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During several archaeological excavations on a river terrace of the river Meuse near the village of Lomm (southeast Netherlands) information was gathered for a reconstruction of the sedimentation and vegetation history during the Holocene. Various geoarchaeological methods – geomorphological, micromorphological and botanical analyses – were applied, while accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating provided an accurate chronology for the sediments.During the Early Holocene, many former braided river channels were deepened due to climate amelioration. Later, river flow concentrated in one main river channel to the west, at the location of the modern Meuse. The other channels were only active during floods, and infilling continued until the Bronze Age. Because of the higher setting of the Lomm terrace, it was only occasionally flooded and therefore formed an excellent location for habitation. Humans adapted to the changing landscape, as most remains were found on the higher river terraces or their slopes, a short distance from the Maas river. The Lomm terrace was more or less continuously inhabited from the Mesolithic onwards.During the Early Holocene, river terraces were initially densely forested with birch and pine. From the Boreal (Mesolithic) onwards, dense mixed forests with deciduous shrubs and trees such as hazel, oak, elm and lime developed. During the Atlantic (Meso/Neolithic), the deciduous forests became dominated by oak. Due to human activities from the Late Subboreal (Late Bronze Age) onwards, forests slowly became more open, yet remained relatively dense in comparison to other Dutch areas. The botanical data, however, show that within the Lomm study area there was a large difference in the composition, distribution and openness of the vegetation. The spatial variation in openness came into existence during the Late Bronze Age, as soon as the higher areas started to be used for human activities (i.e. habitation, agriculture and livestock herding). Due to human activities, the northern part of the study area became very open during the Early Roman period. In the lower-situated areas of the southern part, however, forests remained present much longer, until the Early Middle Ages. Due to large-scale deforestation in the Lomm area and hinterland during the Roman period and Middle Ages, the sediment load of the river increased, large floods occurred and overbank sediments were deposited, burying the archaeological remains. The largest increase in sedimentation occurred after the Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High-resolution Early Holocene palynological records from the middle Meuse River valley were missing until recently. In order to investigate environmental and inferred climate changes during the Preboreal, sediments from a former residual channel of the Meuse River near Haelen were studied. Detailed multi-proxy analyses, including microfossils, macroremains and loss-on-ignition measurements, were carried out at a high temporal resolution. An accurate chronology of the >1000-year-long record was provided by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C wiggle-match dating.The channel was abandoned during the late Younger Dryas, when accumulation started with gyttja. This period was characterised by an open landscape with herbaceous vegetation and dwarf shrubs. Patches of birch were present on the floodplains around depressions and (oxbow) lakes. Some pines survived the cold in sheltered locations. In the residual channel the water was flowing temporarily and aquatic plant communities developed with predominantly submerged taxa and algae. The shores were fringed by willows and sedges and were probably used as a watering place by large herbivores.Following the Late-glacial/Holocene climate warming, dated in the Haelen record around 11,520 cal BP, birch woodlands expanded on the river floodplains and slopes of terraces during the Friesland Phase. Open vegetation with herbs and juniper remained present on the nearby terraces. An increase in the water level of the oxbow lake and seepage of groundwater occurred. Along the shores herbaceous vegetation was present. Around 11,420 cal BP, birch expansion was interrupted by the dry continental Rammelbeek Phase. On the river floodplain and terrace slopes, open grassland vegetation developed and on the terraces, grasslands and open grounds were abundant. In the residual channel the water became stagnant and floating-leaved vegetation developed. At the start of the Late Preboreal, around 11,270 cal BP, a sudden shift to a more humid climate took place and birch forests expanded again on the river floodplains and terrace slopes. Poplar became more abundant in these forests, and birch and poplar swamp forests were present near the site. Pine expanded at c. 11,160 cal BP on the higher sandy and gravelly terraces. During the Late Preboreal a reed swamp developed on the shores of the residual channel.At the onset of the Boreal, around 10,710 cal BP, woodlands, initially with hazel, but later also with oak, elm and lime, started to develop, while pine forest remained present on the higher terraces. Hazel shrubs were growing on the terrace slopes. Birch and poplar forests occurred on moist parts of the floodplains. Around the residual channel they formed a zone behind the reed swamps surrounding the oxbow lake. Vegetation with water lilies was present in open water.The Haelen record shows, despite a lack of archaeological evidence, indications for the presence of Mesolithic people in the area during the Preboreal. These include the occurrence of (natural or man-made) fires, in combination with the presence of trampled areas and disturbed grounds and possibly consumption of Nymphaeaceae seeds and tubers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]