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PURPOSE: Intracytroplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) is a common procedure used to improve reproductive results, even among couples without male factor infertility. However, the evidence available is still uncertain on the possible advantages and deficiencies that this procedure may have in patients with no formal indication for ICSI. METHODS: A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis examines the possible advantages and deficiencies of performing ICSI in these patients with no formal indication. RESULTS: The evidence suggests that ICSI is not justified for non-male factor infertile couples requiring in vitro conception. One of the major strengths associated to the procedure is the virtual elimination of cases further complicated by total fertilization failure and a combination between IVF and ICSI on sibling oocytes has been advised in the literature. Greater technical difficulties, higher costs and performing an unnecessary invasive technique in some cases represent some of the weaknesses of the procedure, and questions regarding safety issues should not be ruled out. CONCLUSION: Despite the widespread use of ICSI in patients without a formal diagnosis of male factor infertility, evidence demonstrating its effectiveness in this population is still lacking. Additional large and well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify definitive indications for ICSI in non-male factor infertility.

8th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion; 1668-1672, The pandemic, combined with additional conjunctural events, led to logistics prices hike as well as increases of raw materials prices. As many other industries, the solar PV sector was impacted, with substantial inflation of PV module prices, which approached the 0,30 US$/Wp. But such turmoil across the supply chain can also create opportunities, e.g. by enabling the competitiveness of local manufacturing in comparison with centralized, large scale manufacturing bases located in Asia. To assess these opportunities, this paper provides estimations of the factory gate cost of manufacturing PV modules using mono c-Si p-type PERC cells, in 2022 and 2025, through vertically integrated factories located in France, Morocco and South Africa of 1GW of production capacity. Results show that it remains challenging to be cost competitive with China-based vertically integrated manufacturing. The gap remains higher than 20%, even in the best-case situation, with 0,37 US$/Wp in France, 0,36 US$/Wp in South Africa and 0,34 US$/Wp in Morocco achievable in 2022. The most influential factors are economies of scale, polysilicon price, cell efficiency or the cost of electricity. Competitiveness can be reached in the medium-term, only by focusing on these factors simultaneously, and with the support of public authorities, direct and indirect.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Is measurement of hyperglycosylated HCG (hHCG) superior to beta-HCG (HCG+ß) for early pregnancy detection after IVF and embryo transfer? DESIGN: Blood samples were collected on day 4 (+1), 7 (+1) and 11 (+2) after embryo transfer from women aged 18-45 years undergoing first or second fresh or frozen IVF embryo transfer cycles. Biochemical pregnancy was assessed on-site by HCG determination on day 11; clinical pregnancy was assessed by ultrasound on day 21 (+4/-3). Serum hHCG (immunochemiluminometric assay) and HCG+ß (Elecsys® HCG+ß assay) concentrations were measured. Performance of hHCG and HCG+ß for predicting pregnancy was evaluated and cut-offs selected. RESULTS: In total, 155 women were enrolled and underwent IVF and embryo transfer. Area under the curve (AUC) (95% CI) on day 4 was not significantly different for hHCG (AUC 0.88; 95% CI 0.83 to 0.94) and HCG+ß (AUC 0.90; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.95), as was predictive performance on day 7 and 11, with higher AUC estimates compared with day 4. Applying cut-offs derived according to Youden's index on day 4 (hHCG, 100 pg/ml; HCG+ß, 1.30 mIU/ml), both biomarkers demonstrated high negative predictive values for ruling out pregnancy (hHCG, 83.8%; HCG+ß, 82.8%) and high positive predictive values for ruling in pregnancy (hHCG, 89.0%; HCG+ß, 84.9%) on day 21. Diagnostic performance improved from day 4 to day 11. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive performance for early pregnancy post-IVF embryo transfer of day-5 blastocysts was not significantly different for hHCG and HCG+ß; hHCG superiority over HCG+ß was not shown.

8th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion; 1687-1690, Over the last years, the concept of energy communities has gained popularity. They are increasingly perceived as a citizen empowerment opportunity, and a mean to involve them in renewable energy deployment. Yet, deployment of energy communities remains limited. Among the explanatory factors of this observation, one can cite the lack of appropriate legislation, but also the lack of knowledge (of citizen but also professionals) around new forms of business models, with an ensured added value for all stakeholders. The research results presented here have been obtained through the work conducted in R2EC (Regional Renewable Energy Cells) ERANet project, which intends to evaluate revenue model(s) for an energy community (EC) created in a neighborhood of the municipality of Flobecq (Wallonia, Belgium). The objective is also to evaluate to which extent this model could be replicated in similar settings, elsewhere in Wallonia. Results show that the local regulation defining renewable energy communities should be adapted, as it is currently too restrictive and prevents sufficient economic value creation to make shared energy generation concepts viable. Peer-topeer exchange, currently excluded from regulatory frameworks, was identified by our research as a non-optimal business model given the current context in Wallonia (i.e., net-metering).

8th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion; 1562-1567, Non-incentivized utility-scale PV systems (typically relying on selling the produced electricity on the wholesale spot day-ahead market) have been appearing on the market in the last years. In 2021, 17% of the global annual market was deployed under such business models and it is expected that this share will continue to grow [1][2]. In parallel, key components of the energy transition (higher PV penetration, electrification of heating, cooling and mobility needs, storage, power-to-X, …) may impact wholesale electricity price patterns by altering electricity supply demand imbalance in one direction or the other. Therefore, this study is a prospective analysis which assesses how different variations of electricity price patterns could impact PV profitability. Based on the developed methodology, the impacts of different wholesale electricity price patterns (daily patterns, seasonal patterns and occurrence of negative prices) on the profitability of a 50 MWp PV system under two business models have been assessed. Results take the form of charts displaying the NPV (Net Present Value).

Is there a serum progesterone (P) threshold on the day of embryo transfer (ET) in artificial endometrium preparation cycles below which the chances of ongoing pregnancy are reduced?

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1632-1636, The performance of innovations in the ongoing Horizon 2020 project SUPER PV are assessed, both for individual innovations and at an integral level, by calculating the LCOE as the key performance variable. New prospective innovations from SUPER PV combined with price reductions and improvements elsewhere in the PV supply chain are evaluated. Such hybrid solutions can form winning combinations in the market and may point towards a flexible business model for non-vertically integrated module manufacturers. Several SUPER PV innovations show clear commercial potential by comparing the LCOE with and without the innovation. Moreover, the "SUPER PV best estimate", i.e., the combination of SUPER PV innovations and cost reductions in segments of the PV supply chain not covered by the project, leads to a total estimated LCOE reduction of 57% compared with the original benchmark at the start of the project, considerably lower than the originally targeted 37% LCOE reduction. At this point the results from SUPER PV are overall promising. Key activities forward are validation of results at the SUPER PV demo-sites across Europe and North Africa and to prepare business models and -plans for market uptake after project end (October 2022).

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1628-1631, Perspectives for BIPV market development have always been a topic of interest within the PV sector as it has often been considered as a potential growth path for PV, but this never materialized to significative deployment. The innovative methodology presented here aims at estimating a realistic market potential for BIPV by 2030, by using a two-sided and a back-casting approach for eight key European solar markets, taking into account the characteristics of their building stock. In particular, renovation rates are key inputs as they are used to define the two considered scenarios (a high scenario falling within the Renovation Wave Strategy and a Business-as-Usual scenario). Eventually, the cumulative BIPV capacity projected to be installed in the eight key European countries over the next decade could amount to 7,4 GWp to 9,5 GWp with most of the capacity being installed on residential buildings’ roofs. Then, not only will a doubling of current renovation rates have clear benefits in terms of primary energy consumption reduction for the building sector, it can also be an important driver of the BIPV market representing an additional 2 GWp opportunity compared to the Business as Usual scenario.

To compare ovarian response and reproductive outcomes in oocyte donors undergoing pituitary suppression with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) versus those undergoing conventional treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Ovarian stimulation during IVF cycles involves close monitoring of oestradiol, progesterone and ultrasound measurements of follicle growth. In contrast to blood draws, sampling saliva is less invasive. Here, a blind validation is presented of a novel saliva-based oestradiol and progesterone assay carried out in samples collected in independent IVF clinics. DESIGN: Concurrent serum and saliva samples were collected from 324 patients at six large independent IVF laboratories. Saliva samples were frozen and run blinded. A further 18 patients had samples collected more frequently around the time of HCG trigger. Saliva samples were analysed using an immunoassay developed with Salimetrics LLC. RESULTS: In total, 652 pairs of saliva and serum oestradiol were evaluated, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.68 to 0.91. In the European clinics, a further 237 of saliva and serum progesterone samples were evaluated; however, the correlations were generally poorer, ranging from -0.02 to 0.22. In the patients collected more frequently, five out of 18 patients (27.8%) showed an immediate decrease in oestradiol after trigger. When progesterone samples were assessed after trigger, eight out of 18 (44.4%) showed a continued rise. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary oestradiol hormone testing correlates well to serum-based assessment, whereas progesterone values, around the time of trigger, are not consistent from patient to patient.

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 683-689, The role of the deployment of solar PV systems in possibly triggering competition for silver and copper supply, in the frame of a terawatt scale market, is presented in this paper, including the methodology implemented to determine it. Possible strategies to reduce the risk of competition, such as increasing the contribution of secondary production in raw material supply, are analysed. The opportunity of shifting from Ag to Cu in PV cells’ metallization is measured. The interest of efficiency increases is discussed, as well as the attractiveness of shifting from single-junction c-Si to perovskites, in single-junction configuration or in tandem with c-Si. The contribution of the various components of PV systems is also highlighted. Eventually this research permits to evaluate to which extent the objective to limit global warming to 1,5°C by 2100 is realistic, considering the constraints on silver and copper potentially caused by solar PV.

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1601-1607, Green hydrogen will be an essential part of the future 100% sustainable energy and industry system. Up to one third of the required solar and wind electricity would eventually be used for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, increasing the cumulative electrolyser capacity to about 17 TWel by 2050. Key method applied in this research are a learning curve approach for the key technologies, i.e. solar photovoltaic (PV) and water electrolysers, and levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Sensitivities for the hydrogen demand and various input parameters are considered. Electrolyser capital expenditure (CAPEX) for a large utility-scale system is expected to decrease from current 400 €/kWel to 240 €/kWel by 2030 and to 80 €/kWel by 2050. With the continuing solar PV cost decrease, this will lead to an LCOH decrease in Europe from current 47-81 €/MWhH2,LHV (1.6-2.7 €/kgH2) to 31-54 €/MWhH2,LHV (1.0-1.8 €/kgH2) by 2030 and 16-27 €/MWhH2,LHV (0.5-0.9 €/kgH2) by 2050, depending on the location. The share of PV electricity cost in the LCOH will increase from the current 63% to 74% by 2050.