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The paper describes the problem of conversion of heights to the European Vertical Reference Frame 2007 for Poland (PL-EVRF2007-NH). The subject of the study is height data, and especially the detailed vertical reference network. The aim of the article is to present an alternative method of conversion to the one recommended by the Polish Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. The proposed approach is characterised by a low implementation cost while maintaining the required accuracy.

The problem of optimising the location of crops/plots in protected areas, national parks, farmland or forests involves trying to reconcile their proper functioning with nature conservation, the preservation of unique ecosystems or sustainable development. Such areas are crucial for the preservation of biodiversity and wildlife. This paper examines and discusses the impact of land consolidation in rural areas using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools. It performs a series of network analyses to determine the real distances (following the road network) and linear distances (rectilinear distances) between habitats and farmland. A tool was also developed to automate this process. The results obtained were visualised using map compositions, tables and graphs. The implemented project had a significant beneficial effect on the change in the land structure in the analysed village. The number of registered plots decreased by 40% (from 1,189 to 711) due to the consolidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, in Poland, the State Spatial Reference System (SSRS) includes two height reference frames: PL-KRON86-NH and PL-EVRF2007-NH as the Polish implementation of the European Vertical Reference System (EVRF). The deadline for EVRF2007 implementation in Poland, as the only legally permitted height frame, is set at the end of 2023. Because of the administrative division, the implementation was planned in two stages: at the state level (government) and the local level (districts). In the article, the local ones are reviewed, especially regarding the aim of height conversion methods, costs and their progress. As a background, a historical perspective of height systems and frames used in Poland since the beginning of the 20th century is provided. The source of data was the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (HOGC), as well as the district surveying departments' official answers; open documents posted on the Internet, e.g. tender documentation and their results were also analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]