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Haemochromatosis (HC) encompasses a range of genetic disorders. HFE-HC is by far the most common in adults, while non-HFE types are rare due to mutations of HJV, HAMP, TFR2 and gain-of-function mutations of SLC40A1. HC is often unknown to paediatricians as it is usually asymptomatic in childhood. We report clinical and biochemical data from 24 paediatric cases of HC (10 cases of HFE-, 5 TFR2-, 9 HJV-HC), with a median follow-up of 9.6 years. Unlike in the adult population, non-HFE-HC constitutes 58% (14/24) of the population in our series. Transferrin saturation was significantly higher in TFR2- and HJV-HC compared to HFE-HC, and serum ferritin and LIC were higher in HJV-HC compared to TFR2- and HFE-HC. Most HFE-HC subjects had relatively low ferritin and LIC at the time of diagnosis, so therapy could be postponed for most of them after the age of 18. Our results confirm that HJV-HC is a severe form already in childhood, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to avoid the development of organ damage and reduce morbidity and mortality. Although phlebotomies were tolerated by most patients, oral iron chelators could be a valid option in early-onset HC., (© 2023 The Authors. British Journal of Haematology published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Inherited thrombocytopenias (ITs) are rare congenital bleeding disorders characterized by different clinical expression and variable prognosis. ITs are poorly known by clinicians and often misdiagnosed with most common forms of thrombocytopenia., Material and Methods: "CHildren with Inherited Platelet disorders Surveillance" study (CHIPS) is a retrospective - prospective observational cohort study conducted between January 2003 and January 2022 in 17 centers affiliated to the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP). The primary objective of this study was to collect clinical and laboratory data on Italian pediatric patients with inherited thrombocytopenias. Secondary objectives were to calculate prevalence of ITs in Italian pediatric population and to assess frequency and genotype-phenotype correlation of different types of mutations in our study cohort., Results: A total of 139 children, with ITs (82 male - 57 female) were enrolled. ITs prevalence in Italy ranged from 0.7 per 100,000 children during 2010 to 2 per 100,000 children during 2022. The median time between the onset of thrombocytopenia and the diagnosis of ITs was 1 years (range 0 - 18 years). A family history of thrombocytopenia has been reported in 90 patients (65%). Among 139 children with ITs, in 73 (53%) children almost one defective gene has been identified. In 61 patients a pathogenic mutation has been identified. Among them, 2 patients also carry a variant of uncertain significance (VUS), and 4 others harbour 2 VUS variants. VUS variants were identified in further 8 patients (6%), 4 of which carry more than one variant VUS. Three patients (2%) had a likely pathogenic variant while in 1 patient (1%) a variant was identified that was initially given an uncertain significance but was later classified as benign. In addition, in 17 patients the genetic diagnosis is not available, but their family history and clinical/laboratory features strongly suggest the presence of a specific genetic cause. In 49 children (35%) no genetic defect were identified. In ninetyseven patients (70%), thrombocytopenia was not associated with other clinically apparent disorders. However, 42 children (30%) had one or more additional clinical alterations., Conclusion: Our study provides a descriptive collection of ITs in the pediatric Italian population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 Lassandro, Palladino, Faleschini, Barone, Boscarol, Cesaro, Chiocca, Farruggia, Giona, Gorio, Maggio, Marinoni, Marzollo, Palumbo, Russo, Saracco, Spinelli, Verzegnassi, Morga, Savoia and Giordano.)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a worldwide distributed hereditary red cell disorder characterized by recurrent acute vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs and anemia). Gold standard treatments are hydroxycarbamide (HC) and/or different red blood cell (RBC) transfusion regimens to limit disease progression. Here, we report a retrospective study on 1,579 SCD patients (median age 23 years; 802 males/777 females), referring to 34 comprehensive Italian centers for hemoglobinopathies. Although we observed a similar proportion of Caucasian (47.9%) and African (48.7%) patients, Italian SCD patients clustered into two distinct overall groups: children of African descent and adults of Caucasian descent. We found a subset of SCD patients requiring more intensive therapy with a combination of HC plus chronic transfusion regimen, due to partial failure of HC treatment alone in preventing or reducing sickle cell-related acute manifestations. Notably, we observed a higher use of acute transfusion approaches for SCD patients of African descent when compared to Caucasian subjects. This might be related to (i) age of starting HC treatment; (ii) patients' low social status; (iii) patients' limited access to family practitioners; or (iv) discrimination. In our cohort, alloimmunization was documented in 135 patients (8.5%) and was more common in Caucasians (10.3%) than in Africans (6.6%). Alloimmunization was similar in male and female and more frequent in adults than in children. Our study reinforces the importance of donor-recipient exact matching for ABO, Rhesus, and Kell antigen systems for RBC compatibility as a winning strategy to avoid or limit alloimmunization events that negatively impact the clinical management of SCD-related severe complications., Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03397017., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Graziadei, De Franceschi, Sainati, Venturelli, Masera, Bonomo, Vassanelli, Casale, Lodi, Voi, Rigano, Pinto, Quota, Notarangelo, Russo, Allò, Rosso, D'Ascola, Facchini, Macchi, Arcioni, Bonetti, Rossi, Sau, Campisi, Colarusso, Giona, Lisi, Giordano, Boscarol, Filosa, Marktel, Maroni, Murgia, Origa, Longo, Bortolotti, Colombatti, Di Maggio, Mariani, Piperno, Corti, Fidone, Palazzi, Badalamenti, Gianesin, Piel and Forni.)

Objective: The association between celiac disease (CD) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to characterize the coexistence of these two diseases in Italian children., Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter study investigating the occurrence of CD in 28 children with ITP diagnosed from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019., Results: The first diagnosis was ITP in 57.1% and CD in 32.1% of patients. In 3 patients (10.7%), the two diagnoses were simultaneous. All the potential and silent cases of CD in our cohort were diagnosed in the groups of “ITP first” and “simultaneous diagnosis”. In all children ITP was mild, and in 2 out of 8 not recovered from ITP at the time of CD diagnosis a normalization of platelet counts (>100,000/μL) occurred 3 and 5 months after starting a gluten-free diet, respectively., Conclusion: We think that screening for CD should be considered in children with ITP regardless of the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, some patients may recover from ITP after starting a gluten-free diet.

Primary autoimmune neutropenia (pAN) is typified by onset in early infancy and a mild/moderate phenotype that resolves within 3 years of diagnosis. In contrast, secondary AN is classically an adult disease associated with malignancy, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, viral infection, or drugs. This study describes a cohort of 79 children from the Italian Registry who, although resembling pAN, did not fully match the criteria for pAN because neutropenia either appeared after age 5 years (LO-Np) or lasted longer than 3 years (LL-Np). These 2 categories compared with classical pAN showed a far inferior rate of resolution (P < .001), lower severity of neutropenia (P = .03), leukopenia (P < .001), lymphopenia (P < .001) with low B+ (P = .001), increased need of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (P = .04), and increased frequency of autoimmunity over the disease course (P < .001). A paired comparison between LO-Np and LL-Np suggested that LO-Np had a lower rate of resolution (P < .001) and lower white blood cell (P < .001) and lymphocyte (P < .001) values, higher occurrence of apthae (P = .008), and a stronger association with autoimmune diseases/markers (P = .001) than LL-Np, thus suggesting a more pronounced autoimmune signature for LO-Np. A next-generation sequencing panel applied in a small subgroup of LO-Np and LL-Np patients identified variants related to immune dysregulations. Overall, these findings indicate that there are important differences among pAN LL-Np and LO-Np. Forms rising after 3 years of age, with low tendency to resolution, require tight monitoring and extensive immune investigations aimed to early identify underlying immunologic disease., (© 2020 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess management strategies for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) among Italian paediatric haematologists, and to compare these with those of recent international guidelines. Predictors of early remission or disease chronicity were also evaluated., Materials and Methods: During a period of 1 year, 205 children (age: 1 month-18 years) with newly diagnosed ITP were prospectively enrolled by 16 centres belonging to the Italian Association of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (AIEOP). We collected the subjects demographic data, history, clinical symptoms, platelet count and treatment at presentation and at subsequent visits., Results: Of the 205 patients, 47 (23%) were initially managed with a wait-and-see approach. Compared to these patients, children administered platelet-enhancing therapies were significantly younger (median age: 4.75 vs 7.96 years; p<0.001) and had lower platelet counts. At the 3-month follow-up, 92/202 patients (46%) had persistent ITP. Recovery within 3 months was predicted by younger median age (5.3 vs 7.8 years; p<0.001), and recent viral infection (p<0.001) . At 1 year, 56 patients had chronic ITP, which was associated with older median age (7.54 vs 5.35 years; p<0.001), and a family history of autoimmunity (p<0.05; relative risk: 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.98). In total, 357 pharmacological treatments were recorded (216 intravenous immunoglobulins, 80 steroids). Response to intravenous immunoglobulins did not have an effect on remission rate at 12 months., Discussion: Pediatric hematologists in Italian Centre treat over three-quarters of patients with newly diagnosed ITP, despite recent international guidelines. Almost 80% of patients with mild clinical symptoms received pharmacological treatment at diagnosis, which was significantly associated with younger age. Chronicity at 12 months was not affected by different therapeutic approaches at diagnosis or response to therapy.

Oral ferrous salts are standard treatment for children with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The objective of our study was to monitor oral iron therapy in children, aged 3 months-12 years, with IDA. We prospectively collected clinical and hematological data of children with IDA, from 15 AIEOP (Associazione Italiana di Ematologia ed. Oncologia Pediatrica) centers. Response was measured by the increase of Hb from baseline. Of the 107 analyzed patients, 18 received ferrous gluconate/sulfate 2 mg/kg (ferrous 2), 7 ferrous gluconate/sulfate 4 mg/kg (ferrous 4), 7 ferric iron salts 2 mg/kg (ferric), 62 bis-glycinate iron 0.45 mg/kg (glycinate), and 13 liposomal iron 0.7-1.4 mg/kg (liposomal). Increase in reticulocytes was evident at 3 days, while Hb increase appeared at 2 weeks. Gain of Hb at 2 and 8 weeks revealed a higher median increase in both ferrous 2 and ferrous 4 groups. Gastro-intestinal side effects were reported in 16% (ferrous 2), 14% (ferrous 4), 6% (glycinate), and 0 (ferric and liposomal) patients. The reticulocyte counts significantly increased after 3 days from the start of oral iron supplementation. Bis-glycinate iron formulation had a good efficacy/safety profile and offers an acceptable alternative to ferrous iron preparations.

Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy (AIN) is characterized by low risk of severe infection, tendency to spontaneously resolve and typically onset at ≤4-5 years of age; it is due to auto-antibodies whose detection is often difficult. In case of negativity of 4 antineutrophils autoantibody tests, after having excluded ethnic, postinfection, drug induced, or congenital neutropenia, according to the Italian guidelines the patients will be defined as affected by "idiopathic neutropenia" (IN). We describe the characteristics of 85 IN patients enrolled in the Italian neutropenia registry: they were compared with 336 children affected by AIN. The 2 groups were clinically very similar and the main differences were detection age (later in IN), length of disease (longer in IN) and, among recovered patients, age of spontaneous recovery: the median age at resolution was 2.13 years in AINs and 3.03 years in INs (P = .00002). At bivariate analysis among AIN patients earlier detection age (P = .00013), male sex (P = .000748), absence of leucopenia (P = .0045), and absence of monocytosis (P = .0419) were significantly associated with earlier recovery; in the IN group only detection age (P = .013) and absence of monocytosis (P = .0333) were significant. At multivariate analysis detection age and absence of monocytosis were independently significant (P = 6.7e-05 and 4.4e-03, respectively) in the AIN group, whereas in the IN group only detection age stayed significant (P = .013)., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Pansclerotic morphoea (PM) is a subtype of juvenile localised scleroderma characterised by severe course with generalised full-thickness skin involvement and possible growth and functional impairment. PM treatment comprises a combination of immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, PUVA and antithymocyte globulin and biological agents used in off-label. A possible role of IL-6 in the regulation of firoblast differentiation and stimulation of collagen synthesis has been suggested and in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) the treatment with tocilizumab (TCZ) was associated to improvement of skin thickness and joint motion. We describe the first two cases of children with PM refractory to different immunosuppressive agents in which the use of TCZ reduced disease activity and stopped disease progression. Therefore, we suggest that an earlier use of this agent in such severe cases could be considered before irreversible sclerosis and tissue damage occurs.Juvenile localised scleroderma (JLS) comprises a group of autoimmune fibrosing conditions involving skin and subcutaneous tissues following an initial inflammatory reaction. Pansclerotic morphoea (PM), an extremely rare and severe subtype of JLS, is characterised by generalised full-thickness skin involvement that may extend over deeper tissues and bone with subsequent growth disturbance and disabling outcome. We describe the first two children with PM refractory to immunosuppressive treatments in which the off-label use of tocilizumab (TCZ), fully humanised anti IL-6R antibody, allowed to control the inflammation and stopped the extension of the disease.