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Refining and reversing weighted arithmetic-geometric mean inequalities have been studied in many papers. In this paper, we provide some bounds for the differences between the weighted arithmetic and geometric means, using known inequalities. We improve the results given by Furuichi-Ghaemi-Gharakhanlu and Sababheh-Choi. We also give some bounds on entropies, applying the results in a different approach. We explore certain convex or concave functions, which are symmetric functions on the axis t = 1 / 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of the empirical expectation coincides with that of the mean energy of an ideal Bose gas for one particle. The exact mathematical identity for these quantities makes it possible to carry over the concept of temperature corresponding to the mean energy to an unboundedly increasing sequence of random values for a new unbounded probability theory and for a generalization of Kolmogorov complexity theory. The notion of spectral gap, which was introduced in superconductivity theory, is carried over to unbounded probability theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]