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This study employs Harold Garfinkel’s and Karl Deutsch’s notion that information is used in and as patterned relationships between events as a guide for following how students and teachers work out their emerging focus over nine months of doing school science projects in an upper secondary school. Excerpts are taken from seminar and tutoring talks, and sequentially related to their writing up of texts to be used in their upcoming reports. The students fill in constitutive blanks with more information through inferences from the teachers’ partial instructions, methodically present as questions for the purpose of enabling the students to go on. These patterned relationships between events, things the students are supposed to do in a specific order, in trying to locate these things within what Garfinkel calls a system of expectations, both organize and produce their work of making and describing the coherence of these ‘ordinary things to do’ in a figurational contexture. In trying to work out the sense of the teachers’ reproducible descriptions in their own instructed actions, the students use patterning between events as a resource for achieving common understanding. It can be heard by the students that the teacher’s descriptions involve their attention to certain aspects in order to fill in detail for the description provided, as may be necessary for the practical purposes, for which an understanding of the description may be attempted. At the same time, there is a reflexive elaboration of the meaning of the teacher’s original descriptors, as a result of the contextual filling in now effected. This kind of reflexive redetermination of meaning, done through the interplay of patterned relationships and anticipatory properties that define possible events, as inferred and used by the students is information in Garfinkel’s sociological approach, or rather, what information as reflexive re-ordering of the sequential coherence of their events is made by and used for. Gradually, the relations and meanings dawns upon them and the students achieve a responsive understanding of an interactionally shared local gestalt contexture, which finally gets objectivised together with the teacher as ‘it is falling into place’. This paper depicts the terms in which students assemble their work into a coherent whole by developing familiarity with details.

This thesis has two aims: first, to investigate Max Weber’s account of “objective validity” in the cultural sciences; second, to elaborate a more concrete version of this position using Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later remarks on language. Chapter 1 introduces Weber’s idea of objective validity and proposes that in order to understand Weber’s idea of ideal types, we need to re-evaluate Weber’s understanding of the term Bedeutung in “The ‘Objectivity’ of knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy”. Chapter 2 presents Weber’s notion of ideal types and raises a number of problems to be dealt with in the following chapters. The central questions are i) why Weber thinks that ideal types are sometimes necessary in order to reach objective validity, and ii) under which circumstances this might be the case. The chapter argues that the answer to the last question is that Weber thinks that ideal types are necessary for objectivity within a specific kind of study of meaning (Bedeutung) within the cultural sciences. Chapter 3, in turn, focuses on why ideal types are necessary within this kind of cultural science by taking a closer look at how to understand Weber’s concept of given reality and the connection between meaning, concepts, reality and values in the methodological writings that constitute “Roscher and Knies and the Logical Problems of Historical Economics”. In chapter 4, the central issue of objective validity can finally be addressed. The investigation shows that what Weber says about objective validity does not cohere with what follows from his arguments concerning the relation between meaning, given reality, values and concepts. I conclude that Weber fails to provide a clear and consistent account of what objectivity could mean in the cultural sciences. This also means that Weber fails to clarify the necessity of formulating ideal types. These deficiencies notwithstanding, I argue, Weber succeeds in formulating cogent arguments concerning the relationship between given reality, values and concepts. In chapter 5, I use Wittgenstein’s later remarks on language to develop a clear and consistent conceptualization of ideal types, and propose an account of what objectivity can mean in the cultural sciences and how it can be realized.

An atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is generally a very high Reynolds number boundary layer over a fully rough surface that is influenced by different external forces. Numerical simulations of ABLs are typically demanding, particularly due to the high Reynolds numbers. Large eddy simulation (LES) where the grid filtered Navier--Stokes equations are solved together with a turbulence model for the subgrid-scale motions is the most accurate and widely used technique to date for ABLs. However, high Reynolds numbers, filtered equations and rough surfaces do not support the simple no-slip boundary conditions together with a feasible grid resolution. A paramount part for the performance of an ABL LES simulation therefore lies in the quality of approximate wall boundary conditions, so called wall models. The vast majority of LES codes used for ABL simulations rely on spatial discretization methods with low order finite difference approximations for the derivatives in the inhomogeneous wall normal direction. Furthermore, the wall boundary conditions are typically chosen in a mesh-dependent, non-local way, relying on the finite differences formulation. In this thesis we focus on solving the ABL LES equations with a fully (pseudo) spectral Fourier--Chebyshev code. We present how wall boundary conditions can be formulated through Robin boundary conditions and how to implement these in the normal-velocity normal-vorticity formulation that we solve. A new idea of specifying boundary conditions directly in Fourier space where also the turbulence intensity statistics can be controlled is presented and verified. The present results show that the Robin-type formulation is effective at least in near-equilibrium boundary layers. The code and boundary conditions were tested in both low and high Reynolds number (open and full) channel flows of neutral and stable stratification. Results were validated with both low to moderate Reynolds number DNS statistics as well as with the logarithmic law. Our results indicate great potential for both the the new boundary condition formulation and the specific code implementation. Further analysis of more complex flow situations will show whether the Robin-type formulation will give similarly good results. Ett atmosfäriskt gränsskikt (ABL) är generellt sett ett gränsskikt med väldigt högt Reynolds-tal över en rand med ojämn yta och som är påverkad av yttre krafter. Numeriska simuleringar av ABLs är typiskt sett väldigt krävande, speciellt på grund av de höga Reynolds-talen. Large eddy simulation (LES) där de filtrerade Navier--Stokes ekvationerna är lösta tillsammans med en turbulensmodell för the oupplösta skalorna är den mest noggranna och mest använda tekniken för ABLs. Men, för höga Reynolds-tal, filtrerade ekvationer och ytojämnheter är inte ``no-slip'' randvillkor giltiga för en genomförbart hög nätupplösning. En viktig del för kvalitén hos en ABL LES simulering ligger därför i prestandan i approximativa randvillkor, så kallade väggmodeller. Majoriteten av alla LES koder som används för ABL simuleringar är baserade på en lågordnings finita-differens diskretisering för derivatorna i den inhomogena väggnormalriktningen. Dessutom så är vägg-randvillkoren typiskt valda nätberoende och icke-lokala och direkt beroende av finita-differens diskretiseringen. I den här avhandlingen så fokuserar vi i att lösa ABL LES ekvationerna med en fullt (pseudo) spektral Fourier--Chebyshev kod. Vi förklarar vidare hur väggrandvillkor kan formuleras genom Robin-randvillkor och hur man implementerar dessa i normalhastighet normalvorticitet formuleringen som vi löser. En ny idé i att specifiera randvillkor direkt i Fourier-rummet där statistiken för den turbulenta intensiteten kan kontrolleras är också presenterad och verifierad. Resultaten vi härmed presenterar visar att Robin-randvillkor formuleringen är effektiv åtminstone for gränsskikt i nära jämvikt. Den numeriska koden och randvillkoren var testade för kanalströmning (öppen och stängd) av både neutral och stabil stratifikation och för både låga och höga Reynolds-tal. Våra resultat visar på en god potential hos både den nya randvillkorsformuleringen och den nya kodimplementationen. Vidare analys i mer komplexa flödessituationer kommer att visa om Robin-randvillkor formuleringen ger lika goda resultat. QC 20171122

Many companies are struggling to navigate in the rapidly changing environment and uncertain time of the digital era. Previous research has been exploring the ongoing trend of digital transformation, as well as digital business strategies, but still there is little guidance for practitioners in terms of concrete frameworks and concepts for digital business strategizing. This thesis investigates critical factors of digital business strategizing and contributes by developing a maturity model for digital business strategizing. The contribution of this study is two folded, on the one hand it provides practitioners a conceptual artefact in order to analyze their challenges in the new landscape of digital transformation and on the other it gives valuable insights for researchers on the new rising phenomena of digital business strategies.

Studien är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av den amerikanska tv-serien Orange is the new black, där vi har undersökt hur etniska stereotyper konstrueras i serien. Orange is the new black har omtalats som en tv-serie som bryter mot många av de klassiska fördomarna kring etniska grupper. Genom att undersöka vilka stereotyper som tidigare har förekommit i media har vi sedan kunnat undersöka hur etniciteter framställs i vårt undersökningsobjekt, hur de framställs i relation till varandra och om serien lyckas utmana gamla stereotyper, och i så fall hur? För att undersöka detta har vi använt semiotik som metod. Problemet som vi ser är att människor påverkas av vad de ser i medierna och att media påverkar hur samhället ser ut. Med hjälp av postkolonial teori och begreppen stereotyp och hegemoni undersöker vi hur en tv-serie kan hjälpa till att styra samhällets strukturer och attityder gentemot andra etniciteter. Den postkoloniala teorin menar att västerländsk kultur ofta är etnocentrisk och bidrar till att skapa klyftor mellan “vi” i väst, och “de” andra. Vi kom fram till att Orange is the new black bekräftar existerande stereotyper snarare än att bryta mot dem, och att serien i hög grad bidrar till att förstärka skillnaden mellan etniska grupper. Vi har därmed dragit slutsatsen att tv-serien också då påverkar samhällets hegemoni genom att porträttera den vita medelklassen som en grupp som står över afroamerikaner, latinamerikaner, asiater och white trash. Som vidare forskning föreslår vi att fokus förflyttas från innehållet till hur mottagarna uppfattar stereotyper i Orange is the new black.

The popularity of video games has been boosted by the rise of user-generated live streaming platforms, and the biggest of them all is Twitch. The popularity depends on Twitch alignment of live streamed video games. The stream is created by a player who broadcast and streams the video game online. The video game can then be watched by a viewer that is interested in the video game. In every stream there is an implemented live chat that allows the viewer to interact with the streamer while the stream is online. Because of this new type of interaction within live streaming, community’s starts to form around the streamer which connects people with the same interests. Because of the increasing popularity on Twitch and user-generated live streaming we have recognized a problem to maintain the social interaction between the users within a streams community. A qualitative study has been applied to analyze both the viewer and streamers perspective on the importance of social interaction on Twitch, as well as the effect that growing communities has on the social interaction.

In this thesis we implement and study the effects of different convective outflow boundary conditions for the high order spectral element solver Nek5000 in the context of solving convective-dominated fluid flow problems. By numerical testing we show that the convective boundary conditions preserve the spatial and temporal convergence rates of the solver. We also study highly convective test cases such as a single vortex propagating through the outflow boundary, and the typical Kármán vortex shedding problem to analyze the accuracy and stability. A detailed comparison with the natural boundary condition that corresponds to the variational form of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations (the Nek5000 “O” condition), and a stabilized version of it (by Dong et al. (2014)), are also presented. Our results show a major advantage of using the convective boundary conditions over the natural counterpart in solving convective problems, both according to stability and accuracy. Analytic and numerical results show that the natural condition has big stability problems for high Reynolds numbers, which make the use of stabilization methods or damping regions crucial. But, the (Dong) stabilized natural condition does not improve accuracy, and damping regions are computationally expensive. The convective conditions show very good accuracy if its convection speed is approximated accurately, and our results indicate that it can be used without damping regions efficiently. Our results also show that the magnitude of reflections significantly depends on the amplitude of the disturbances that move through the boundary. The convective boundary condition can handle large disturbances without producing significant reflections, while the natural one or a stabilized version of it in general can not. I det här examensarbetet har vi implementerat och studerat effekterna av olika konvektiva randvillkor för spektralelement lösaren Nek5000 vid beräkningar av konvektivt dominanta flödesproblem. Med hjälp av numeriska tester bevisar vi att de nya implementationerna bevarar lösarens konvergens i både rum och tid. Vi studerar noggrannheten hos de konvektiva randvillkoren genom konvektivt dominanta testfall i form av en ensam virvel som propagerar genom utflödet, samt det klassiska Kármán-virvel-gata problemet. En detaljerad jämförelse med det naturliga randvillkoret tillhörande den svaga formuleringen av de inkompressibla Navier-Stokes ekvationerna (Nek5000 “O”) och en stabiliserad version av denna är också presenterade. Våra resultat visar tydliga fördelar med att använda de konvektiva randvillkoren mot det naturliga vid lösningar av konvektiva problem, både stabilitetsmässigt och noggrannhetsmässigt. Analytiska och numeriska resultat visar att det naturliga randvillkoret har stora stabilitetsproblem vid höga Reynolds-tal, vilket medför att specifika stabilitetsversioner eller dämpningsregioner måste användas. Men stabiliserande naturliga randvillkor (Dong) förbättrar inte noggrannheten och dämpningsregioner är dyra beräkningsmässigt. De konvektiva randvillkoren har uppvisat en väldigt god noggrannhet om konvektionshastigheten i villkoren är noggranna approximationer. Analyser av amplituden hos reflektioner har också undersökts. Våra resultat visar ett signifikant linjärt förhållande mellan storleken på störningar som genomborrar utflödes-randen och de reflektioner dessa störningar skapar. De konvektiva randvillkoren visar sig klara starka störningar bra, vilket det naturliga och den stabiliserade versionen av det naturliga randvillkoret generellt sett inte gör.

In this thesis we implement and study the effects of different convective outflow boundary conditions for the high order spectral element solver Nek5000 in the context of solving convective-dominated fluid flow problems. By numerical testing we show that the convective boundary conditions preserve the spatial and temporal convergence rates of the solver. We also study highly convective test cases such as a single vortex propagating through the outflow boundary, and the typical Kármán vortex shedding problem to analyze the accuracy and stability. A detailed comparison with the natural boundary condition that corresponds to the variational form of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations (the Nek5000 “O” condition), and a stabilized version of it (by Dong et al. (2014)), are also presented. Our results show a major advantage of using the convective boundary conditions over the natural counterpart in solving convective problems, both according to stability and accuracy. Analytic and numerical results show that the natural condition has big stability problems for high Reynolds numbers, which make the use of stabilization methods or damping regions crucial. But, the (Dong) stabilized natural condition does not improve accuracy, and damping regions are computationally expensive. The convective conditions show very good accuracy if its convection speed is approximated accurately, and our results indicate that it can be used without damping regions efficiently. Our results also show that the magnitude of reflections significantly depends on the amplitude of the disturbances that move through the boundary. The convective boundary condition can handle large disturbances without producing significant reflections, while the natural one or a stabilized version of it in general can not. I det här examensarbetet har vi implementerat och studerat effekterna av olika konvektiva randvillkor för spektralelement lösaren Nek5000 vid beräkningar av konvektivt dominanta flödesproblem. Med hjälp av numeriska tester bevisar vi att de nya implementationerna bevarar lösarens konvergens i både rum och tid. Vi studerar noggrannheten hos de konvektiva randvillkoren genom konvektivt dominanta testfall i form av en ensam virvel som propagerar genom utflödet, samt det klassiska Kármán-virvel-gata problemet. En detaljerad jämförelse med det naturliga randvillkoret tillhörande den svaga formuleringen av de inkompressibla Navier-Stokes ekvationerna (Nek5000 “O”) och en stabiliserad version av denna är också presenterade. Våra resultat visar tydliga fördelar med att använda de konvektiva randvillkoren mot det naturliga vid lösningar av konvektiva problem, både stabilitetsmässigt och noggrannhetsmässigt. Analytiska och numeriska resultat visar att det naturliga randvillkoret har stora stabilitetsproblem vid höga Reynolds-tal, vilket medför att specifika stabilitetsversioner eller dämpningsregioner måste användas. Men stabiliserande naturliga randvillkor (Dong) förbättrar inte noggrannheten och dämpningsregioner är dyra beräkningsmässigt. De konvektiva randvillkoren har uppvisat en väldigt god noggrannhet om konvektionshastigheten i villkoren är noggranna approximationer. Analyser av amplituden hos reflektioner har också undersökts. Våra resultat visar ett signifikant linjärt förhållande mellan storleken på störningar som genomborrar utflödes-randen och de reflektioner dessa störningar skapar. De konvektiva randvillkoren visar sig klara starka störningar bra, vilket det naturliga och den stabiliserade versionen av det naturliga randvillkoret generellt sett inte gör.

In the area of computer network security, standardization work has been conducted for several years. However, the sub area of access control and authorization has so far been left out of major standardizing. This thesis explores the ongoing standardization for access control and authorization. In addition, areas and techniques supporting access control are investigated. Access control in its basic forms is described to point out the building blocks that always have to be considered when an access policy is formulated. For readers previously unfamiliar with network security a number of basic concepts are presented. An overview of access control in public networks introduces new conditions and points out standards related to access control. None of the found standards fulfills all of our requirements at current date. The overview includes a comparison between competing products, which meet most of the stated conditions. In parallel with this report a prototype was developed. The purpose of the prototype was to depict how access control could be administered and to show the critical steps in formulating an access policy.