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Three volcanic plumes were detected during the Tajogaite volcano eruptive activity (Canary Islands, Spain, September–December 2021) over the Iberian Peninsula. The spatiotemporal evolution of these events is characterised by combining passive satellite remote sensing and ground-based lidar and sun-photometer systems. The inversion algorithm GRASP is used with a suite of ground-based remote sensing instruments such as lidar/ceilometer and sun-photometer from eight sites at different locations throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Satellite observations showed that the volcanic ash plumes remained nearby the Canary Islands covering a mean area of 120 ± 202 km2 during the whole period of eruptive activity and that sulphur dioxide plumes reached the Iberian Peninsula. Remote sensing observations showed that the three events were mainly composed of sulphates, which were transported from the volcano into the free troposphere. The high backscatter-related Ångström exponents for wavelengths 532–1064 nm (1.17 ± 0.20 to 1.40 ± 0.24) and low particle depolarization ratios (0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.09 ± 0.02), measured by the multi-wavelength Raman lidar, hinted at the presence of spherical small particles. The layer aerosol optical depth at 532 nm (AODL532) obtained from lidar measurements contributed between 49% and 82% to the AERONET total column AOD at 532 nm in event II (11–13 October). According to the GRASP retrievals, the layer aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AODL440) was higher in all sites during event II with values between 0.097 (Badajoz) and 0.233 (Guadiana-UGR) and lower in event III (19–21 October) varying between 0.003 (Granada) and 0.026 (Évora). Compared with the GRASP retrievals of total column AOD at 440 nm, the AODL440 had contributions between 21% and 52% during event II. In the event I (25–28 September), the mean volume concentrations (VC) varied between 5 ± 4 µm3cm-3 (El-Arenosillo/Huelva) and 17 ± 10 µm3cm-3 (Guadiana-UGR), while in event II this variation was fro, Évora team funded by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P., in the framework of the ICT project with the references UIDB/04683/2020 and UIDP/04683/2020 and by TOMAQAPA (PTDC/CTAMET/29678/2017). The authors acknowledge the GRASP-ACE (Grant agreement ID: 778349), ACTRIS-IMP (Grant agreement ID:871115), ATMO-ACCESS (Grant Agreement ID: 101008004), PROBE (COST Action number: CA18235), HARMONIA (COST Action number: CA21119), EUMETNET through the E-PROFILE program and REALISTIC (Grant agreement ID:101086690) projects. The authors acknowledge the support through ACTRIS-2 under grant agreement no.654109. This work was partially supported by the Spanish national projects PID2019-103886RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, INTEGRATYON3 (PID2020-117825GB-C21 and PID2020-117825GB-C22), ELPIS (PID2020-120015RB-I00), CLARIN (CGL2016-81092-R), ePOLAAR (RTI2018-097864-B-I00), CAMELIA (PID2019-104205GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and ACTRIS-España (CGL2017-90884REDT), by University of Granada Plan Propio through Singular Laboratory (LS2022-1) program, by the Andalusia Autonomous Government projects AEROPRE (P18-RT-3820) and ADAPNE (P20_00136), by the UGR-FEDER projects DEM3TRIOS (A-RNM-430-UGR20) and MOGATRACO (A-RNM-524-UGR20) and partially by the Scientific Units of Excellence Program (grant no. UCE-PP2017-02), and by the R+D+i grant RTI 2018-097332-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A Way of Doing Europe”. M.-Á. López-Cayuela and C.V. Carvajal-Pérez are supported by the INTA predoctoral contract program., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

An intense and long-lasting Saharan dust outbreak crossed the Iberian Peninsula (IP) from the southwest (SW) to the northeast (NE) from 25 March until 7 April 2021. This work aims to assess the optical and mass contribution of both fine and coarse dust particles along their transport. Five Iberian lidar stations were monitoring the transport and evolution of the Saharan dust particles, i.e. El Arenosillo/Huelva, Granada, Torrejón/Madrid and Barcelona in Spain, and Évora in Portugal. The particular meteorological conditions determined the aerosol scenario along the overall dust event, differing in the first part of the event (25–31 March), in which the strongest dust incidence occurred on 29–31 March at the south and central stations and 1 April at Barcelona, from the second one (1–7 April). The use of the two-step POLIPHON algorithm showed the relevance of using polarized lidar measurements for separating the aerosol properties of dust fine and coarse particles as an added value. Both the fine dust (Df) and coarse dust (Dc) components of the total particle backscatter coefficient (total dust, DD¿=¿Dc¿+¿Df) were separately derived. The dust plume was well-mixed with height and no significant differences were found in the vertical structure of both the Dc and Df particle backscatter coefficients. From the beginning of the dust outbreak until 1 April, the vertical Df¿¿DD mass ratio was nearly constant in time at each station and also in altitude with values of ~¿10¿%. Moreover, the mean dust optical depth at 532¿nm was decreasing along that dust pathway, reporting values from SW to NE stations of 0.34 at El Arenosillo/Huelva, 0.28 at Granada, 0.20 at Évora, 0.28 at Torrejón/Madrid, and 0.14 at Barcelona, although its Df¿¿DD ratio remained almost constant (28¿%–30¿%). A similar pattern was found for the total dust mass loading and its Df¿¿DD ratio, i.e. mostly decreasing mean mass values were reported, being constant in its Df¿¿DD ratio (~¿10¿%) along the SW–NE dust pat, This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant no. PID2019-104205GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2010 Elsevier Inc. The authors thank the NASA TOMS Science Team for the satellite data used in this paper. Manuel Anton thanks the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Fondo Social Europeo for the award of a postdoctoral grant (Juan de la Cierva). Author (Pavan S Kulkarni) is thankful to the Geophysics Centre of the University of Evora (CGE-UE) for the fellowship in the project 'SPATRAM-MIGE Polar Project', funded by the Portuguese Science Foundation - FCT. This work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under project CGL2008-05939-C03-02/CLI and by Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia though projects PROPOLAR and PTDC/CTE-ATM/102142/2008., This paper focuses on the spatial-temporal structure of total ozone column (TOC) over Portugal. This relevant region of southwestern Europe has not been evaluated yet in detail due to the lack of continuous and well-covered ground-based TOC measurements. The data used in this study are derived from the NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for the period 1978-2005. The TOC spatial behavior shows no significant longitudinal variability (smaller than 3%). In contrast, the variation in latitude changes between 3.5% and 6% depending on the calendar month. The TOC in the northern Portugal is, on average, higher than that recorded in the South. The temporal variability was analyzed for three scales: long-term, seasonal and short-term. The long-term TOC changes are analyzed between 1978 and 1999 by means of linear least squares fits. The results show an annual TOC trend of (2.65 +/- 0.70)%/decade which is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. This TOC decrease is smaller than the trends obtained in other midlatitudes regions which could be partially explained by the compensation due to the observed increase in the tropospheric ozone over the Iberian Peninsula. A trend analysis performed for each individual month shows a statistically significant TOC decline between March and October, with a maximum linear trend value of (-7.30 +/- 45)%/decade in May. The amplitude of the seasonal TOC cycle over Portugal shows a slight dependence in latitude, varying from 28.6 DU (37.5 degrees N) to 33.6 DU (41.5 degrees N). Finally, the short-term variability showed a notable seasonal behavior, with maximum day-to-day TOC changes in winter (similar to 6%) and minimum in summer (similar to 3%). In addition, the persistence (characterized by the autocorrelation coefficients) strongly decreases after a few days (except in summer months)., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Fondo Social Europeo, Geophysics Centre of the University of Evora (CGE-UE), Portuguese Science Foundation - FCT, Fundaçao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The Global Observing System (GOS) has encountered some limitations due to a lack of worldwide real-time wind measurements. In this context, the European Space Agency (ESA) has developed the Aeolus satellite mission, based on the ALADIN (Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument) Doppler wind lidar; this mission aims to obtain near-real-time wind retrievals at the global scale. As spin-off products, the instrument retrieves aerosol optical properties such as particle backscatter and extinction coefficients. In this work, a validation of Aeolus reprocessed (baseline 10) co-polar backscatter coefficients (ßAeoluspart) is presented through an intercomparison with analogous ground-based measurements taken at the ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network)/EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations of Granada (Spain), Évora (Portugal) and Barcelona (Spain) over the period from July 2019 until October 2020. Case studies are first presented, followed by a statistical analysis. The stations are located in a hot spot between Africa and the rest of Europe, which guarantees a variety of aerosol types, from mineral dust layers to continental/anthropogenic aerosol, and allows us to test Aeolus performance under different scenarios. The so called Aeolus-like profiles (ßAeoluslike,355part) are obtained from total particle backscatter coefficient and linear particle depolarization ratio (dlinearpart) profiles at 355 and 532¿nm measured from the surface, through a thorough bibliographic review of dual-polarization measurements for relevant aerosol types. Finally, the study proposes a relation for the spectral conversion of dlinearpart, which is implemented in the Aeolus-like profile calculation. The statistical results show the ability of the satellite to detect and characterize significant aerosol layers under cloud-free conditions, along with the surface effect on the lowermost measurements, which causes the satellite to largely overestimat, This research has been supported by the FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades/Project (A-RNM-430-UGR20) and Scientific Units of Excellence Program (grant no. UCE-PP2017-02)., Postprint (published version)

PURPOSE: Lipophilic drugs, such as taxanes, have a high affinity for adipose tissue and a resulting higher volume of distribution. Here, we reanalyzed clinical trial data to investigate whether the efficacy of docetaxel-based chemotherapy differs from non-docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer according to their baseline body mass index (BMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from all of the patients in the adjuvant BIG 2-98 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00174655; N = 2,887) comparing non-docetaxel- to docetaxel-containing chemotherapy. BMI (kg/m2) was categorized as follows: 18.5 to < 25, lean; 25 to < 30, overweight; and ≥ 30, obese. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary endpoint, and overall survival (OS) was the secondary endpoint. A second-order interaction was assessed among treatment, BMI, and estrogen receptor (ER) status. RESULTS: There was no difference in DFS or OS according to BMI in the non-docetaxel group, while reduced DFS and OS were observed with increasing BMI category in the docetaxel group. Adjusted hazard ratios for DFS and OS were, respectively, 1.12 (95% CI, 0.98 to 1.50; P = .21) and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.60; P = .04) for overweight versus lean groups and were 1.32 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.62; P = .007) and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.27 to 2.09; P < .001), respectively, for obese versus lean groups. Similar results were obtained when considering ER-negative and ER-positive tumors separately and when considering only patients who received a relative dose intensity ≥ 85% for docetaxel. A joint modifying role of BMI and ER status on treatment effect was evident for DFS (adjusted P = .06) and OS (adjusted P = .04). CONCLUSION: This retrospective analysis of a large adjuvant trial highlights a differential response to docetaxel according to BMI, which calls for a body composition-based re-evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio of the use of taxanes in breast cancer. These results now must be confirmed in

Background: Breast cancer (BC) immune infiltrates play a critical role in tumor progression and response to treatment. Besides stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) which have recently reached level 1B evidence as a prognostic marker in triple negative BC, a plethora of methods to assess immune infiltration exists, and it is unclear how these compare to each other and if they can be used interchangeably. Methods: Two experienced pathologists scored sTIL, intra-tumoral TIL (itTIL), and 6 immune cell types (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD68+, FOXP3+) in the International Cancer Genomics Consortium breast cancer cohort using hematoxylin and eosin-stained (n = 243) and immunohistochemistry-stained tissue microarrays (n = 254) and whole slides (n = 82). The same traits were evaluated using transcriptomic- and methylomic-based deconvolution methods or signatures. Results: The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) between pathologists for sTIL was very good (0.84) and for cell-specific immune infiltrates slightly lower (0.63-0.66). Comparison between tissue microarray and whole slide pathology scores revealed systematically higher values in whole slides (ratio 2.60-5.98). The Spearman correlations between microscopic sTIL and transcriptomic- or methylomic-based assessment of immune infiltr

© <2019>. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, During the 2017 record-breaking burning season in Canada/United States, intense wild fires raged during the first week of September in the Pacific northwestern region (British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and northern California) burning mostly temperate coniferous forests. The heavy loads of smoke particles emitted in the atmosphere reached the Iberian Peninsula (IP) a few days later on 7 and 8 September. Satellite imagery allows to identify two main smoke clouds emitted during two different periods that were injected and transported in the atmosphere at several altitude levels. Columnar properties on 7 and 8 September at two Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) mid-altitude, background sites in northern and southern Spain are: aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 440¿nm up to 0.62, Ångström exponent of 1.6–1.7, large dominance of small particles (fine mode fraction >0.88), low absorption AOD at 440¿nm (<0.008) and large single scattering albedo at 440¿nm (>0.98). Profiles from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) show the presence of smoke particles in the stratosphere during the transport, whereas the smoke is only observed in the troposphere at its arrival over the IP. Portuguese and Spanish ground lidar stations from the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network/Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network (EARLINET/ACTRIS) and the Micro-Pulse Lidar NETwork (MPLNET) reveal smoke plumes with different properties: particle depolarization ratio and color ratio, respectively, of 0.05 and 2.5 in the mid troposphere (5–9¿km) and of 0.10 and 3.0 in the upper troposphere (10–13¿km). In the mid troposphere the particle depolarization ratio does not seem time-dependent during the transport whereas the color ratio seems to increase (larger particles sediment first). To analyze the horizontal and vertical transport of the smoke from its origin to the IP, particle dispersion modelling is performed with the Hybrid S, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

An unprecedented extreme Saharan dust event was registered in winter time from 20 to 23 February 2017 over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). We report on aerosol optical properties observed under this extreme dust intrusion through passive and active remote sensing techniques. For that, AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) and EARLINET (European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork) databases are used. The sites considered are: Barcelona (41.38°N, 2.17°E), Burjassot (39.51°N, 0.42°W), Cabo da Roca (38.78°N, 9.50°W), Évora (38.57°N, 7.91°W), Granada (37.16°N, 3.61°W) and Madrid (40.45°N, 3.72°W). Large aerosol optical depths (AOD) and low Ångström exponents (AE) are observed. An AOD of 2.0 at 675¿nm is reached in several stations. A maximum peak of 2.5 is registered in Évora. During and around the peak of AOD, AEs close to 0 and even slightly negative are measured. With regard to vertically-resolved aerosol optical properties, particle backscatter coefficients as high as 15¿Mm-1¿sr-1 at 355¿nm are recorded at the lidar stations. Layer-mean lidar ratios are found in the range 40–55¿sr at 355¿nm and 34–61¿sr at 532¿nm during the event. The particle depolarization ratios are found to be constant inside the dust layer, and consistent from one site to another. Layer-mean values vary in the range 0.19–0.31. Another remarkable aspect of the event is the limited vertical distribution of the dust plume which never exceeds 5¿km. The extreme aspect of the event also presented a nice case for testing the ability of two dust forecast models, BSC-DREAM8b and NMMB/BSC-Dust, to reproduce the arrival, the vertical distribution and the intensity of the dust plume over a long-range transport region. In the particular case of the February 2017 dust event, we found a large underestimation in the forecast of the extinction coefficient provided by BSC-DREAM8b at all heights independently of the site. In contrast NMMB/BSC-Dust forecasts presented a better agreement with the observations, especially in sou, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Aerosol typing is essential for understanding the impact of the different aerosol sources on climate, weather system and air quality. An aerosol classification method for EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) measurements is introduced which makes use the Mahalanobis distance classifier. The performance of the automatic classification is tested against manually classified EARLINET data. Results of the application of the method to an extensive aerosol dataset will be presented. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2018., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Los grupos de investigación en Física de la Atmósfera del Departmento de Física de la Universidad de Extremadura (UEx/AIRE) y del Instituto de Ciências da Terra de la Universidad de Évora (UE/ICT) constituyen un ejemplo de colaboración científica que se extiende a lo largo de más de 20 años. Estos grupos desarrollan estudios conjuntos relativos a la medida de la radiación solar y de sus principales factores moduladores, como son el ozono, la nubosidad y los aerosoles. Dicha colaboración está impulsada por la cercanía geográfica (apenas 100 km nos separan), la similitud en las líneas de investigación desarrolladas por dos grupos y la disposición de sendos grupos para la colaboración científica. Además, ha sido promovida con constancia por los líderes de los respectivos grupos: los Profesores Dres. José Agustín García García (UEx/AIRE) y Ana María Silva (UE/ICT). Así, para favorecer el trabajo conjunto, se ha producido un intercambio frecuente de investigadores de una institución a otra, mereciendo la pena destacar la realización de estancias breves de investigación de varios meses, becas PosDoc, proyectos conjuntos, participación en tribunales de Tesis Doctorales de personal de la otra institución, etc. Dicha colaboración se ha visto enriquecida por la participación adicional de la Estación de Sondeos Atmosféricos “El Arenosillo” perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA/ESAt) que, además de ofrecer sus inmejorables instalaciones y equipamientos para la calibración de los radiómetros UV de banda ancha de las redes extremeña y alentejana, ha participado de forma activa en los proyectos de investigación conjuntos. Durante este periodo de colaboración se han abordado trabajos sobre diversos aspectos relacionados con la transferencia radiativa a través de la atmósfera, como estudios sobre el ozono y la nubosidad. Actualmente hay que destacar, de forma particular, los estudios conjuntos sobre aerosoles atmosféricos, campo en el que estos grupos est