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Introduction: Immature teeth are more susceptible to fracture, and intracanal medicaments and coronal filling materials used in regenerative endodontics affect their optic and mechanical properties. This study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance and coronal discoloration of simulated immature teeth following the placement of several intracanal medicaments and coronal sealing materials. Materials and Methods: Eighty-eight premolars simulating immature teeth were divided into 11 groups (n = 8 each) according to the type of intracanal medicament (triple antibiotic paste [TAP]; double antibiotic pastes [DAP]; calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2 ]) and used coronal barrier materials (mineral trioxide aggregate [MTA] and calcium-enriched mixture [CEM]). A bonding agent was applied in half of the samples in the groups where antibiotic pastes were used (n = 8). After incubating for 3 weeks, the sample’s fracture resistance and color change were evaluated. Data analysis was conducted using multivariate and one-way analysis of variance, Tukey’s honestly significant difference post hoc, and the Kruskal–Wallis tests (α =0.05). Results: The color change after placing the medicaments was comparable among the groups. However, after 3 months, the color change in the TAP-CEM-No-Bonding group was higher than the control, Ca(OH)2 -MTA, and DAP-MTA-No-Bonding groups(P < 0.05). The fracture resistance of the TAP-MTA-Bonding, DAP-CEM-Bonding, Ca(OH)2 -MTA, and Ca(OH)2 -CEM was lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Simultaneous use of DAP-MTA without a dentin bonding agent led to comparable color change and fracture resistance to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion or Allium cepa (A. cepa) is one of the most important condiment plants grown and consumed all over the world. This plant has various therapeutic effects attributed to its constituents, such as quercetin, thiosulphinates and phenolic acids. In the present article, various pharmacological and therapeutic effects of A. cepa were reviewed. Different online databases using keywords such as onion, A. cepa, therapeutic effects, and pharmacological effects until the end of December 2019 were searched for this purpose. Onion has been suggested to be effective in treating a broad range of disorders, including asthma, inflammatory disorders, dysentery, wounds, scars, keloids and pain. In addition, different studies have demonstrated that onion possesses numerous pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-platelet properties as well as the effect on bone, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, nervous, respiratory, and urogenital systems effects such as anti-osteoporosis, anti-hypertensive, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, neuro-protective, anti-asthmatic and diuretic effects. The present review provides detailed the various pharmacological properties of onion and its constituents and possible underlying mechanisms. The results of multiple studies suggested the therapeutic effect of onion on a wide range of disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Modeling is one of the non-pharmacological approaches to manage anxiety behavior and encourage children’s cooperation in dentistry. This method is based on social learning theory in which the children learn the skills of overcoming anxiety and adapting their skills and behaviors during dental treatment. Purpose:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an animated-movie modeling approach, named Jilo, on cooperation and anxiety of children in comparison with the conventional Tell-Show-Do (TSD) method in a dental setting. Materials and Method:In this randomized controlled trial, 50 healthy children (aged 4-6) with no history of dental treatment were recruited and randomly allocated to experimental (n= 24) and control (n= 24) groups. During the first visit, the experimental group watched the Jilo animated movie. After a 30-minute break, they received prophylaxis followed by fluoride therapy. The control group received the conventional TSD technique and then underwent prophylaxis and fluoride therapy. One week later, a dental restoration, which required mandibular nerve block anesthesia, was performed for both groups. The cooperation and anxiety levels of patients were evaluated during two visits using Venham Clinical Cooperation Scale (VCCS) and Venham Clinical Anxiety Scale (VCAS). Results:The mean VCAS in the experimental group was significantly lower compared to the control group during the first and second visits (p = 0.008 and p = 0.044, respectively). The mean VCCS was also significantly lower in the experimental group during the first (p = 0.015) and second visits (p = 0.019) compared to the control group. Conclusion:The application of animated-movie modeling (Jilo) can be recommended as an effective method for preparation of children before the dental treatment session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This is the first study to evaluate the effect of carvacrol on pulmonary function tests (PFT), and total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts in healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were treated with two doses of carvacrol (1 and 2 mg/kg/day) for 1 month. Total and differential WBC counts and PFT were examined before and after the treatment period. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in terms of total and differential WBC counts between pre and posttreatment with the two doses of carvacrol. Also, results of PFT tests indicated that administration of 1 mg/kg/day carvacrol had no effect on PFT parameters when comparing post-treatment values with pre-treatment values. Treatment with 2 mg/kg/day carvacrol for 1 month increased forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (p<0.05). However, the changes in total and differential WBC counts as well as PFT values after 1-month treatment were not significantly different between two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that treatment of healthy individuals with 1 and 2 mg/kg carvacrol for 1 month has no negative effects on total and differential WBC counts nor PFT values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary complications due to mustard gas exposure range from no effect to severe bronchial stenosis. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and respiratory symptoms in chemical war victims were studied 23–25 years after exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). Respiratory symptoms were evaluated in a sample of 142 chemical war victims and 120 control subjects with similar age from the general population using a questionnaire including questions on respiratory symptoms in the past year. PFT values were also measured in chemical war victims before and 15 min after the inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol and baseline PFT in controls. All chemical war victims (100%) reported respiratory symptoms. Wheezing (66.19%), cough (64.78%), and chest tightness (54.4%) were the most common symptoms and only 15.5% of chemical war victims reported sputum (p < 0.01 for sputum and p < 0.001 for other symptoms compared with control group). In addition, 49.3% of chemical war victims had wheeze in chest examination, which were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.001). The severity of respiratory symptoms was also significantly higher than control subjects (p < 0.05 for sputum and p < 0.001 for other symptoms). All the PFT values were also significantly lower in chemical war victims than that in control subjects (p < 0.001 for all cases). In addition, all the PFT values improved significantly after the inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol (p < 0.05–p < 0.001). These results showed that chemical war victims, 23–25 years after exposure to chemical warfare have higher frequencies and severity of respiratory symptoms. PFT values were also significantly reduced among chemical war victims, which showed reversibility due to the inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]