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Aims: The aims of the study were (a) to assess whether the proportion of female nurses and female physicians in a given unit influences the attitude of collaboration between nurses and physicians as reported by nurses, and (b) to examine how these two dimensions interact to influence attitudes towards cooperation. Background: Available studies have documented that gender influences the collaboration between physicians and nurses, but no have explored the influence of specific combinations—such as a high proportion of female nurses and a high proportion of female physicians. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 700 nurses working in 36 hospital units in Italy. The validated Italian version of the Jefferson Scale of Attitudes towards Physician–Nurse Collaboration was used. A three stages hierarchical linear regression was performed by entering: (a) the control variables at the individual and at the unit levels, (b) the proportion of female nurses and physicians and (c) the two-way interaction. Results: A total of 430 nurses participated; the average Jefferson Scale of Attitudes towards Physician–Nurse Collaboration total score was 48.64 ± 5.27. At the second and third stages of the hierarchical linear regression model (explaining 12.8% and 14.1% of the Jefferson Scale of Attitudes towards Physician–Nurse Collaboration variance, respectively), having more female RNs as staff (model two: ß = 0.61, p =

A seguito del violento rilascio di gas, verifica-tosi nel 2002 e 2003, nell'area prospiciente gli isolotti a est dell'isola vulcanica di Panarea, sono state condotte nume-rose ricerche per comprendere l'origine, la natura e gli effetti di queste emissioni. Tali ricerche hanno evidenziato vari punti di rilascio di gas e fluidi idrotermali ricchi di CO2 nel-l'area di mare a est di Panarea e hanno prodotto diverse stime della CO2 totale rilasciata dal sistema sottomarino a partire dal post-glaciale ad oggi. Alla luce di questo, l'ISMAR-CNR e l'ISPRA hanno condotto delle ricerche specifiche tra il 2013 e il 2015 per caratterizzare il campo idrotermale sommerso compreso tra l'isola di Panarea e l'isolotto di Basiluzzo (NE di Panarea), dal punto di vista morfologico, biologico e chimico-fisico, in particolare per ciò che riguarda i flussi bentici diffusi. Le campagne ocea-nografiche hanno consentito di individuare e caratterizzare tre aree con intensa attività idrotermale.

A seguito del violento rilascio di gas, verificatosi nel 2002 e 2003, nell'area prospiciente gli isolotti a est dell'Isola vulcanica di Panarea, sono state condotte numerose ricerche per comprendere l'origine, la natura e gli effetti di queste emissioni. Tali ricerche hanno evidenziato vari punti di rilascio di gas e fluidi idrotermali ricchi di CO2 nell'area di mare a est di Panarea e hanno prodotto diverse stime della CO2 totale rilasciata dal sistema sottomarino a partire dal post-glaciale ad oggi. Alla luce di questo, l'ISMAR-CNR e l'ISPRA hanno condotto delle ricerche specifiche tra il 2013 e il 2015 per caratterizzare il campo idrotermale sommerso compreso tra l'isola di Panarea e l'isolotto di Basiluzzo (NE di Panarea), dal punto di vista morfologico, biologico e chimico- fisico, in particolare per ciò che riguarda i flussi bentici diffusi. Le campagne oceanografiche hanno consentito di individuare e caratterizzare tre aree con intensa attività idrotermale. La prima area, situata a Sud-Est dell'isola di Panarea (Secca dei Pesci), è caratterizzata da un'intensa attività esalativa di fluidi acidi, ricchi di DIC, a temperatura ambiente ma con deboli contenuti in metalli. La seconda area, scoperta nel 2015, situata ai piedi della scarpata a Nord-Est dell'isola di Panarea, è stata denominata Smoking Land per la presenza di circa 200 camini idrotermali di dimensioni consistenti (1-4 m di altezza; circa 4 m in media di diametro di base), in parte attivi e in parte quiescenti. L'ultima area, situata a Nord-Est degli isolotti DBLP, è caratterizzata da depressioni circolari, anche esse in parte attive e in parte inattive. In queste ultime due aree, le misure di flussi bentici disciolti hanno evidenziato un andamento a macchia di leopardo con rilascio di fluidi acidi, a temperatura ambiente, ricchi di DIC, Fe e altri metalli (Mn, Zn, Al). Queste due aree sono localizzate ai margini di un avvallamento allungato in direzione OSO-ENE. Esse sono il risultato di una circolazione idrotermale con risalita, lungo faglie distensive, di gas di origine vulcanica mescolati ad acqua di mare penetrata nel sottofondo marino. Adiacenti alle aree attive sono presenti aree inattive, cariche di gas in sovrappressione per la presenza di uno strato superficiale di ossidi e idrossidi di Fe che ne impedisce la fuoriuscita, e aree quiescenti per una degassificazione già avvenuta. Da questo assetto deriva la necessità di un continuo monitoraggio atto a prevedere possibili future situazioni di pericolo per le aree circostanti.

Submarine geohazards, are exceptional events capable of producing large-volume turbidites that result from catastrophic slope failures and the associated downslope mass transport of enormous quantities of sediment from continental shelves and slopes to the deep sea. We are investigating the effects of italian earthquakes and tsunamis on the sedimentary record of the Ionian Sea, through a multi-proxy analysis of turbidite deposits. A comparison between radiometric dating and historical earthquake catalogs suggests that turbidite emplacement triggered by major earthquakes (i.e. AD 1908, 1693 and 1169) represents over 90% of the deposits during the last millennia (Polonia et al., 2013a; 2013b). Although the average recurrence time of single events is about 500 yrs, age modelling indicates that their occurrence is not periodic, but rather varies between 100 and 700 yrs, with clusters of higher frequency (Polonia et al., 2015). Seismic reflection images show that some turbidite beds are very thick and marked by acoustic transparent homogenite mud layers at their top. Based on a high-resolution study of the most recent of such megabeds, the Homogenite/Augias turbidite (Kastens and Cita, 1981; Cita and Aloisi, 2000; Hieke and Werner, 2000), we show that it was not triggered by the Santorini caldera collapse but by giant turbidity flows triggered by the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami (Polonia et al., 2013b; 2016). Backwash flows and related gravity-driven processes are the primary means of downslope sediment transport, confirming that the HAT is a unique instance of thick deep sea tsunami deposit. An older similar deep sea megaturbidite was deposited about 15,000 years BP, implying a large recurrence time of such extreme sedimentary events in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine sediments may thus be considered as seabed archives of paleo-earthquakes capable of reconstructing seismicity back in time, during several earthquake cycles.

New multichannel seismic reflection profiles were acquired to unravel the structure of a portion of the eastern margin of the Tyrrhenian basin. This extensional feature is part of an Oligocene to Present back-arc basin in the hangingwall of the west directed Apennines subduction system. The basin provides excellent conditions to investigate the early stage processes leading to the development of rifted passive margins and to the emplacement of oceanic crust in an oblique setting. The interpreted post-stack-migrated seismic profiles highlight the geometry and kinematics of the Pontine escarpment that connects the Latium-Campania continental margin to the Vavilov basin. The latter is the main feature of the area, related to the early Pliocene extension of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Several morphological variations are pointed out along strike, mirroring different structural settings of the margin itself: a steeper margin to the north corresponds to high-angle possibly transtensional faults, whereas a smooth slope in the southern portion corresponds to several more distributed listric faults. This work contributes to the understanding of the interplay between extensional and transtensional tectonics along the margins of an oblique back-arc basin.

An updated bathy-morphological setting of the aeolian Islands is presented, based on new detailed bathymetric maps of the western, central and eastern sectors of the archipelago. In recent years, the acquisition of multibeam swath bathymetry has greatly expanded knowledge of the submarine portions of the Aeolian volcanic edifices, revealing that their submarine extension is much wider than that of the islands. Indications given by the submarine setting are fundamental for better understanding of the evolution of volcanism and the control exerted by main structural lineaments, as well as to locate large-scale flank instability events and recent submarine eruptive activity. © The Geological Society of London 2013.

In relativamente pochi decenni – e in particolare a partire dalla caduta del muro di Berlino (1989) e dall’ingresso della Cina nel WTO (2001) – i mercati emergenti hanno conquistato una centralità considerevole nello scenario economico globa- le. Una centralità che è andata rafforzandosi negli ultimi anni, grazie al fatto che tali mercati sono stati solamente sfiorati dalla crisi economica globale iniziata nel 2008 che ha mandato in recessione gran parte, se non la totalità, dei mercati europei e del Nord America...

The Northern Adriatic is a shallow, semi-enclosed industrialized sub-basin of the Mediterranean affected by significant ecosystem changes, which are studied through several research activities including the long-term monitoring of ILTER international network. Changes of pHT (-0.06) and TA (+74 ?mol/kg) in dense winter waters over the last 25 years already showed that this area is prone to acidification process under a complex inorganic carbon chemistry variability. To understand these changes, monthly sampling of the main biogeochemical and biological parameters has been carrying out since 2008 by a fixed station (PALOMA, Gulf of Trieste). In 2013 the site has been implemented with continuous pCO2 measurements at 3 m depth and has been regularly visiting during basin wide surveys for the last two years. The combination of automated in situ measurements, monthly samplings and basin scale oceanographic cruises is used to better understand the processes controlling air-sea CO2 fluxes and inorganic carbon chemistry under three different scenarios: an extreme event of dense water formation, the phytoplankton blooms associated with riverine inputs and the late-summer marked oxygen under saturation in the deeper waters.

Three aerial photogrammetric surveys, two multibeam bathymetric surveys and a LIDAR survey are analyzed and integrated together to generate the first 3D high resolution DTMM (Digital Terrain and Marine Model) of the volcanic island of Panarea (Aeolian islands, Italy).

New high-resolution bathymetric and magnetic data from the western Aeolian sector, southern Tyrrhenian Sea, provide insights into structural and volcanic development of the area, suggesting a strong interaction between volcanism and tectonics. The analysis of these data combined with relocated earthquake distribution, focal plane solutions and strain rate evaluation indicates that the dextral strike-slip Sisifo-Alicudi shear zone is a complex and wide area of active deformation, representing the superficial expression of the deep seated lithospheric tear fault separating the subduction slab below Sicily and Calabria. Most of the observed volcanic features are aligned along a NW-SE trend, such as the Filicudi island-Alicudi North Seamount and Eolo-Enarete alignments, and are dissected by hundred-metre-high scarps along conjugate NNE-SSW trending fault systems. The magnetic field pattern matches the main trends of volcanic features. Spectral analysis and Euler deconvolution of magnetic anomalies show the existence of both deep and shallow sources. High-amplitude, high-frequency anomalies due to shallow sources are dominant close to the volcanic edifices of Alicudi and Filicudi, while the main contribution on the surrounding Eolo, Enarete, Alicudi North and Filicudi North seamounts is given by low-amplitude anomalies and/or deeper magnetic sources. This is probably related to different ages of the volcanic rocks, although hydrothermal processes may have played an important role in blanketing magnetic anomalies, in particular at Enarete and Eolo seamounts. Relative chronology of the eruptive centres and the inferred deformation pattern outline the Quaternary evolution of the western Aeolian Arc: Sisifo, Alicudi North and Filicudi North seamounts might have developed in an early stage, following the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene SE-ward migration of arc-related volcanism due to the Ionian subduction hinge retreat; Eolo, Enarete and Filicudi represent later manifestations that led volcanoes to develop during Mid-Late Pleistocene, when the stress regime in the area changed, due to the SSE-ward propagation of the subduction slab tear fault and the consequent reorientation and decrease of trench migration velocity. Finally, volcanic activity occurred in a very short time span at Alicudi, where an almost conical volcanic edifice emerged, suggesting negligible interactions with regional fault systems.

Aerial digital photogrammetry, aerial laser scanning and multibeam bathymetry are integrated to generate the first 3-D high resolution DTMM of the volcanic island of Panarea.

Since the exhalative crisis of 2002 cruises were carried out to investigate morphology, magnetic and gravity fields, fluid escape, plume anomalies, biological and microbiological activity, benthic fluxes, early diagenesis, mineralogy and geochemistry of water and sediments of the hydrothermal system of Panarea. The volcanic complex was mapped by multibeam, including backscatter analysis, and magnetometric surveys were done to detect low magnetization in areas with hydrothermal activity, i.e., vents, sulphide deposits, chimney fields. CTD by ship and on ROV detected acidic plumes at bottom (minimum pH value 6.5) and mid depths. An Automatic Benthic Chamber was deployed on a terrace (40m) and in depressions with gascharged and hydrothermally altered sediments (80m). At the 40m site, strong releases of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Fe, Mn, Zn (75.7, 2.0, 2.9, 3.4 mmol m-2 day-1) were found. Average decrease of pH in the chamber was ~4 units day-1 with a H+ benthic flux of 0.32 mmol m-2 day-1). DIC values of seawater had average 2.3, increasing to 3.1 on degassing vents, while 7.5 mmol was measured on top of a bubbling core. ROV dives explored and sampled several sites; active chimneys (black, red crusts and yellowishorange precipitates at top) were recovered on the SE flanks of Basiluzzo; pH value of 5 was measured aboard on sediments. XRD and XRF data on the external crust showed Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides, including goethite and opal, with Co, Ce, Sr, Zn and Cu enrichments, whereas the inner part are depleted of Fe, Mn and other metals, mostly under detection limits. SEM imagery shows porous filamentous minerals, that are probably bacterial in origin. Dives to SW discovered fields of partially or totally relict chimneys at the same depth (~200m). Chimneys are present on the edges of slope failures and settled on areas of relative lower positive magnetic anomaly, indicating possible shallow depth level of hydrothermal alteration. Reddish crusts and sediments, and acid, gas boiling water (pH 5.5) were cored at 90 m depth upslope of the 'active' chimneys; upslope from the 'relict' chimney's fields, oxized-normal sediments were found. Biological investigations on the sediments revealed a community strongly dominated by the amphipod Ampelisca ledoyeri (43.8 % of the total abundance), probably dwelling in the tubepatches. Rare species were detected on the chimney's samples. The phylogenetic diversity of microbial communities in the precipitates collected on chimneys and on Bottaro vent was analyzed by bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA clone libraries, showing a dominance of sulfur-oxidazing epsilon and gamma proteobacteria. Very interesting groups of archaea were revealed including methanotrophic Thermoplasmatales and members of SM1 candidate division. Overall prokaryotic diversity was found similar to that of deep sea hydrothermal vents and other sulfidic habitats. White microbial mats were found in an area S of Panarea, on a NS oriented fracture.

A hierarchy of medium (2 km) and high (0.5 km) resolution operational models cast in the Adriatic sea (NE Mediterranean Sea), relying on an updated core w.r.t. previously existing one, characterized by having a wide variety of applications ranging from civil protection to scientific ones, is presented and described. The computing core of the system sits at Hydro-Meteo-Clima Service (SIMC, Bologna), and the scientific supervision is provided by DISVA Polytechnic University of Marche and CNR-ISMAR Venice. The core of the operational system is based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System, version 3.4. The hydrodynamic variables (e.g. sea surface elevation, currents, temperature, salinity, storm surge height) , and wave parameters are predicted every day for the next 72 hours. The surface forcing for the hydrodynamic (AdriaROMS 4.0) and wave (SWAN) operational models is derived from the predicted results of the operational meteorological model COSMO-I7 (7 km resolution) which forecasts atmospheric fields over the whole Italian seas. Hydrodynamic results are verified against oceanographic and wave buoys, tide gauges, bottom mounted acoustic current meter profilers, available in the coastal waters of the Adriatic Sea and oceanographic surveys. More specifically, CNR-ISMAR in the northern Adriatic Sea manages a meteo-oceanographic buoy network and the fixed ocean observatory tower "Acqua Alta", SIMC manages a wave buoy. Aiming to obtain forecast improvements in coastal areas of northern Adriatic Sea, a newly implemented, more resolved (0.5 km) ROMS version two-way coupled with SWAN is nested in the operational AdriaROMS 4.0 covering the Adriatic Sea at 2 km horizontal resolution. Outputs of operational models drive dedicated submodels for oil-spill transport and dispersion, coastal morphodymanic, sediment transport, saline wedge, water quality.

Questo paper muove dagli assunti della teoria istituzionale, ma adotta una prospettiva sostanzialmente diversa, quella della teoria delle risorse. Il tentativo è quello di comprendere se, e in che misura, il possesso di specifiche risorse e competenze aziendali costituisca un fattore abilitante all’ingresso delle imprese manifatturiere nei mercati emergenti. Per farlo, si comparano due campioni di imprese manifatturiere già internazionalizzate sotto il versante commerciale - le une esclusivamente nei mercati avanzati, le altre anche nei mercati emergenti - andando a confrontare le loro rispettive dotazioni di risorse e competenze. L’ipotesi che sta alla base di questo paper, è che le imprese che decidono di fare ingresso in un mercato emergente necessitano di sviluppare specifiche risorse e competenze di marketing e manageriali al fine di far fronte ai vuoti istituzionali che caratterizzano tali mercati.

We obtained areal variations of crustal thickness, magnetic intensity, and degree of melting of the sub-axial upwelling mantle at Thetis and Nereus Deeps, the two northernmost axial segments of initial oceanic crustal accretion in the Red Sea, where Arabia is separating from Africa. The initial emplacement of oceanic crust occurred at South Thetis and Central Nereus roughly similar to 2.2 and similar to 2 Ma, respectively, and is taking place today in the northern Thetis and southern Nereus tips. Basaltic glasses major and trace element composition suggests a rift-to-drift transition marked by magmatic activity with typical MORB signature, with no contamination by continental lithosphere, but with slight differences in mantle source composition and/or potential temperature between Thetis and Nereus. Eruption rate, spreading rate, magnetic intensity, crustal thickness and degree of mantle melting were highest at both Thetis and Nereus in the very initial phases of oceanic crust accretion, immediately after continental breakup, probably due to fast mantle upwelling enhanced by an initially strong horizontal thermal gradient. This is consistent with a rift model where the lower continental lithosphere has been replaced by upwelling asthenosphere before continental rupturing, implying depth-dependent extension due to decoupling between the upper and lower lithosphere with mantle-lithosphere-necking breakup before crustal-necking breakup. Independent along-axis centers of upwelling form at the rifting stage just before oceanic crust accretion, with buoyancy-driven convection within a hot, low viscosity asthenosphere. Each initial axial cell taps a different asthenospheric source and serves as nucleus for axial propagation of oceanic accretion, resulting in linear segments of spreading.

A qualitative/quantitative study in two phases was undertaken to describe the economical crisis intensity, cost-containment interventions adopted locally, and their effects perceived in daily practice by Italian nurses. The main economic crisis effects reported by nurses were (a) the staff stress level has increased, (b) patients with social problems have increased, and (c) the workload has increased. Overall, nurses perceived moderate disadvantages due to the economical crisis; several cost-containment measures have been adopted at different levels of the National Health Service. atients in general seem frailer and nurses working in the community centers also seem frailer compared with nurses working at the hospital level. Changes in daily nursing practice both at the hospital and community levels are warning signs that should be monitored carefully for both their short and long-term negative impacts on patients, nurses, and the National Health Service.

In this study we compare expenditures by families and students for Nursing Education in five european countries using PPP method