacers, frame extensions, and low-emissivity coatings are effective in various cases.

The present study encompasses the traditional fishing method of cast net practiced in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Cast net without central line and without pockets were made up of 3 to 6 panels joined together vertically by take up ratios to form main conical webbing. PA monofilament having diameter of 0.5 to 1.3 mm was commonly used for construction of main webbing of cast net. Two rows of selvedge meshes of PA multifilament of 210 D×3×3 were provided at bottom edge of the net. Selvedge was absent at the apex end of the net. For all panels of main webbing and for selvedge section, mesh size varied from 20 to 40 mm. At apex, all meshes were closed together and were tied to the pulling chord which was made up of PP twisted multifilament rope of 3 to 4 mm diameter and 4 to 7 m in length. For first three panels, joining of the panels was carried out by 1:2 ratio by making knot locally called as Vasan. From panel number 4 to 6 the ratio was maintained as 2:3. The total depth of net varied from 3 to 5 m. PP twisted multifilament rope of 18 to 26 m in length having diameter of 3 to 5 cm was used as sinker line to which oval shaped lead sinkers having 3 to 4 mm diameter and 180 to 225 in numbers were tied at 12 to 16 cm interval. The fish species harvested by the cast net were mullet, lady fish, silver biddies, glass fish, shrimp and crabs.

The main topic of this paper is finite element analysis of 4-point loaded glulam beams which contain different types of flaws. There were modeled four types of beams. First type was the beam without a flaw, second was the beam with a central crack in the middle of span located at the bottom edge of the beam, third model of beams contained also the central crack but this crack was located 20 mm above the edge and the last model contained a hole in the middle of the span as simulation of a knot. These models were performed and analyzed in ANSYS. Task was considered as two dimensional. There were compared values of stress in different types of beam's models.

Requirements stated in regulatory documents are discussed with respect to determining deformations in beds of vertical steel cylindrical tanks used to store oil and oil products. A procedure is proposed for determining tilt in the foundation and the tank proper, based on the aggregate settlement of deformation markings on the foundation and points along the bottom edge. A computer program was developed to calculate tilt. An example is presented of determining settlement and tilt for a pile foundation of a vertical steel tank after 5 years of operation.

This paper demonstrates that quad-IFA MIMO antennas for a compact wireless terminal can be effectively decoupled using the self-curing decoupling technique by only adding a lumped capacitor at an acupoint near the shorting arm of each IFA antenna. A typical MIMO antenna scenario is studied with two IFAs on the top edge while the other two on the bottom edge of the grounded PCB board. The PCB size imitates a typical mobile phone and the four IFAs work at band of 2.4–2.5 GHz. The measured results show that the six possible mutual coupling among the four IFAs can all be effectively reduced simultaneously by using the self-curing decoupling technique.

The effects of I-shape stiffeners parameters were studied on the buckling behaviors of stiffened composite panels under uniform uniaxial compressing loads. The experiments were carried out to obtain the critical buckling loads of I-shape stiffeners stiffened composite panels. A finite element model (FEM) was developed and validated by the experiments. The developed FEM was further used to study the effect of the key stiffener dimensions on the buckling loads and buckling modes of stiffened composite panels, including the width of upper and lower flange, as well as the height of the I-shape stiffeners. The analysis results showed that the width of the lower flange of I-shape stiffeners was the dominant parameter for the buckling resistance of stiffened composite panels comparing to the width of the upper flange and the height of I-shape stiffeners. The stiffened composite panels buckled locally on the skin among stiffeners with the proper design of stiffeners. Otherwise, the buckling loads of the stiffened composite panels decreased due to the global buckling of the stiffened panel when the width of the bottom edge and the height of the I-shape stiffener were excessively large. The developed FEM can be further used to optimize the geometry of I-shape stiffeners in order to obtain the maximum buckling resistance of stiffened composite panel.

Three dimensional physical laboratory models were examined to investigate the influence of soil confinement on circular footing behavior resting on granular soil. A total of 23 model footing tests were performed. Nine hollow cylinders with various heights and diameters were installed around the footing model for soil confinement purpose. Square geogrid layers were placed at different depths beneath the bottom edge of the cylinder. Different parameters such as height, diameter, and depth of the cylinder were studied. Moreover, number, width, and position of the geogrid layers were, also, investigated. The response of a non-confined footing model was set as reference for comparison purpose. The results showed enhancement in the bearing capacity of the soil as well as a reduction in its settlement in all used configurations compared with the reference case. It is, however, observed that on increasing the number of geogrid layers more than one layer had a small significant effect on the footing behavior. Moreover, placing geogrid layers underneath the cylinders improves the bearing capacity up to 7.5 times that of the non-confined case. Footing with cylinder of a diameter nearly equal to the footing diameter behaves as one unit like a deep foundation. This behavior pattern was no longer observed with large cylinder diameter and small height. Finally, the study ends up with recommendations for selection of cylinder dimensions to maximize the bearing capacity. The benefits of using geogrid layers were also highlighted.

The metal-insulator-metal waveguide structures coupled with a trapezoid cavity are proposed in theory. A variety of transmission features have been found from the simulation results, which is caused by the interference of the plasmonic modes in the trapezoid resonator. The transmission spectra can be effectively modulated by optimizing the geometrical parameters of our configurations such as the height, the upper and bottom edge lengths. Also, the coupling distance possesses great importance on the transmission characteristic. It is found that when the coupling distance is chosen to be around 20 nm, the filter works efficiently. When the trapezoid resonator is attached to the waveguide bus, the bandwidth becomes large. Besides, an effective band-stop filter can be achieved when the bottom edge length is large enough. The finite element method is carried out to verify our designs. We hope our work may open some new avenues for a high-performance plasmonic filter.

In this research article, a novel compact tri-band antenna for WLAN communication system is presented. The structure of the antenna consists of two L shaped patches. Under the condition of ensuring antenna size, by modifying the length of the upper trapezoidal top and bottom edge and the groove in the center of the trapezoid depth width and the groove of the relative position to obtain three center frequency, form three Working frequency bands. The simulation results show that these working frequency bands of the −10 dB antenna were 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 5.8GHz. From the perspective of electromagnetic compatibility, the antenna has excellent out-band characteristics with other quoted reference antennas. The proposed antenna is steeper than other antennas at 5 GHz frequency. Thus the proposed antenna is the excellent.

A direct punching of inclined ultra-high strength steel sheets having low ductility was carried out to improve the quality of the sheared edge. In the direct punching of an inclined sheet, the contact between the sheet and punch became gradual because of touch from the bottom edge of the punch, and thus the sheared portion tended to bend in the latter half of punching. As the strength of the sheet increased, defects such as burr and secondary burnished surface were occurred around the sheared edge due to the low ductility. The range of direct punching for sheared edge without defects was shown for the high strength steel sheets. To prevent the occurrence of defects, a punch having inclined bottom was used. In this punch, the contact with the sheet was changed, the uniform contact with the inclined bottom was given. In the punch having the inclined bottom, the secondary burnished surface in the edge of 980 MPa grade steel sheet was prevented.

This study investigates the wearing trend and purchase facts for adult females in their 20s and 30s along withtheir fitting satisfaction for woven jackets and circular knitted jackets. A questionnaire survey on consumers investigatedsatisfaction with jackets according to clothing materials and repair trend after wearing. Subsequently, a preference for cir-cular knitted jackets was shown higher than woven jackets. Females in their 20s preferred woven jackets than those intheir 30s; however, the latter preferred circular knitted jackets than the former. For woven jackets, they showed the high-est satisfaction with size; however, for circular knitted jackets, they showed the highest satisfaction with fitting. In thequestion on their satisfaction by jacket part, satisfaction with circular knitted jackets was higher in all items except forbust measurement, bottom edge measurement, elbow circumference, shoulder width, and clothes length. Circular knittedjackets had lower repair rates than woven jackets and woven jackets had significant differences by age in satisfaction withback width. The research results indicate that females in their 20s and 30s who value fit preference and practicality willincreasingly wear knit clothes. Therefore, we can address the fitting satisfaction requirement of females in their 20s and30s by taking the clothing material properties of circular knitted clothes into consideration. In addition, further researchis required on jacket patterns in consideration of clothing materials. Key words:circular knit jacket(환편니트 재킷), woven jacket(우븐 재킷), fit preference satisfaction(맞음새 만족도), wear-ing condition(착용실태)

Abstract The Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran (1QIsaa) does not generally reflect a text form earlier than the Masoretic text. Instead, the convergence in 1QIsaa of patterns of spacing irregularities, literary and textual problems, and secondary supplementations, as well as a consistent pattern of distribution, are best explained on the basis of the hypothesis of an exemplar for chapters 34–66 with a damaged bottom edge. Upon reaching the defective edge in each column of his exemplar, the scribe dealt with any lacunose or illegible text in one of two ways before continuing with the unaffected text at the top of the subsequent exemplar column. Sometimes he left blank spaces in his new copy to be filled in with the correct text from other manuscripts at a later time. At other times he attempted full or partial reconstructions of the text based on whatever text remained legible in the damaged exemplar, memory, and contextual clues.