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We report the first Brazilian record of Leiostracus demerarensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1861) from Pará and Maranhão states. The distribution of this species now comprises Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil. Furthermore, given the uncertainty in generic and familial allocation of this species (either Bostryx Troschel, 1847, Bulimulidae, or Leiostracus Albers, 1850, Simpulopsidae), we used the barcoding segment of the COI gene to ascertain its classification in Simpulopsidae, retaining it as Leiostracus demerarensis. Moreover, Simpulopsis luteolus (Ancey, 1901) is also reported for the first time from Pará state.

Bostryx voithianus (Pfeiffer, 1847) is reported, for the first time since its description, from northern Chile. In the originaldescription, a particular type locality was not given for this species, but to it was described as collected in Chile byThomas Bridges for the Hugh Cuming collection. Herein, the type locality is assigned to the Chilean Coastal Rangebetween the places Cuesta La Arena (28.5721° S) and Quebrada Honda (29.5952° S), northern Chile.

Introduction: The gastropod Bostryx torallyi shows high variability in shell shape and coloration. Subspecies of this organism have been described based on shell characters but, since they were slightly different, they were synonymized afterwards. Until now, shell variability has been analyzed only descriptively and its anatomy is still unknown. Objective: In this study, I provide anatomical information of B. torallyi and apply a geometric morphometric analysis to evaluate the shell shape variation among specimens. Methods: To accomplish this, type material and numerous lots were examined and dissected out. Additionally, relative warp analysis, based on 9 landmarks in ventral view of the shell, was performed using 80 specimens of 9 localities from Bolivia and Argentina. Results: According to our results, geometric morphometrics is a suitable method to evaluate differences in shell shape among localities; for instance, distinctions in the shell were noticeable between gastropods of low and high altitudes. On the other hand, it was established that the coloration of this species is independent of large-scale factors since the examined specimens came from environments with similar conditions. Furthermore, the sculpture of the protoconch and anatomy of B. torallyi coincided with the other Argentinian species of the genus. Conclusions: Therefore, I concluded that a geometric morphometric analysis of shell shape is a good complement to traditional qualitative description of the characteristics of the shell in this species. Resumen Introducción: El gasterópodo Bostryx torallyi exhibe una gran variabilidad en la forma y coloración de su concha. Subespecies de este organismo han sido descritas con base en los caracteres de la concha; pero, dadas las sutiles diferencias, fueron luego sinonimizadas. Hasta el momento, la variabilidad de la concha ha sido analizada solo descriptivamente y su anatomía es aún desconocida. Objetivo: En este estudio, los objetivos fueron:proveer información anatómica de B. torallyi y usar un análisis de morfometría geométrica para evaluar la variación de la forma de la concha entre especímenes. Métodos: Para ello, se examinó y disectó material tipo y numerosos lotes. Adicionalmente, se realizaron análisis del “relative warp”, basados en nueve “landmarks” en vista ventral de la concha, empleando 80 especímenes de nueve localidades de Bolivia y Argentina. Resultados: De acuerdo con los resultados, la morfometría geométrica resultó útil para demostrar diferencias en forma de la concha entre localidades; por ejemplo, se detectarondiferencias evidentes entre localidades de alta y baja altitud. Se determinó que la variación en la coloración de esta especie es independiente de factores a gran escala, dado que los especímenes examinados proceden de ambientes con condiciones similares. Por otro lado, la escultura de la protoconcha y la anatomía de B. torallyi resultaron coincidentes con la de otras especies de este género recolectadas en Argentina. Conclusiones: Se concluyó que el análisis de morfometría geométrica de la forma de la concha fue un buen complemento a la descripción cualitativa tradicional de caracteres de concha.

The genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847 is endemic to South America, extending from Ecuador to Chile and Argentina. The southernmost Argentinian species of the genus that inhabit San Luis, San Juan and Mendoza provinces, specially the pre-Andes, Andes and Sierras Pampeanas mountain ranges, were examined. This is the first time the anatomy of Bostryx pastorei (Holmberg, 1912), Bostryx reedi (Parodiz, 1947) and Bostryx strobeli (Parodiz, 1956) has been described. Bostryx cordillerae (Strobel, 1874) is re-described regarding shell and anatomy due to new morphological data. The main differences among the species examined are based on shell characters. The distribution of Bostryx mendozanus (Strobel, 1874) and Bostryx cuyanus (Pfeiffer, 1867), other species found in this region, was also discussed. El género Bostryx Troschel, 1847 es endémico de Sudamérica, extendiéndose desde Ecuador hasta Chile y Argentina. Las especies argentinas más australes habitan en las provincias de San Luis, San Juan y Mendoza, especialmente en la precordillera y cordillera Andina y las Sierras Pampeanas, fueron examinadas. Se describe por primera vez la anatomía de Bostryx pastorei (Holmberg, 1912), Bostryx reedi (Parodiz, 1947) y Bostryx strobeli (Parodiz, 1956). Bostryx cordillerae (Strobel, 1874) es redescripta en conchilla y anatomía con nuevos datos morfológicos. Las principales diferencias entre las especies examinadas están basadas en caracteres de conchilla. La distribución de Bostryx mendozanus (Strobel, 1874) y Bostryx cuyanus (Pfeiffer, 1867), otras especies encontradas en esta región, es también discutida. Fil: Miranda, Maria Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Tucuman. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Argentina

Se presentan nuevos registros para Bostryx holostoma (Pfeiffer, 1846), Pupoides minimus (Philippi, 1860), Stephacharopa calderaensis Miquel y Araya, 2013 y una especie no identificada de la familia Charopidae, basados en ejemplares recolectados cerca de la ciudad de Antofagasta, en el norte de Chile. Se presenta el primer registro de S. calderaensis desde su descripción, extendiendo su distribución conocida hacia el norte en cerca de 350 km. Se presentan además detalles de la protoconcha de B. holostoma que también extiende su intervalo de distribución 145 km al sur. El microhábitat de estas especies en litorrefugios podría explicar la presencia de estos pequeños moluscos terrestres en el hiperárido norte chileno, destacando asimismo la necesidad de estudios adicionales en esta fauna poca conocida. New records for Bostryx holostoma (Pfeiffer, 1846), Pupoides minimus (Philippi, 1860), Stephacharopa calderaensis Miquel & Araya, 2013 and an unidentified charopid species are presented on the basis of specimens collected near the city of Antofagasta, in northern Chile. This is the first record for S. calderaensis after its description, extending its known distribution about 350 km northwards. Details on the protoconch of B. holostoma are presented for the first time, and this species extends its distributional range 145 km southwards. The microhabitat of these species in litho-refugia may explain the presence of these minute terrestrial mollusks in hyper arid northern Chile, further highlighting the need of additional studies of this neglected fauna. Fil: Araya, Juan Francisco. Universidad de Atacama; Chile. Universidad de Concepción; Chile Fil: Miquel, Sergio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentina Fil: Martínez, Edmundo. Antofagasta Minerals; Chile

Three species (1 new) of HaliotrematoidesKritsky, Yang, and Sun, 2009 (Dactylogyridae), are described from the gill lamellae of porgies, Calamus spp. (Perciformes: Sparidae), from the northern Gulf of Mexico off Florida: Haliotrematoides parvicirrus (Zhukov, 1983) Kritsky, Yang, and Sun, 2009, from littlehead porgy Calamus proridens Jordan and Gilbert and knobbed porgy Calamus nodosus Randall and Caldwell (both new host records); Haliotrematoides bostryx n. sp. from C. proridens (type host), C. nodosus, jolthead porgy Calamus bajonado (Bloch and Schneider), and grass porgy Calamus arctifrons Goode and Bean; and Haliotrematoides mediohamus (Zhukov, 1983) Kritsky, Yang, and Sun, 2009, from C. proridens, C. nodosus, and sheepshead porgy Calamus penna (Valenciennes) (all new host records). Locations from which H. parvicirrus and H. mediohamus were collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico represent new geographic records for these species.

Sperm morphology of orthalicid gastropods Clessinia pagoda, Spixia tucumanensis, Plagiodontes daedaleus (Odontostominae) and Drymaeus hygrohylaeus, D. poecilus, Bostryx stelzneri (Bulimulinae) are examined and described for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. Spermatozoa show the general characteristic of Pulmonata: an acrosomal vesicle, sperm nucleus helical, mitochondrial derivative forming a continuous sheath with paracrystalline material and coarse fibers associated with axonemal doublets. Features in the acrosomal complex and shape of the nucleus distinguish orthalicid sperms from other stylommatophoran. The acrosomal pedestal is traversed by fine striations in all species examined except in S. tucumanensis. The structure and thickness of the perinuclear sheath with a single or double layer of electron-dense material ensheathing the nuclear apex is characteristic of the group. The presence of a subnuclear ring in Drymaeus, Bostryx and Clessinia species is also reported. A data matrix of eleven species per 34 characters (16 sperm plus 18 anatomical and shell characters) from orthalicids plus other stylommatophoran and systellommatophoran representative species was constructed. Three cladistic analyses (sperm-based, anatomical-based and a combined sperm + anatomical-based) were performed to test the phylogenetic potential of sperm ultrastructure in orthalicid systematics and understand how sperm characters affect the topology and resolution of the obtained trees. Stylommatophora resulted in a monophyletic clade in the sperm-based and in the combined-character analysis. Orthalicidae is monophyletic only in the combined-character cladogram. Within Orthalicidae, Odontostominae is recovered as a monophyletic clade in all analyses, while Bulimulinae is paraphyletic in all trees except in the combined phylogeny. The present study and cladistic analyses performed support the hypothesis that characters on sperm ultrastructure are informative for stylommatophoran systematic and phylogenetic approaches, providing synapomorphies at familiar, subfamiliar and generic level. Fil: Cuezzo, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina

The type status is described of 57 taxa from the superfamily Orthalicoidea in the collection of the Brussels museum. Two new species are described: Stenostylus perturbatus sp. n., and Suniellus adriani sp. n. New lectotypes are designated for Bulimulus (Naesiotus) amastroides Ancey, 1887; Bulimulus blanfordianus Ancey, 1903; Bulimulus montivagus chacoensis Ancey, 1897; Bulimus coloratus Nyst, 1845; Plecochilus dalmasi Dautzenberg, 1900; Placostylus porphyrostomus elata Dautzenberg, 1923; Bulimulus ephippium Ancey, 1904; Bulimus fulminans Nyst, 1843; Bulimus funckii Nyst, 1843; Orphnus thompsoni lutea Cousin, 1887; Bulimus melanocheilus Nyst, 1845; Orphnus thompsoni nigricans Cousin, 1887; Orphnus thompsoni olivacea Cousin, 1887; Bulimulus pollonerae Ancey, 1897; Orphnus thompsoni zebra Cousin, 1887. New combinations are: Bostryx borellii (Ancey, 1897); Bostryx carandaitiensis (Preston, 1907); Protoglyptus mazei (Crosse, 1874); Kuschelenia (Vermiculatus) sanborni (Haas, 1947). New synonymies are established for the following nominal taxa: Orphnus thompsoni var. lutea Cousin, 1887 = Kara thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845); Orphnus thompsoni var. nigricans Cousin, 1887 = Kara thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845); Thaumastus nystianus var. nigricans Cousin, 1887 = Drymaeus (Drymaeus) nystianus (Pfeiffer, 1853); Orphnus thompsoni var. olivacea Cousin, 1887 = Kara thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845); Orphnus thompsoni var. zebra Cousin, 1887 = Kara thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845).

The family Orthalicidae is well represented in Peru but, like in other families, some species are wellknown and others have not been reported on since their original descriptions. In this paper we present new records for well-known species and elucidate the status of several lesser known taxa. Four taxa are described as new: Bostryx chusgonensis sipas, B. fragilis, Scutalus (Scutalus) mariopenai and S. (S.) phaeocheilus altoensis. The following species are recorded as new to the Peruvian malacofauna: Corona pfeifferi, Drymaeus (D.) branneri, and Thaumastus flori. Strophocheilus tenuis Haas, 1955 is now considered synonymous with Thaumastus (Paeniscutalus) crenellus (Philippi, 1867). Plekocheilus conspicuus Pilsbry, 1932 is now placed in the synonymy of Thaumastus flori (Jousseaume, 1897). Drymaeus tigrinus Da Costa, 1898 is now considered a junior subjective synonym of Drymaeus (D.) strigatus (Sowerby, 1838).

Two new sibling species are described, Bostryx multiconspectus spec. nov and B. primigenius spec. nov., one of which is carinate. From the carinate taxa known in the Orthalicidae, 16 are occurring at localities in the Andes from northern Peru to northwestern Argentina. They belong to three genera, Bostryx, Neopetraeus and Scutalus. It is hypothesized that carination originated independently in these lineages.

Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) (Figures 4, 9 ��� 12) Bulimulus (Bulimulus) tortoranus Doering, 1879: 71. Bulimulus (Bostryx-Lissoacme) tortoranus Pilsbry, 1895 ��� 1896: 192. Bulimulus jujuyensis Holmberg; Holmberg, 1912: 149; Hylton Scott, 1945: 207; Parodiz, 1946: 315; Parodiz, 1957: 134; Parodiz, 1962: 434; Breure, 1978: 144; Tablado and Mantinian, 2004: 371; Miquel, 1995: 123. Peronaeus (Lissoacme) tortoranus Parodiz, 1946: 315; Parodiz, 1947: 12; Parodiz, 1957: 23; Fern��ndez, 1973: 98. Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) hyltonscottae Parodiz, 1956: 59; Miquel, 1995: 123. Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) gladysae Hylton Scott, 1967: 8; Miquel, 1995: 123. Bostryx tortoranus Breure, 1979: 59; Miquel, 1995: 123; Cuezzo et al. 2013: 147. Bostryx gladysae Breure, 1979: 54. Bostryx hyltonscottae Breure, 1979: 54. Type material Bulimulus (Bulimulus) tortoranus : Syntypes (ZMB 34718 (3)) ex Doering, according to Breure (2013). Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) gladysae : Holotype (MLP 13345), Paratypes (MLP 11007 (1), MLP 11442 (1), MLP 11006 (1), MLP 11444 (1), MLP 11443 (1), MACN-In 27282 (4)); Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) hyltonscottae : Holotype (MACN-In 6516), Paratypes (MACN-In 6516 ��� 1 (4)); Bulimulus jujuyensis: Holotype (MACN-In 32686); Bulimulus (Bulimulus) monticola : Syntypes (ZMB 34734 (2)); Bulimulus sporadicus gracilis: Hylton Scott, 1948 Holotype (MLP 11015), Paratypes (MLP 11014 (4)). Type locality ������ quebradas h��medas de la sierra de Pocho (Totoras, Yatan, Cerro Salado) ���. The mountain system ��� Sierra de Pocho ��� is located in Cordoba Province, Pocho Department. Material examined Argentina, Prov. Catamarca, Dept. Andalgal��: MLP 11006, Foot of Cuesta de la Chilca, 1951; MLP 11007, Foot of Cuesta de la Chilca; MLP 13345, Cuesta de la Chilca, Birab��n G leg.; MLP 11442, Cuesta de la Chilca, March 1950; MLP 11443, Foot of Cuesta de la Chilca; MLP 11444, Foot of Cuesta de la Chilca; MLP 11149, Foot of Cuesta de la Chilca; MACN-In 27282, Cuesta de la Chilca, March 1950, Birab��n Scott G leg. Prov. C��rdoba, Dept. Pocho, IFML 16359, Sierra de Pocho, route to Las Palmas, 31�� 20.774 ��� S, 65�� 5.396 ��� W, 944 m, 4 December 2012, Miranda MJ leg. Prov. Jujuy: MACN-In 19461, Humahuaca river, January 1931, Bud��n leg. Dept. Ledesma: IFML 158, in route from Tilcara to Garganta del Diablo, 2800 m, 12 September 1962, Willink A leg.; IFML 15607 (ex CWW 2657), in route from Tilcara to Garganta del Diablo, 2800 m, 18 January 1967, Weyrauch W leg.; IFML 14877 A, Cerro Negro, Tilcara, 3000 m, 26 January 2007, Cuezzo MG and Dom��nguez E leg.; IFML 15530, Cerro Negro, 23�� 33 ��� 57.8 ��� S, 65�� 22 ��� 14.0 ��� W, 3143 m, 21 November 2010, Cuezzo MG leg.; IFML 15001 A, Cerro Negro, 23�� 34 ��� 13.8 ��� S, 65�� 22 ��� 39.7 ��� W, 2806 m, 21 November 2010, Cuezzo MG leg.; MLP 8071, Fraile Pintado, Birab��n M leg. Dept. Tilcara: MACN-In 19590 ��� 1, Maimar��, March 1931, Bud��n leg.; MACN-In 30619 A, Cerro Pucar��, February 1968, de la Puente R leg.; MACN-In 19506, Tilcara; MACN-In 32686, Tilcara, January 1908, Ambrosetti H leg.; MACN-In 19507, Tilcara, February 1931, Casanova and Gatto leg.; MLP 8075, Tilcara, 1945, Hylton Scott MI leg.; MLP 8070, Tilcara, February 1944, Hylton Scott MI leg. and det.; MLP 1526 ��� 1, Tilcara, February 1944, Hylton Scott MI leg. and det. Dept. Tumbaya: MLP 8078, Tumbaya, Weyrauch W leg. Prov. Salta, Dept. Cachi: IFML 15505 A, Route 40, from Cachi to Cafayate, 2160 m, 25�� 12 ��� 37 ��� S, 66�� 11 ��� 45 ��� W, Cuezzo MG leg.; IFML 15612, Los Cardones National Park, Pampa TinTin, 3200 m, 25�� 08 ��� 08 ��� S, 66�� 0 ��� 50 ��� W, Delhey leg. Dept. Cafayate: IFML 15248, between Cafayate and Colalao del Valle, 26�� 08 ��� 11 ��� S, 65�� 57 ��� 58 ��� W, 2156 m, Cuezzo MG leg. Prov. San Luis, Dept. Ayacucho: MACN-In 6516, El Zapallar, 1947, Hylton Scott MI and Birab��n M leg.; MACN-In 6516 ��� 1, El Zapallar, 1947, Hylton Scott MI and Birab��n M. Prov. Tucum��n, Dept. Taf�� del Valle: IFML 15502 A, between Amaicha and El Infiernillo, after Ampimpa, 26�� 38 ��� 06 ��� S, 65�� 50 ��� 05 ��� W, 21 December 2001; IFML 15503 A, Route 307, between Amaicha and El Infiernillo, 26�� 40 ��� 14 ��� S, 65�� 49 ��� 13 ��� W, 2756 m, 21 December 2001, Ituarte C leg.; IFML 15504 A, Ruinas de Quilmes, 3 January 2004, Dom��nguez E leg.; IFML 15282, 5 km after Colalao del Valle, on the side of route, 26�� 15 ��� 07 ��� S, 65�� 56 ��� 42 ��� W, Cuezzo MG leg.; IFML 15281, Route 307 between Amaicha and El Infiernillo, 26�� 40 ��� 49 ��� S, 65�� 48 ��� 46 ��� W, 2850 m, 26 November 2002, Cuezzo MG leg.; IFML 15510 A, Route 307, between Taf�� del Valle and Amaicha, 26�� 38 ��� 18 ��� S, 65�� 49 ��� 30 ��� W, 2650 m, 26 November 2002, Cuezzo MG leg. Shell. Dextral, elongated-ovate, of 5�� to 6�� whorls slightly convex (Figure 9A ��� C). Shell whitish to yellowish brown. Protoconch with thick, axial, elevated costules slightly wavy, discontinuous, and parallel to each other (Figure 10A ��� C). Costules separated by regular narrow spaces (Figure 10A ��� C). Spiral grooves thinner than costules, parallel, more densely arranged, crossing them (Figure 10A ��� C). Spire high conic, with whorls increasing regularly in diameter (Figure 9A ��� C). Body whorl tall in relation to the total height of the shell, 75% of the total length (Figure 9A ��� C). Teleoconch with axial, elevated oblique ribs (Figure 9A ��� C), irregularly arranged. Suture simple, deep (Figure 9A ��� C). Aperture elongated-ovate, tall, half the total shell length (Figure 9A ��� C). Parietal space narrow, smooth (Figure 9A ��� C). Peristome simple not expanded (Figure 9A ��� C). Umbilicus rimate (Figure 9A ��� C). Measurements. Type material measurements in Table 1. Range of variability of the species: masd = 8.93 ��� 11.98; misd = 8.70 ��� 11.0; th = 18.80 ��� 29.87; bwh = 14.70 ��� 22.11; sh = 5.60 ��� 8.90; ah = 10.0 ��� 15.35; mad = 6.10 ��� 8.90. External morphology. Animal body homogeneously pale yellowish, with lateral groove from genital orifice towards mantle collar, well marked. Foot elongate, basal sole homogeneous, not divided. Digestive system. Jaw arched with nine to 11 plaques, without sculpture. Central plaque triangular not divided. Lateral plaques rectangular in shape, the two next to central plaque similar in size, following lateral plaques smaller than the central plaque. Central tooth small, triangular, tricuspid, with rounded tip (Figure 11A, B). First lateral tooth tricuspid, similar in size and shape to central tooth (Figure 11A). Following lateral teeth bicuspid, ectocones developed (Figure 11C). Tooth lateral from 23 teeth of the tooth central bicuspid with serrate ectocone (splitting into two little cones) (Figure 11C). Marginal teeth bicuspid with a rounded ectocone (Figure 11D). Pallial system (10 specimens dissected). Secondary ureter opening at half rectum length. Rest of system idem to B. rudisculptus. Reproductive system (10 specimens dissected). Free oviduct longer and thinner than vagina (Figure 12A). Bursa copulatrix duct long reaching middle portion of albumen gland (Figure 12A). Bursa copulatrix duct with inner zigzag longitudinal folds. Vagina cylindrical, 1/3 of penis length (Figure 12A), inner wall with straight longitudinal parallel folds. Epiphallus the same length as the penis (Figure 12A, B). Proximal penis swollen, with inner zigzag folds followed by smooth area, distal portion cylindrical with inner zigzag folds (Figure 12B). Rest of reproductive system idem to B. rudisculptus. Remarks Bostryx tortoranus was originally described by Doering (1879) in Bulimulus (Bulimulus) Leach, 1815, based on shell and jaw characters. Subsequently Pilsbry (1895 ��� 1896) classified it in Bulimulus (Bostryx-Lissoacme) Pilsbry, 1896 due to the absence of sculpture on the protoconch. Later, Parodiz (1946) confirmed that the protoconch of this species had a spiral striation and classified it as B. tortoranus in Peronaeus Albers, 1850. Finally, Breure (1979) relocated B. tortoranus to Bostryx, a placement currently maintained (Miquel 1995; Cuezzo et al. 2013). The examination of the type material and numerous other specimens in the Argentinean museums indicates that this species shows high shell variability in form, size and coloration. In agreement with Miquel (1995) and Cuezzo et al. (2013), Bulimulus jujuyensis, Bulimulus hyltonscottae and Bulimulus gladysae are also considered here as synonyms of B. tortoranus. Distribution and habitat Bostryx tortoranus is found latitudinally from Jujuy to San Luis provinces (23 ��� 32�� S) and longitudinally from Jujuy to Catamarca (65 ��� 67�� W). A distributional break between 27�� and 31��S in the distribution of B. tortoranus has been registered. This species inhabits a variety of xerophilic environments of High Monte, Dry Chaco and Central Andean Puna ecoregions (Figure 4). It is common at altitudes from 944 to 3200 m, with the lowest locality corresponding to Pocho Department in Cordoba Province (Dry Chaco) and the highest locality including Cachi Department in Salta Province (High Monte). It is usually found inside crevices between rocks or on the vegetation., Published as part of Miranda, Mar��a Jos��, 2014, Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) species complex (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), a review of taxonomy and distribution of endemic species from Argentina, pp. 995-1022 in Journal of Natural History 49 (17 - 18) on pages 1011-1016, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.981313, http://zenodo.org/record/4631617, {"references":["Doering A. 1879. Apuntes sobre la fauna de Moluscos de la Republica Argentina, 4. [Notes on the fauna of molluscs from Argentina]. Bol Acad Nac Ci. 3: 63 - 84. Spanish.","Pilsbry HA. 1895 - 1896. American bulimi and bulimuli. Strophocheilus, Plekocheilus, Auris, Bulimulus. Manual of Conchology. Structural and Sistematic, Second Series: Pulmonata. Conchological Section. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.","Holmberg EL. 1912. Bulimuli et Odontostomi Argentini adhuc indescipti, necnon species ad subgenus nondum relatae. Anales Mus Nac Hist Nat Buenos Aires. 3: 147 - 153. Spanish.","Hylton Scott MI. 1945. Faunula malacologica de Tilcara. [Malacological fauna of Tilcara]. Rev Mus La Plata (NS). 4: 195 - 211. Spanish.","Parodiz JJ. 1946. Los generos de los Bulimulinae Argentinos. [The genus of argentinean Bulimulinae]. Rev Museo La Plata (N. S.). 4: 303 - 371. Spanish.","Parodiz JJ. 1957. Catalogue of the land Mollusca of Argentina. Nautilus. 71: 22 - 30.","Parodiz JJ. 1962. New and little-know species of South and Central American Land Snails (Bulimulidae). Proc US Natl Mus. 113: 429 - 456.","Breure ASH. 1978. Notes on and descriptions of Bulimulidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zool Verhand. 164: 1 - 255.","Tablado A, Mantinian J. 2004. Catalogo de ejemplares tipo de la Division Invertebrados del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. II. Mollusca [Catalogo f type specimens of Invertebrates Division of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. II. Mollusca]. Rev Mus Argent Cienc Nat. 6: 363 - 384.","Miquel SE. 1995. Las especies del genero Bostryx Troschel, 1847 en la Republica Argentina (2 da. y ultima parte) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae). [The species of the genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847 in Argentina (second and last part) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae)]. Arch Molluskenk. 124: 119 - 127. Spanish.","Parodiz JJ. 1947. Contribuciones al conocimiento de los moluscos terrestres Sudamericanos, 5 [Contributions to the knowledge of South American terrestrial molluscs]. Com Zool Mus Hist Nat Montevideo. 2: 1 - 32. Spanish.","Parodiz JJ. 1956. Cuatro nuevas especies de Scansicochlea de Argentina (Mol. Pulm.). Segunda parte. [Four new species of Scansicochlea from Argentina (Mol. Pulm.). Second part]. Neotropica. 2: 77 - 80. Spanish.","Hylton Scott MI. 1967. Nuevas Scansicochlea de la Region Central de la Argentina. [New Scansicochlea from central portion of Argentina]. Neotropica. 13: 7 - 12. Spanish.","Breure ASH. 1979. Systematics, phylogeny and zoogeography of Bulimulinae (Mollusca). Zool Verhand. 168: 1 - 215.","Cuezzo MG, Miranda MJ, Ovando XMC. 2013. Species catalogue of Orthalicoidea in Argentina (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Malacologia. 56: 135 - 191. doi: 10.4002 / 040.056. 0210","Breure ASH. 2013. Annotated type catalogue of the Orthalicoidea (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. ZooKeys. 279: 1 - 101. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 279.4701","Hylton Scott MI. 1948. Moluscos del noroeste argentino. [Molluscs of Northwest of Argentina]. Acta Zool Lilloana. 6: 241 - 274. Spanish."]}

Bostryx martinezi (Hylton Scott, 1965) (Figures 4 ��� 8) Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) martinezi Hylton Scott, 1965: 25; Fern��ndez and Castellanos, 1973: 278; Tablado and Mantinian, 2004: 371. Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) cicheroi Hylton Scott, 1967: 7. Bostryx martinezi Breure, 1978: 100, Breure, 1979: 55. Bostryx tortoranus Miquel, 1995: 123 [partim]; Cuezzo et al. 2013: 147. [partim] Type material Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) martinezi : Holotype (MLP 11448), Paratypes (MLP 11011 (1), MLP 11012 (1), MLP 11445 (1), MLP 11446 (1), MLP 11447 (1), MACN-In 27208 (3)). Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) cicheroi: Holotype (MLP 10996), Paratypes (MLP 10995 (1), MLP 10997 (1), MACN-In 27281 (1)). Type locality ��� Chancani, Sierra de Pocho, C��rdoba ���. Chancani is located in western Cordoba province, Pocho Department. Material examined Argentina, Prov. C��rdoba, Dept. Pocho: IFML 15608 (ex CWW 911), Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, 1050 m, 12 November 1967, Weyrauch W leg. and det.; IFML 15611 (ex CWW 1257), Sierra de Pocho, on the road between Las Palmas and Chancani, 1050 ��� 1250 m, 11 December 1969, Weyrauch W leg. and det.; IFML 15610 (ex CWW 2889), Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, north-west slope of Sierra de Pocho, 600 ��� 900 m, 2 December 1969, Weyrauch W leg. and det.; IFML 15609 (ex SMF 195593), Sierra de Pocho, route between Las Palmas and Chancani, 1050 ��� 1250 m, 2 December 1969, Weyrauch W leg. and det.; IFML 15506 A, Chancani, from Las Palmas to El Cadillo, 869 m, 31�� 22 ��� 01 ��� S, 65�� 24 ��� 74 ��� W, 18 March 2006, Cuezzo MG and Salas Oro��o E leg.; IFML 15507 A, Chancani, from Las Palmas to El Cadillo, before the third tunnel, 921 m, 31�� 22 ��� 17 ��� S, 65�� 24 ��� 53 ��� W, 18 March 2006, Cuezzo MG and Salas Oro��o E leg.; IFML 15508 A, Chancani, from Las Palmas to El Cadillo, 1440 m, 31�� 22 ��� 60 ��� S, 65�� 23 ��� 30 ��� W, 18 March 2006, Cuezzo MG and Salas Oro��o E leg.; IBN 826, Sierra de Pocho, 1021 m, 31�� 22.273 ��� S, 65�� 21.080 ��� W, 3 December 2012, Miranda MJ and Romero F leg.; IBN 829, Sierra de Pocho, Quebrada de La Mermela, 1085 m, 32�� 22.485 ��� S, 65�� 23.477 ��� W, Miranda MJ leg.; MACN-In 25870, Chancani, 1944, Castellanos A. leg.; MACN-In 27208, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, Mart��nez A leg.; MACN-In 27431 A, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, November 1966, Cichero M leg.; MACN-In 36892 A, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani; MLP 11011, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani; MLP 11012, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, January 1965, Mart��nez A leg.; MLP 11446, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, January 1965, Mart��nez A leg.; MLP 11447, Sierra de Pocho, between Las Palmas and Chancani, January 1965, Mart��nez A leg.; MLP 11448, Pampa de Pocho, Chancani, January 1965, Mart��nez A leg. Prov. San Luis, Dept. Jun��n: MACN-In 27281, Quebrada de Cautana, 3 December 1966, Cichero JA leg.; MLP 10995, Quebrada de Cautana; MLP 10996, Quebrada de Cautana, Cichero JA leg.; MLP 10997, Quebrada de Cautana, Cichero JA leg., MLP 11441, Quebrada de Cautana, 3 December 1966, Cichero JA leg. Shell. Dextral, fusiform, slender, thin, with 6 to 6��, flat to slightly convex whorls (Figure 5A ��� C). Shell uniform yellowish or with darker bands from the third whorl in some specimens. First whorl of the protoconch with thick, axial, elevated costules, parallel to each other and spiral grooves with the same thickness, densely arranged (Figure 6A, B). Second whorl of protoconch with axial, elevated costules, thicker than the spiral grooves and more densely arranged than the first whorl (Figure 6A, C, D). Spire high conic, with whorls increasing regularly in diameter (Figure 5A ��� C). Body whorl tall in relation to total height of the shell, 80% of the total length (Figure 5A ��� C). Teleoconch with axial oblique elevated costules, more evident from fourth whorl (Figure 5A ��� C). Spiral lines crossing them in some specimens. Suture simple, slightly deep (Figure 5A ��� C). Aperture elongated-ovate, short, 40% of total shell length (Figure 5A ��� C). Parietal space narrow, smooth (Figure 5A ��� C). Peristome simple, not expanded (Figure 5A ��� C). Umbilicus narrow (Figure 5A ��� C). Measurements. Type material measurements in Table 1. Range of variability of the species: masd = 7.89 ��� 11.0; misd = 7.27 ��� 9.70; th = 18.30 ��� 24.60; bwh = 13.80 ��� 17.70; sh = 5.40 ��� 8.80; ah = 9.70 ��� 12.70; mad = 4.98 ��� 6.97. External morphology. Animal body homogeneously pale brown, with lateral groove from genital orifice towards mantle collar, well marked. Foot elongate, basal sole homogeneous, not divided. Digestive system. Jaw arched with 14 plaques and fine transverse striae. Central plaque triangular divided into two minor triangular plaques. Lateral plaques rectangular in shape, irregular in size. Central tooth triangular, tricuspid, with rounded tip, smaller than the lateral teeth (Figure 7A). First lateral tooth bicuspid, similar in size and shape to central tooth (Figure 7A). Marginal teeth similar to lateral teeth, bicuspid with a sharply pointed ectocone (Figure 7B, C). Pallial system (six specimens dissected). Kidney triangular, 1/3 of lung roof length. Secondary ureter opening at proximal portion of roof length. Rest of system idem to B. rudisculptus. Reproductive system (six specimens dissected). Free oviduct longer and thinner than vagina (Figure 8A). Bursa copulatrix duct long, reaching distal portion of albumen gland (Figure 8A). Bursa copulatrix duct inner wall with longitudinal zigzag folds. Vagina inner wall with longitudinal parallel thinner straight folds. Epiphallus length 2/3 of penis length (Figure 8A, B). Proximal portion of inner wall of penis with straight folds followed by smooth area and distal portion with relaxed zigzag folds or straight longitudinal folds area (Figure 8B). Rest of reproductive system idem to B. rudisculptus. Remarks Bostryx martinezi was originally described by Hylton Scott (1965) in Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) Pilsbry, based on the shell morphology, radula and jaw. In 1978, Breure published the first anatomical study of B. martinezi and relocated it in the genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847. Finally, B. martinezi was listed in synonymy with Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) by Miquel (1995) and Cuezzo et al. (2013). Based on the conchological, radular and anatomical observations performed, diagnostic characters discussed later allow the removal of B. martinezi from the synonymy with B. tortoranus. Additionally, the following change is proposed: Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) cicheroi Hylton Scott, 1967 is transferred from synonymy with B. tortoranus to synonymy with B. martinezi. This new synonymy is established based on similarities in shell morphology and the fact that shell measurements of B. cicheroi fit the range of those of B. martinezi. Moreover, the anatomical description of B. cicheroi performed by Hylton Scott (1967) is coincident with the anatomy of B. martinezi. Bostryx martinezi differs from Bostryx peristomatus (Doering, 1879), a species also found in Sierra de Pocho, because B. martinezi is smaller than B. peristomatus (in shell height and diameter) with narrower umbilicus without carina, shorter aperture and peristome simple. Moreover, in B. martinezi the teleoconch sculpture consists of axial costules whereas B. peristomatus has thicker axial ribs and a finely granulate appearance to the last whorls. Regarding morphological characters, B. martinezi differs from B. peristomatus because of its shorter kidney with respect to pulmonary roof length, the ureter secondary aperture in the proximal portion of the pulmonary roof, and the free oviduct longer than the vagina. Distribution and habitat Bostryx martinezi is found from Cordoba to San Luis (31 ��� 32�� S, 65�� W), in the Dry Chaco ecoregions (Figure 4) and within an altitudinal range between 600 and 1440 m (both records from Sierra de Pocho). It is found on rocks on the side of rivers., Published as part of Miranda, Mar��a Jos��, 2014, Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) species complex (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), a review of taxonomy and distribution of endemic species from Argentina, pp. 995-1022 in Journal of Natural History 49 (17 - 18) on pages 1005-1011, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.981313, http://zenodo.org/record/4631617, {"references":["Hylton Scott MI. 1965. Anotaciones sobre los Moluscos de Chancani-Cordoba (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). [Notes on the molluscs of Chancani-Cordoba (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)]. Neotropica. 11: 23 - 26. Spanish.","Fernandez D, Castellanos ZA. 1973. Clave generica de la malacofauna terrestre argentina [Generic key of land malacofauna argentina]. Rev Mus La Plata. 11: 265 - 285. Spanish.","Tablado A, Mantinian J. 2004. Catalogo de ejemplares tipo de la Division Invertebrados del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. II. Mollusca [Catalogo f type specimens of Invertebrates Division of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. II. Mollusca]. Rev Mus Argent Cienc Nat. 6: 363 - 384.","Hylton Scott MI. 1967. Nuevas Scansicochlea de la Region Central de la Argentina. [New Scansicochlea from central portion of Argentina]. Neotropica. 13: 7 - 12. Spanish.","Breure ASH. 1978. Notes on and descriptions of Bulimulidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zool Verhand. 164: 1 - 255.","Breure ASH. 1979. Systematics, phylogeny and zoogeography of Bulimulinae (Mollusca). Zool Verhand. 168: 1 - 215.","Miquel SE. 1995. Las especies del genero Bostryx Troschel, 1847 en la Republica Argentina (2 da. y ultima parte) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae). [The species of the genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847 in Argentina (second and last part) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae)]. Arch Molluskenk. 124: 119 - 127. Spanish.","Cuezzo MG, Miranda MJ, Ovando XMC. 2013. Species catalogue of Orthalicoidea in Argentina (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Malacologia. 56: 135 - 191. doi: 10.4002 / 040.056. 0210","Troschel FH. 1847. Zwei neue Peruanische Schnecken. Z Malak. 4: 49 - 52. German.","Doering A. 1879. Apuntes sobre la fauna de Moluscos de la Republica Argentina, 4. [Notes on the fauna of molluscs from Argentina]. Bol Acad Nac Ci. 3: 63 - 84. Spanish."]}

Morphology of the shell, radula, jaw, anatomy and sculpture of the inner wall of the reproductive system are described and compared for three species belonging to the Bostryx tortoranus species complex. On the basis of these characters, the following changes are proposed: Bostryx martinezi (Hylton Scott, 1965) is removed from synonymy with Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) and Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) cicheroi Hylton Scott, 1967 is transferred from synonymy with B. tortoranus to synonymy with B. martinezi. As a result of these changes, the number of species of Bostryx known from Argentina has increased to 19 species. Bostryx tortoranus and B. martinezi are redescribed, also the radula and anatomy of Bostryx rudisculptus (Parodiz, 1956) are described for the first time. The main distinctive morphological characters of the three species are: the structure of the shell’s protoconch and teleoconch, radular morphology, location of the secondary ureter opening, the length of the free oviduct with respect to the vagina and the epiphallus with respect to the penis and the bursa copulatrix duct’s inner wall sculpture. Bostryx martinezi and B. rudisculptus have restricted distributions and are ecologically endemic, whereas B. tortoranus has a wide distribution and is located in different dry ecoregions. Fil: Miranda, Maria Jose. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Bostryx rudisculptus (Parodiz, 1956) (Figures 1 ��� 4) Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) rudisculptus Parodiz, 1956: 78; Fern��ndez, 1973: 85; Fern��ndez and Castellanos, 1973: 279; Tablado and Mantinian, 2004: 371. Bostryx rudisculptus Breure, 1979: 58; Cuezzo et al. 2013: 143. Bostryx tortoranus Miquel, 1995: 123 [partim]. Type material Holotype (MACN-In 380), Paratypes (MACN-In 380 ��� 1 (5)). Type locality ��� Ba��os de Villavil, provincia de Catamarca ���. Villavil is located in Catamarca province, Bel��n Department. Material examined Argentina, Prov. Catamarca, Dept. Bel��n: MACN-In 380, Ba��os de Villa Vil, 1933, G��mez M, leg.; MACN-In 380 ��� 1, Ba��os de Villa Vil, 1933, G��mez M, leg.; MLP 10171, Ba��os de Villa Vil, 1951, Carranza C; Dept. Santa Mar��a: IFML 16460, 10 km before La Hoyada, 26�� 35 ��� 20 ��� S, 66�� 21 ��� 40 ��� W, 2760 m, 25 November 2003, Cuezzo MG leg. Shell. Dextral, fusiform, slender, thin, of 5�� whorls slightly convex (Figure 1A). Shell pale brown, with darker bands (Figure 1A). Protoconch with thick, axial, elevated costules, more marked near suture, parallel to each other (Figure 1B ��� E). Costules separated by regular narrow spaces. Spiral grooves, parallel, densely arranged, crossing them, thinner than costules (Figure 1B ��� E). Spire high conic, with whorls increasing regularly in diameter (Figure 1A). Body whorl tall in relation to total height of the shell, 70% of the total length (Figure 1A). Teleoconch with axial oblique ribs (Figure 1A). Suture simple, slightly deep (Figure 1A). Aperture elongated-ovate, tall, half of total shell length (Figure 1A). Parietal space narrow, smooth (Figure 1A). Peristome simple, not expanded (Figure 1A). Umbilicus narrow, partially overlapped by the peristome (Figure 1A). Measurements. Type material measurements in Table 1. Range of variability of the species: masd = 5.68 ��� 9.46; misd = 5.54 ��� 9.46; th = 12.89 ��� 20.63; bwh = 9.64 ��� 14.60; sh = 4.03 ��� 7.97; ah = 7.05 ��� 10.02; mad = 4.28 ��� 6.30. External morphology. Lateral groove from genital orifice towards mantle collar, well marked. Foot elongate, basal sole homogeneous, not divided. Digestive system. Jaw arched with 12 plaques, without sculpture. Central plaque rectangular divided into two minor plaques. Lateral plaques rectangular in shape, regular in size. Radula narrow and long. Central tooth small, triangular, tricuspid (Figure 2A). First lateral tooth bicuspid, similar in size and shape to central tooth (Figure 2A). Marginal teeth bicuspid or tricuspid (Figure 2B, C). Pallial system (one specimen dissected). Kidney triangular, wider than long, slightly longer than pericardial cavity with inner longitudinal lamellae in contact between them. Pericardial cavity shorter than kidney. Primary ureter bordering kidney along its length. Secondary ureter parallel to rectum, opening at proximal portion of rectum. Distally the secondary ureter splitting into adrectal and abrectal branches. Interramus zone, rectangular, excavated. Rectum opening at mantle collar. Main pulmonary vein, parallel to rectum, with distal portion thinner than proximal portion. Minor veins well marked and thin. Reproductive system (one specimen dissected). Ovotestis embedded in digestive gland. Albumen gland bean-shaped (Figure 3A, B). Hermaphroditic duct divided into three parts, central part convoluted seminal vesicle (Figure 3A, B). Proximal and distal hermaphroditic duct portion thin and elongated, and distal portion inserting into half portion of albumen gland (Figure 3A, B). Fertilization pouch ��� spermathecal complex, long and finger-shaped (Figure 3B). Spermoviduct oviducal portion long, transversely sacculated (Figure 3A). Distally, spermoviduct splitting into free oviduct and vas deferens (Figure 3A). Free oviduct shorter and thinner than vagina (Figure 3A). Bursa copulatrix sac rounded, small, with long duct, reaching distal portion of albumen gland, with broader distal portion (Figure 3A). Bursa copulatrix duct with two different inner wall sculptures, proximal longitudinal straight folds, distal zigzag folds. Vagina cylindrical, 1/3 of penis length (Figure 3A), inner wall with longitudinal parallel thick straight folds. Penial complex formed by penis, epiphallus and flagellum. Penial retractor muscle short, inserted terminally in flagellum (Figure 3C, D). Flagellum thin, short and cylindrical (Figure 3C, D) with inner folds diagonal with respect to central fold, longitudinal, thin fold extending towards epiphallus (Figure 3D). Epiphallus longer than flagellum, progressively increasing its width towards penis (Figure 3C, D). Inner epiphallus wall with straight, parallel folds in proximal portion, zigzag folds in distal portion (Figure 3D). Penis as long as epiphallus, divided into two regions by a thinner middle section (Figure 3C, D). Proximal penis swollen, internally wall sculpture consisting of thin straight folds followed by smooth area. Distal penis cylindrical with inner straight longitudinal folds area (Figure 3D). Inner penial papilla in proximal penis portion, elongated, triangular with terminal pore (Figure 3D). Penis sheath muscular, folded upon itself in its proximal portion, overlapping the distal portion of penis (Figure 3D). Retractor muscle, not divided, inserting on upper end of penis sheath (Figure 3A). Vas deferens thin, inserting at basal penis sheath (Figure 3A). Atrium short (Figure 3A), inner wall with zigzag folds. Remarks Bostryx rudisculptus was originally described in Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) Pilsbry, by Parodiz (1956), based on shell characters. However, strikingly in 1957 Parodiz did not list Bulimulus (Scansicochlea) rudisculptus as a species present in Argentina. Later Miquel (1995) relocated B. rudisculptus in Bostryx, the genus in which it is currently maintained (Cuezzo et al. 2013). The protoconch ��� s sculpture and the reproductive system organization confirm its classification in Bostryx. Abbreviations: ah, apertural height; bwh, body whorl height; H, holotype; mad, apertural diameter; masd, major diameter of the shell; misd, Minor diameter; n, number of specimens; P, paratype; S, syntype; sh, spire height; th, total shell height;. Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) measurements according to Breure (2013). Measurements in mm. Bostryx rudisculptus has a similar range to Bostryx catamarcanus (Parodiz 1956), a species which can be clearly differentiated by its shell shape and size. The shell of B. rudisculptus is smaller in height and diameter as well as aperture (in height and diameter); the teleoconch has ribs and darker bands. In B. catamarcanus in contrast, the teleoconch has costules and uniform coloration. Bostryx rudisculptus is one of the smaller Argentinean species in the genus Bostryx, together with Bostryx cordillerae (Strobel), Bostryx costellatus (Hylton Scott) and Bostryx reedi (Parodiz). Bostryx rudisculptus differs from B. cordillerae and B. reedi by its shell that has ribs and a taller aperture. Moreover it differs from B. reedi because of its slender shell, without parietal callus and narrower umbilicus. Bostryx rudisculptus differs from B. costellatus by its more slender shell, with narrower umbilicus, thinner walls and a teleoconch with densely arranged ribs, whereas in B. costellatus there are thicker and higher ribs, and these are more widely spaced. Distribution and habitat Bostryx rudisculptus is endemic to Catamarca province (26 ��� 27�� S, 66 ��� 67��W), and known from Bel��n and Santa Mar��a Departments. It inhabits High Monte ecoregion (Figure 4) ranging in altitude between 1630 and 2760 m. It is found under rocks in contact with moist soil., Published as part of Miranda, Mar��a Jos��, 2014, Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) species complex (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), a review of taxonomy and distribution of endemic species from Argentina, pp. 995-1022 in Journal of Natural History 49 (17 - 18) on pages 998-1005, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.981313, http://zenodo.org/record/4631617, {"references":["Parodiz JJ. 1956. Cuatro nuevas especies de Scansicochlea de Argentina (Mol. Pulm.). Segunda parte. [Four new species of Scansicochlea from Argentina (Mol. Pulm.). Second part]. Neotropica. 2: 77 - 80. Spanish.","Fernandez D, Castellanos ZA. 1973. Clave generica de la malacofauna terrestre argentina [Generic key of land malacofauna argentina]. Rev Mus La Plata. 11: 265 - 285. Spanish.","Tablado A, Mantinian J. 2004. Catalogo de ejemplares tipo de la Division Invertebrados del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. II. Mollusca [Catalogo f type specimens of Invertebrates Division of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. II. Mollusca]. Rev Mus Argent Cienc Nat. 6: 363 - 384.","Breure ASH. 1979. Systematics, phylogeny and zoogeography of Bulimulinae (Mollusca). Zool Verhand. 168: 1 - 215.","Cuezzo MG, Miranda MJ, Ovando XMC. 2013. Species catalogue of Orthalicoidea in Argentina (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Malacologia. 56: 135 - 191. doi: 10.4002 / 040.056. 0210","Miquel SE. 1995. Las especies del genero Bostryx Troschel, 1847 en la Republica Argentina (2 da. y ultima parte) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae). [The species of the genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847 in Argentina (second and last part) (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae)]. Arch Molluskenk. 124: 119 - 127. Spanish.","Hylton Scott MI. 1965. Anotaciones sobre los Moluscos de Chancani-Cordoba (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). [Notes on the molluscs of Chancani-Cordoba (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)]. Neotropica. 11: 23 - 26. Spanish.","Doering A. 1879. Apuntes sobre la fauna de Moluscos de la Republica Argentina, 4. [Notes on the fauna of molluscs from Argentina]. Bol Acad Nac Ci. 3: 63 - 84. Spanish.","Hylton Scott MI. 1967. Nuevas Scansicochlea de la Region Central de la Argentina. [New Scansicochlea from central portion of Argentina]. Neotropica. 13: 7 - 12. Spanish.","Breure ASH. 2013. Annotated type catalogue of the Orthalicoidea (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. ZooKeys. 279: 1 - 101. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys. 279.4701"]}

Genus Bostryx Troschel, 1847 Type species Bulimulus (Bostryx) solutus Troschel, 1847 (original designation by monotypy). Remarks This genus can be characterized as having a protoconch with axial costules or wrinkles, with numerous fine spiral grooves well marked and densely arranged. Penial retractor muscle inserted in terminal portion of phallic complex. Flagellum inner wall with diagonal folds converging at a central longitudinal fold. Epiphallus divided into proximal thin and wider distal portion. Penis divided by a thin area into proximal swollen portion 1/3 of total penis length and distal cylindrical portion, �� of total penis length. Penis proximal portion with inner penis gland and two different sculptures in the inner wall. Penial sheath muscular overlapping more than half portion of penis with retractor muscle inserted in its proximal end. Bursa copulatrix duct divided into proximal thin and wider distal portion., Published as part of Miranda, Mar��a Jos��, 2014, Bostryx tortoranus (Doering, 1879) species complex (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae), a review of taxonomy and distribution of endemic species from Argentina, pp. 995-1022 in Journal of Natural History 49 (17 - 18) on page 998, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.981313, http://zenodo.org/record/4631617, {"references":["Troschel FH. 1847. Zwei neue Peruanische Schnecken. Z Malak. 4: 49 - 52. German."]}

Numerosos restos de gastrópodos fósiles han sido encontrados en niveles edafizados de la sección media de la Formación Aisol (Mendoza, Argentina). Esta sección estratigráfica es portadora de una asociación de mamíferos fósiles que sugiere una edad Plioceno temprano (posiblemente SALMA Montehermosense). Se han podido identificar al menos cuatro taxones: Succinea Draparnau (Succineidae), Gastrocopta Wollaston (Vertiginidae), Bostryx Troschel (Bostrycidae) y una especie nueva del género Radiodiscus Pilsbry y Ferriss (Charopidae). Los registros fósiles de moluscos pulmonados terrestres en Argentina son escasos y se restringen al Cuaternario. El hallazgo de estos taxones en la sección media de la Formación Aisol (Plioceno temprano) reviste gran importancia ya que constituye el registro más antiguo de los géneros Gastrocopta y Succinea para la Argentina, el primer registro del género Bostryx para la Provincia de Mendoza, y el primer registro de la familia Charopidae (Radiodiscus sanrafaelensis nov. sp.) en depósitos de edad Pliocena en Argentina. Numerous fossil gastropods have been recorded in an edaphic level of the middle section of the the Aisol Formation (Mendoza Province, Argentina). This stratigraphic section bears an association of fossil mammals suggesting an early Pliocene age (possible Montehermosan SALMA). Up to four taxa of gastropods have been identified, belonging in Succinea Draparnaud (Succineidae), Gastrocopta Wollaston (Vertiginidae), Bostryx Troschel (Bulimulidae), and a new species of Radiodiscus Pilsbry and Ferriss (Charopidae). The fossil record of terrestrial pulmonate mollusks in Argentina is scarce and mainly restricted to the Quaternary. Thus, the record of these taxa is of paramount importance because it constitutes the oldest record of Gastrocopta and Succinea in Argentina, the first record of Bostryx in Mendoza Province, and the first record of the family Charopidae (Radiodiscus sanrafaelensis nov. sp.) in Pliocene deposits of Argentina. Fil: Turazzini, Guillermo Fidel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; Argentina Fil: Miquel, Sergio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

The following Bulimulinae are re-described: Discoleus aguirrei (Doering), D. ameghinoi (Ihering), Plectostylus mariae Brooks, Scutalus (Kuschelenia) tupacii (Orb.) and Simpulopsis (Eudioptus) willineri (Hylton Scott). The nepionic micro-sculpture of D. aguirrei, a typical species of this genus, is re-described and shows similarity with that present in the genus Bostryx Troschel. The species' distribution areas are indicated in a map, and informations on the kind of environment inhabited and some additional bionomic features are given. Se re-describen los siguientes Bulimulinae: Discoleus aguirrei (Doering), D. ameghinoi (Ihering), Plectostylus mariae Brooks, Scutalus Kuschelenia) tupacii (Orb.) y Simpulopsis (Eudioptus) willineri (Hylton Scott). Se re-describen la microesculturacion nepionica de D. aguirrei (especie tipica del genero), senalandose su similitud con aquella presente en el genero Bostryx Troschel. Se mapean las areas de distribucion de las entidades, anotandose el tipo de ambiente en el que ...

The status of the genus Bostryx is discussed and, based on morphological and molecular data, restricted to a group of species related to B. solutus, for which the new subfamily name Bostrycinae is introduced.

Los géneros Bostryx y Scutalus (Orthalicidae: Bulimulinae) son endémicos de América del Sur y están principalmente distribuidos en la vertiente occidental de los Andes del Perú. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar su posición evolutiva dentro de los gastrópodos Stylommatophora basada en el marcador mitocondrial 16S rRNA. Fueron obtenidas cuatro secuencias las que, junto con 28 de otros Stylommatophora disponibles en el GenBank, fueron alineadas con ClustalX. La reconstrucción filogenética se realizó mediante los métodos de Neighbor-Joining, Máxima Parsimonia, Máxima Verosimilitud e Inferencia Bayesiana. El alineamiento resultó en 371 sitios, con presencia de indels. Los dos géneros de la Familia Orthalicidae por primera vez incluidos en una filogenia molecular (Bostryx y Scutalus), formaron un grupo monofilético con otro miembro de la superfamilia Orthalicoidea (Placostylus), tal como lo obtenido con marcadores nucleares. Se discute también su relación evolutiva con otros caracoles terrestres., The genera Bostryx and Scutalus (Orthalicidae: Bulimulinae) are endemics from South America. They are mainly distributed on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes. The goal of the present work was to assess their evolutionary position among the stylommatophoran gastropods based on the 16S rRNA mitochondrial marker. Four sequences were obtained, and along with 28 sequences of other Stylommatophora retrieved from the GenBank, were aligned with ClustalX. The phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out using the methods of Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference. The multiple sequence alignment had 371 sites, with indels. The two genera of the family Orthalicidae for the first time included in a molecular phylogeny (Bostryx and Scutalus), formed a monophyletic group along with another member of the superfamily Orthalicoidea (Placostylus), result that is comparable with that obtained with nuclear markers. Their evolutionary relationship with other land snails is also discussed.

Two new sibling species are described, Bostryx multiconspectus spec. nov and B. primigenius spec. nov., one of which is carinate. From the carinate taxa known in the Orthalicidae, 16 are occurring at localities in the Andes from northern Peru to northwestern Argentina. They belong to three genera, Bostryx, Neopetraeus and Scutalus. It is hypothesized that carination originated independently in these lineages.

The bulimulid genusBostryxTroschel, 1847 is the most species-rich genus of land snails found in Chile, with the majority of its species found only in the northern part of the country, usually in arid coastal zones. This genus has been sparsely studied in Chile and there is little information on their distribution, diversity or ecology. Here, for the first time, a formal analysis of the diversity of bulimulids in the Región de Atacama, northern Chile, is reported. Of the seventeen species recorded for the area, most of them were efectively found in the field collections and one record was based on literature. Five taxa are described as new:Bostryx ancavilorumsp. nov.,Bostryx breureisp. nov.,Bostryx calderaensissp. nov.,Bostryx ireneaesp. nov. andBostryx valdovinosisp. nov., and the known geographic distribution of seven species is extended. Results reveal that the Región de Atacama is the richest region in terrestrial snails in Chile, after the Juan Fernández Archipelago. All of the terrestrial molluscan species occurring in the area are endemic to Chile, most of them with restricted geographic distributions along the coastal zones, and none of them are currently protected by law. Further sampling in northern Chile will probably reveal more snail species to be discovered and described.

Bostryx spp is one of the most conspicuous genus from the Bulimulidae; B. conspersus is considered a typical snail from the coastal lomes malacofaune. Our objective is to contribute to the morphohistologycal knowledge of the reproductive system in order to enrich the basic information of the reproduction of the specie and, that it can serve us in a short period as a pattern to compare others individuals of the same genus. Mature snails were processed, collected at the Pacta lomes, Department of Lima in July, 1994. The conquiological study was carried out in accord of Arrarte (1953). The specimens were dissected following the Beaumont & Cassier technique (1970). The procedure follows the histological protocol, obtaining serial samples between 6-8 m m; followed by the Haematoxilin-Eosin dyes. The gonadal complex of B. conspersus is described, specially the calcareal nodules of the albumen gland into the epitelials cells., Bostryx spp es uno de los géneros demás alta diversidad de los Bulimulidae; B. conspersus es considerada una especie típica de la malacofauna de Lomas. Nuestro objetivo es contribuir al conocimiento morfohistológico del sistema reproductor a fin de enriquecer la información básica de la reproducción de la especie y que nos sirva a futuro como patrón para comparar otros individuos del mismo género. Se procesaron especímenes maduros, colectados de las Lomas de Pacta, Departamento de Lima, a mediados de 1994; el análisis conquiológico siguió la clave de Arrarte (1953); los especímenes fueron disecados, siguiendo los procedimientos de Beaumont & Cassier (1970). La coloración diferencia¡ siguió el método de la Hematoxilina de Harris-Eosina. Se describe en base a la lectura de las láminas la estructura morfohistológica del complejo gonadal de B. conspersus, destacando entre ellos la glándula del albumen con la presencia de depósitos calcáreos entre las células epiteliales.

About 150 species belonging to 14 families are mentioned in the scattered literature dealing with the land molluscs of Chile. However, the records of the Streptaxidae and Haplotrematidae are dubious and all those for the Limacidae, Zonitidae and Helicidae correspond to introduced species. The remaining 9 families are represented by endemic genera and subgenera present either in the oceanic islands (Fernandezia, Tornatellina, Ambrosiella) or in continental Chile (Bostryx (Ataxus), Chiliborus). A few are limited in their distribution to the southern part of South America (Austrodiscus, Stephadiscus, Macrocyclis) or are found both in the islands and along the continent (Amphiodoxa, Stephanoda). The majority of the other genera have a wider distribution in the Indo‐Pacific (Punctum, Ptychodon, Champa), in South America, the Americas in general and/or in the other parts of the world. The distribution of molluscan genera and species in continental Chile is discussed with regard to the biogeographic units propos...

Field evidence from the Atacama Desert of northern Chile indicates that the stratigraphic position of the land snail Bostryx variabilis Herm has been incorrectly assigned to a marine series of the lower Pleistocene. Isotopic dating proves that the snail is a recently extinct Holocene taxon requiring no special paleoenvironmental explanations for its presence. However, the snail appears to offer an example of stress-induced speciation in confirmation of the “punctuated equilibrium” theory of evolution. It was probably transported from a fog oasis mountain habitat to a lower, hyperarid hostile environment by a sudden mudflow.

MANN, Louis K. (U. California, Davis.) The Allium inflorescence: some species of the section Molium. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46 (10): 730-739. Illus. 1959.-The inflorescence is described for Allium neapolitanum, A. roseum, A. hirsutum, A. subhirsutum, A. zebdanense and A. erdelii, species of Molium, a Mediterranean section of the genus. Inflorescence structure is similar among these 6 species. The single spathe appears to consist of 4 coalesced bracts, each of which bears in its axil a bostryx (helicoid cyme) of 3-7 flowers. Central to these 4 peripheral bostryxes are several smaller ones which differentiate later and decrease in flower number toward the inflorescence center. Bracts and bracteoles (prophylls) are generally absent within the spathe. The inflorescence is not radially symmetrical and the bostryx on the side opposite the uppermost foliage leaf differentiates and develops first. Among the peripheral bostryxes there is a definite sequence of development and certain regularities of coiling (clockwise vs. counterclockwise). Within each bostryx the flowers open in a strict sequence from oldest to youngest; among the bostryxes, the 4 peripheral ones flower first, usually starting with the first bostryx to be differentiated. The central bostryxes flower last. THE GENUS Alliumn, with its some 500 species, is a morphologically diverse group. As in many large genera, certain species show obvious similarities, and these may, with considerable convenience, be placed under sub-generic names. George Don (1827), the first post-Linnean monographer of Allium, divided the genus into a number of such groups, most of which are still used today, at least in name. Others have been added, and Stearn (1946a), in an excellent review of the old-world alliums, has given the history of these sections and perhaps the best summary we have of their current status (see also Stearn, 1946b, 1946c). Feinbrun (1954) has pointed out the relationships among chromosome numbers, chromosome morphology, and certain anatomical characteristics within the sections. Although many of the sections are probably natural groupings (e.g., Codonoprasum) and have been clearly and consistently used since first proposed by Don, others are not (e.g., Rhizirideum), and have been constant sources of confusion. Most of the sections are based on a single character e.g., Alliotypus is characterized mainly, by the long lateral cusps of the inner stamens, and Rhizirideum by a well-developed rhizome. For a clear understanding of the limits and relationships of the sections, much more morphological and cytological information must be developed. Inflorescence structure appears to be extremely varied within Aillium, and while available data are too few and conflicting to be used in describing or 1 Received for publication May 4, 1959. This paper was begun while the author was a John Simon Guggenheim Fellow at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Work has continued under National Science Foundation grant G-3940. The author appreciates the kindness of the Director, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and of many members of the staff, particularly Dr. C. R. Metcalfe, Keeper of the Jodrell Laboratory, where the author worked. delimiting the sections, this approach appears to be a promising one. In the present paper, the inflorescence is described for several species of the section Molium, a moderately well-defined Mediterranean and east Mediterranean section of perhaps 20-25

Aspects of morphology and development of alismataceous inflorescences have been studied. The inflorescences are always terminal, and transition of the vegetative meristem to the reproductive state is accompanied by the formation of a large vegetative bud in the axil of the last foliage leaf formed before transition. The inflorescences of the family are almost all built on a common plan with bracts in false whorls of 3 on the main axis (and branches when present). The basic structure subtended by the bracts is a bostrycoid complex of flowers (or branches and flowers in the lower parts of some large inflorescences). Modifications of various kinds occur in different cases: the bostryx may be reduced to a single flower; vegetative buds may occur in flower positions in bostryces; a single vegetative bud may replace a whole bostryx in inflorescences much modified in relation to vegetative reproduction. Development of bostrycoid complexes is dependent on formation of buds in prophyll axils and does not occur where prophylls cannot be detected. Some species have inflorescences in which a diversity of lateral structures is associated with each pseudowhorl of bracts and these are termed heterogeneous inflorescences, in contradistinction to homogeneous inflorescences, in which all the lateral structures in a pseudowhorl are of the same kind. Main and branch axes of an inflorescence normally terminate in a flower. Exceptions occur in some (possibly advanced) types in which inflorescence growth is terminated by abortion, and in specialized inflorescences modified in relation to vegetative reproduction which have unlimited growth. The data presented are discussed from systematic, evolutionary, and morphogenetic points of view.