Search

BackgroundCurrent minimally invasive fat reduction modalities use equipment that can cost thousands of U.S. dollars. Electrochemical lipolysis (ECLL), using low-cost battery and electrodes (approximately $10), creates acid/base within fat (width, approximately 3 mm), damaging adipocytes. Longitudinal effects of ECLL have not been studied. In this pilot study, the authors hypothesize that in vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis, decreases adipocyte number/viability, and forms lipid droplets.MethodsTwo female Yorkshire pigs (50 to 60 kg) received ECLL. In pig 1, 10 sites received ECLL, and 10 sites were untreated. In pig 2, 12 sites received ECLL and 12 sites were untreated. For ECLL, two electrodes were inserted into dorsal subcutaneous fat and direct current was applied for 5 minutes. Adverse effects of excessive pain, bleeding, infection, and agitation were monitored. Histology, live-dead (calcein, Hoechst, ethidium homodimer-1), and morphology (Bodipy and Hoechst) assays were performed on day 0 and postprocedure days 1, 2, 7, 14 (pig 1 and pig 2), and 28 (pig 2). Average particle area, fluorescence signal areas, and adipocytes and lipid droplet numbers were compared.ResultsNo adverse effects occurred. Live-dead assays showed adipocyte death on the anode on days 0 to 7 and the cathode on days 1 to 2 (not significant). Bodipy showed significant adipocyte loss at all sites ( P < 0.001) and lipid droplet formation at the cathode site on day 2 ( P = 0.0046). Histology revealed fat necrosis with significant increases in average particle area at the anode and cathode sites by day 14 (+277.3% change compared with untreated, P < 0.0001; +143.4%, P < 0.0001) and day 28 (+498.6%, P < 0.0001; +354.5%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsIn vivo ECLL induces fat necrosis in pigs. Further studies are needed to evaluate volumetric fat reduction.Clinical relevance statementIn vivo ECLL induces adipocyte death and fat necrosis. ECLL has the potential to be utilized in body fat contouring.

We report the straightforward synthesis and characterization of small polycationic boron and boron‐nitrogen rings, stabilized by charge‐delocalizing guanidinate substituents. Reaction between a ditriflato‐diborane with two electron‐donating bridging bicyclic guanidinate substituents and the corresponding dihydrido‐diborane leads to a dicationic B4 ring with a 4c,4e‐bond in the planar rhomboid B4 skeleton. Reaction of the same ditriflato‐diborane with the corresponding diazido‐diborane gives a dicationic compound with a B4N2 core. On the basis of experimental data in combination with quantum‐chemical calculations, pathways leading to these dicationic boron and boron‐nitrogen rings are suggested, and further preliminary studies demonstrate the scope of this strategy for the synthesis of polycationic boron‐nitrogen rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BODIPY compounds are important organic dyes with exceptional spectral and photophysical properties and numerous applications in different scientific fields. Their widespread applications have flourished due to their easy structural modifications, which enable the preparation of different molecular structures with tunable spectral and photophysical properties. To date, researchers have mostly devoted their efforts to modifying BODIPY meso-position or pyrrole rings, whereas the substitution of fluorine atoms remains largely unexplored. However, chemistry of the boron atom is possible, and it enables tuning of the photophysical properties of the dyes, without tackling their spectral properties. Furthermore, modifications of boron affect the solubility and aggregation propensity of the molecules. This review article highlights methods for the preparation of 4-substituted compounds and the most important reactions on the boron of the BODIPY dyes. They were divided into reactions promoted by Lewis acid (AlCl3 or BCl3), or bases such as alkoxides and organometallic reagents. By using these two methodologies, it is possible to cleave B–F bonds and substitute them with B–C, B–N, or B–O bonds from different nucleophiles. A special emphasis in this review is given to still underdeveloped photochemical reactions of the boron atom of BODIPY dyes. These reactions have the potential to be used in the development of a new line of BODIPY photo-cleavable protective groups (also known as photocages) with bio-medicinal and photo-pharmacological applications, such as drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of this work, flame retardant polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was produced using boron compounds, namely, anhydrous borax (BX), colemanite (C), and zinc borate (ZnB) in three different concentrations of 40, 50, and 60 wt%. The thermal, flame retardant, and tensile properties of PBT composites were systematically investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL 94 test (UL-94V), mass loss calorimeter (MLC), and tensile tests. The thermal stability of PBT slightly enhanced with the use of BX, whereas the use of C and ZnB reduced the thermal stability. Improvement in LOI value, a reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR), and total heat release (THR) values were observed with the use of all boron compounds. The improvement in UL-94V rating was observed only with the use C. The addition of all boron compounds deteriorates the tensile strength of the composites. In brief, the highest flame retardant performance with V0 rating (UL-94 V), 33.5% (LOI), and 48 Kw·m−2 (pHRR) was achieved with the use of C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulatory role of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and the JNK signaling pathway in the effect of high-dose boron on rat splenic lymphocytes has been examined by measuring proliferation, apoptosis, and immune function. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the addition of high-dose boron (40 mmol/L) reduced the proportion of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes, the concentrations of IgG, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4, the proliferation rate of splenic lymphocytes, and the expression levels of PCNA and Bcl-2 mRNA (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and increased the apoptosis rate of splenic lymphocytes, caspase-3, and BAX mRNA expression levels (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). After specific blocking of ERβ, the addition of high-dose boron could not reduce the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, the concentrations of IgG and cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4, the lymphocyte proliferation rate, or PCNA mRNA expression levels, nor could it increase BAX mRNA expression levels. After specific blocking of JNK, the addition of high-dose boron could not increase BAX mRNA expression levels. However, after specific blocking of ERβ and JNK, the addition of high-dose boron could neither reduce the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, the concentrations of IgG and IL-2 (P > 0.05), nor increase caspase-3 and BAX mRNA expression levels (P < 0.01). The results suggest that the ERβ-mediated JNK signaling pathway participates in regulating the effects of high-dose boron on the expression of genes related to the proliferation and apoptosis of rat splenic lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taniborbactam (formerly known as VNRX-5133) is a novel bicyclic boronate β-lactamase inhibitor of serine β-lactamases (SBLs) [Ambler classes A, C, and D] and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) [Ambler class B], including NDM and VIM, but not IMP. Cefepime–taniborbactam is active in vitro against most isolates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), including both carbapenemase-producing and carbapenemase-non-producing CRE and CRPA, as well as against multidrug-resistant (MDR), ceftazidime-avibactam-resistant, meropenem-vaborbactam-resistant, and ceftolozane-tazobactam-resistant Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa. The addition of taniborbactam to cefepime resulted in a > 64-fold reduction in MIC90 compared with cefepime alone for a 2018–2021 global collection of > 13,000 clinical isolates of Enterobacterales. In the same study, against > 4600 P. aeruginosa, a fourfold MIC reduction was observed with cefepime–taniborbactam, compared with cefepime alone. Whole genome sequencing studies have shown that resistance towards cefepime–taniborbactam in Enterobacterales arises due to the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms, often in concert, including production of IMP, PBP3 alterations, permeability (porin) defects, and upregulation of efflux pumps. In P. aeruginosa, elevated cefepime–taniborbactam MICs are also associated with the presence of multiple, concurrent mechanisms, most frequently IMP, PBP3 mutations, and upregulation of efflux pumps, as well as AmpC (PDC) overexpression. The pharmacokinetics of taniborbactam are dose proportional, follow a linear model, and do not appear to be affected when combined with cefepime. Taniborbactam's approximate volume of distribution (Vd) at steady state is 20 L and the approximate elimination half-life (t½) is 2.3 h, which are similar to cefepime. Furthermore, like cefepime, taniborbactam is primarily cleared renally, and clearance corresponds with renal function. Pharmacodynamic studies (in vitro and in vivo) have reported that cefepime–taniborbactam has bactericidal activity against various β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli that are not susceptible to cefepime alone. It has been reported that antimicrobial activity best correlated with taniborbactam exposure (area under the curve). A phase III clinical trial showed that cefepime–taniborbactam (2 g/0.5 g administered as an intravenous infusion over 2 h) was superior to meropenem for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), including acute pyelonephritis, caused by Enterobacterales species and P. aeruginosa while demonstrating similar safety compared with meropenem. The safety and tolerability of taniborbactam and cefepime–taniborbactam has been reported in one pharmacokinetic trial, and in two pharmacokinetic trials and one phase III clinical trial, respectively. Cefepime–taniborbactam appears to be well tolerated in both healthy subjects and patients. Headache and gastrointestinal upset are the most common drug-related adverse effects associated with cefepime–taniborbactam use. Cefepime–taniborbactam will likely have a role in the treatment of infections proven or suspected to be caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa. In particular, it may be useful in the treatment of infections caused by isolates that harbor an MBL (NDM, VIM) enzyme, although further clinical data are needed. Additional safety and efficacy studies may support indications for cefepime–taniborbactam beyond cUTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐voltage sodium metal batteries (SMBs) present a viable pathway towards high‐energy‐density sodium‐based batteries due to the competitive cost advantage and abundant supply of sodium resources. However, they still suffer from severe capacity decay induced by the notorious decomposition of the electrolyte under high voltage and unstable cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI). In addition, the high reactivity of Na metal and flammable electrolytes push SMBs to their safety limits. Herein, a special dual‐anion aggregated Na+ solvation structure is designed in a nonflammable trimethyl phosphate‐based localized high‐concentration electrolyte, and a gradient CEI enriched with phosphorus and boron compounds is formed on the cathode. This thin and stable interphase effectively suppresses the parasitic reaction, improves the interfacial stability of the cathode, and facilitates Na+ transport through the interface by the synergistic effect of multi‐components, thus optimizing the cycling stability and safety of SMBs. The Na0.95Ni0.4Fe0.15Mn0.3Ti0.15O2//Na batteries employing such electrolyte provide a discharge capacity of 167.5 mAh g−1 and high retention in the capacity of 85.2 % after 800 cycles at 1 C. This approach offers a general strategy for the design of flame‐retardant high‐voltage electrolytes and the practical application of SMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The role of the gut microbiome in the development and progression of many diseases has received increased attention in recent years. Boron, a trace mineral found in dietary sources, has attracted interest due to its unique electron depletion and coordination characteristics in chemistry, as well as its potential role in modulating the gut microbiota. This study investigates the effects of inorganic boron derivatives on the gut microbiota of mice. Methods: For three weeks, boric acid (BA), sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB), and sodium perborate tetrahydrate (SPT) were dissolved (200 mg/kg each) in drinking water and administered to wild-type BALB/c mice. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed to determine the impact of these treatments. Results: The administration of BA significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota, resulting in a rise in advantageous species such as Barnesiella and Alistipes. Additionally, there was a decrease in some taxa associated with inflammation and illness, such as Clostridium XIVb and Bilophila. Notable increases in genera like Treponema and Catellicoccus were observed, suggesting the potential of boron compounds to enrich microbial communities with unique metabolic functions. Conclusions: These findings indicate that boron compounds may have the potential to influence gut microbiota composition positively, offering potential prebiotic effects. Further research with additional analyses is necessary to fully understand the interaction between boron and microbiota and to explore the possibility of their use as prebiotic agents in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science & Engineering / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science & Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrofluorochromic (EFC) materials and devices with controllable fluorescence properties show great application potential in advanced anticounterfeiting, information storage and display. However, the low color purity caused by the broad emission spectra and underperforming switching time of the existing EFC materials limit their application. Through biomimetic exploration and the study of reversible electrochemical responsive coordination reactions, boron–nitrogen embedded polyaromatics (B,N‐PAHs) with narrow‐band emission and high color purity have been successfully integrated into EFC systems, which also help to better understand the role of boron in biological activity. The EFC device achieve good performance containing quenching efficiency greater than 90% within short switching time (ton: 0.6 s, toff: 2.4 s), and nearly no performance change after 200 cycles test. Three primary color (red, green, and blue) EFC devices are successfully prepared. In addition, new phenomena are obtained and discussed in this biomimetic exploration of related boron reactions. The success and harvest of this exploration are expected to provide new ideas for optimizing properties and broadening applications of EFC materials. Moreover, it may provide ideas and reference significance for further exploring and understanding the function of boron compounds in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared transparent films demonstrate important applications in many fields, but how to eliminate light interference from ultraviolet-visible region and how to tackle the trade-off effect between film thickness and transmittance remain as challenges. Herein, we report a near-infrared transparent film that achieves high-efficient combination of thin thickness (16 μm), suitable cut-off wavelength (890 nm), and ideal transmittance (TNIR > 90%, TVis < 1%). Moreover, the film is photo-chemically stable, heating resistance and moisture insensitive. The key component of the film is a complex of a specially designed boron compound containing a perylene monoimide unit (PMI-CBN) with an organic base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene. The complex depicts red-shifted absorption from 709 to 943 nm owing to deprotonation of the N-H group of PMI-CBN. Dispersion of the complex in polymethyl methacrylate results in the high-performance film. As demos, the film is successfully used for night vision imaging and information encryption. Near-infrared transparent films have a number of applications, but combining elimination of UV-vis light and the balance of film thickness and transmittance is challenging. Here, the authors report the development of a thin material with good transmittance and a suitable wavelength cutoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different materials have been used as wound dressings after vital pulp therapies. Some of them have limitations such as delayed setting, difficult administration, slight degree of cytotoxicity, crown discoloration and high cost. Therefore, to overcome these disadvantages, composite scaffolds have been used in regenerative dentistry. This study aims to construct and characterize the physicochemical behavior of a novel injectable alginate hydrogel loaded with different bioactive glass nanoparticles in various concentrations as a regenerative pulpotomy filling material. Methods: Alginate hydrogels were prepared by dissolving alginate powder in alcoholic distilled water containing mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBG NPs) or boron-doped MBG NPs (BMBG NPs) at 10 and 20 wt% concentrations. The mixture was stirred and incubated overnight in a water bath at 50 0 C to ensure complete solubility. A sterile dual-syringe system was used to mix the alginate solution with 20 wt% calcium chloride solution, forming the hydrogel upon extrusion. Then, constructed hydrogel specimens from all groups were characterized by FTIR, SEM, water uptake percentage (WA%), bioactivity and ion release, and cytotoxicity. Statistical analysis was done using One-Way ANOVA test for comparisons between groups, followed by multiple pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni adjusted significance level (p < 0.05). Results: Alginate/BMBG loaded groups exhibited remarkable increase in porosity and pore size diameter [IIB1 (168), IIB2 (183) (µm)]. Similarly, WA% increased (~ 800%) which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Alginate/BMBG loaded groups exhibited the strongest bioactive capability displaying prominent clusters of hydroxyapatite precipitates on hydrogel surfaces. Ca/P ratio of precipitates in IIA2 and IIB1 (1.6) were like Ca/P ratio for stoichiometric pure hydroxyapatite (1.67). MTT assay data revealed that the cell viability % of human gingival fibroblast cells have declined with increasing the concentration of both powders and hydrogel extracts in all groups after 24 and 48 h but still higher than the accepted cell viability % of (˃70%). Conclusions: The outstanding laboratory performance of the injectable alginate/BMBGNPs (20 wt%) composite hydrogel suggested it as promising candidate for pulpotomy filling material potentially enhancing dentin regeneration in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glycine is a conditional non-essential amino acid in human and other mammals. It is abundant in the liver and is known for a wide spectrum of characteristics including the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cryoprotective effects. The amino acid is a naturally occurring osmolyte compatible with protein surface interactions and has been reported in literature as a potent therapeutic immuno-nutrient for liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease. Oral glycine administration protects ethanol-induced liver injury, improves serum and tissue lipid profile, and alleviates hepatic injury in various conditions. In recent years, sodium salt of boron (borax) has been reported for its beneficial effects on cellular stress, including the effects on cell survival, immunity, and tissue redox state. Incidentally both glycine and boron prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival under stress. Objective: This study investigates the beneficial effect of borax on liver protection by glycine. Methods: Briefly, liver toxicity was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (400 mg/kg b. wt.). Results: Significant changes in oxidative stress and liver function test parameters, the molybdenum Fe-S flavin hydroxylase activity, nitric oxide and tissue histopathology were observed in thioacetamide treated positive control group. The changes were ameliorated both by glycine as well as borax, but the combinatorial treatment yielded a better response indicating the impact of boron supplementation on glycine mediated protection of liver injury in experimental animal model. Conclusions: The study has clinical implications as the hepatotoxicity caused by thioacetamide mimics features of hepatitis C infection in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Continuous three‐dimensional BaTiO3 (3DBT) ceramic network was prepared by the sol‐gel method using cleanroom wipers as the template. Subsequently, flexible 3DBT/polyvinyl alcohol‐boron nitride nanosheets (PVA‐BNNS) composite dielectric films were facilely fabricated by inversely introducing different BNNS concentrations of PVA‐BNNS solution into the 3DBT network. The results demonstrated that PVA solution effectively embedded into the 3DBT framework through an inverse infiltration process, thereby endowing the material with excellent flexibility. The content of 3DBT in the saturated 3DBT/PVA‐BNNS composite was ∼27 wt% (6.9 vol%). In addition, the 3DBT/PVA‐1.0%BNNS system exhibited an excellent dielectric constant of 17.4 (at 1 kHz), a high breakdown strength of 114.5 kV·mm−1 and an energy density of 2.51 J·cm−3 (at 110 kV·mm−1), being 1.67, 1.58 and 7.17 times higher than those of traditional fabricated 27 wt% nano‐BT/PVA (at 70 kV·mm−1) composite, respectively. What's more, the obtained 3DBT/PVA‐BNNS dielectric film exhibited superior thermal and mechanical stability, indicating potential applications in harsh environments.

Reacting RE2O3 and H3BO3 in an ultra‐alkaline NaOH hydroflux at about 250 °C yielded pure, crystalline samples of Na2[RE(BO3)(OH)2] (RE=Y, Gd−Er). The compounds dehydrate to Na3RE(BO3)2 upon heating in air to about 500 °C. Na2[RE(BO3)(OH)2] (RE=Tb−Er) are photoluminescent under UV radiation. Their UV‐Vis spectra show the typical absorptions associated with 4f–4f transitions and absorption edges in the UV (band gaps ≥5.7 eV). The RE3+ cation is coordinated by seven oxygen atoms, which define a distorted pentagonal bipyramid. The bipyramids share trans‐edges of their base forming infinite chains. Triangular (BO3)3− groups connect the chains into layers. The crystal structure of Na2[Ho(BO3)(OH)2] was investigated at various temperatures in the range 100 K≤T≤320 K. Above 310(2) K, the compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm (β‐phase), below, it undergoes a displacive phase transition of second order resulting in a monoclinic structure in space group C2/c (α‐phase). The critical exponents derived from different structural parameters indicate a cooperative distortion of the borate layers, but a rather uncorrelated adaptation of the sodium cations to their local environment. The other compounds of the series also adopt the structure of the α‐phase at 296 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cationic copper‐stabilized coppoborylene was prepared and structurally characterized via infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. This structure exemplifies a new class of borylenes stabilized by three‐center‐two‐electron metal‐boron‐metal covalent bonding interaction, displaying exceptional σ‐acidity and unparalleled π‐donor capability for CO activation that outperforms all of the known transition metal cations and is comparable or even superior to the documented base‐trapped borylenes. Its neutral form represents a monovalent boron compound with a strongly reactive amphoteric boron center built on transition‐metal‐boron bonds, which inspires the design and synthesis of new members of the borylene family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article describes the development of the use of aluminum compounds in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) over the last 14 years. It also discusses the synthesis, reactivity and catalytic applications of intermolecular, intramolecular and so‐called hidden FLPs with phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon Lewis bases. The intrinsically higher acidity of aluminum compounds compared to their boron analogs opens up different reaction pathways. The results are presented in a more or less chronological order. It is shown that Al FLPs react with a variety of polar and non‐polar substrates and form both stable adducts and reversibly activate bonds. Consequently, some catalytic applications of the title compounds were presented such as dimerization of alkynes, hydrogenation of tert‐butyl ethylene and imines, C−F bond activation, reduction of CO2, dehydrogenation of amine borane and transfer of ammonia. In addition, various Al FLPs were used as initiators in polymerization reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is radiotherapy that depends on a nuclear reaction between boron-10 (10B) and neutrons. The neutron source has been changing from nuclear reactors to accelerators. Current BNCT using boronophenylalanine (BPA) as the boron compound has been shown to markedly reduce tumor sizes when used to treat recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC); however, early recurrence has been reported. Ultrasound, a safe diagnostic method, in combination with microbubbles, is expected to promote the uptake of BPA into tumor cells. Ultrasound also has the ability to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy. Therefore, the combination of ultrasound needs to be promoted in order to improve the antitumor efficacy of BNCT for HNC. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is radiotherapy in which a nuclear reaction between boron-10 (10B) in tumor cells and neutrons produces alpha particles and recoiling 7Li nuclei with an extremely short range, leading to the destruction of the tumor cells. Although the neutron source has traditionally been a nuclear reactor, accelerators to generate neutron beams have been developed and commercialized. Therefore, this treatment will become more widespread. Recurrent head and neck cancer (HNC) close to the body surface is considered a candidate for BNCT using the boron compound boronophenylalanine (BPA) and has been found to be highly responsive to this treatment. However, some cases recur early after the completion of the treatment, which needs to be addressed. Ultrasound is a highly safe diagnostic method. Ultrasound with microbubbles is expected to promote the uptake of BPA into tumor cells. Ultrasound also has the ability to improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy. In addition, high-intensity focused ultrasound may improve the efficacy of BNCT via its thermal and mechanical effects. This review is not systematic but outlines the current status of BPA-based BNCT and proposes plans to reduce the recurrence rate of HNC after BNCT in combination with ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron, the element which is in close proximity with carbon in the periodic table has been hypothesized to produce diverse two‐dimensional structures that differ from well‐studied 2D materials. Icosahedron B12$$ {\mathcal{B}}_{12} $$, the monomers of which form the crystalline boron structure, appears as a recurring pattern in the chemistry of boron compounds, elemental boron and boron‐rich materials, functions as a building block in a majority of boron allotropes. The topological study of the icosahedral sheets is a necessary field to be investigated for the effective analysis and characterization of its physico‐chemical attributes without undertaking time‐consuming experimental research. The topological descriptors being expressed as numerical values enable scientists to compare and correlate data, which can be applied to quantitative structure‐activity relationships and quantitative structure‐property relationships modeling. In this study, various degree based molecular descriptors of the crystal boron icosahedral α$$ \alpha $$ sheet Bα(a,b)$$ {\mathcal{B}}_{\alpha}\left(\mathfrak{a},\mathfrak{b}\right) $$ has been formulated from a two‐dimensional lattice perspective using the 필‐polynomial approach. To establish the significance of these descriptors in the study of chemical attributes, an efficient linear regression modeling has also been performed, enabling the prediction of properties of several other boron sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overuse of levofloxacin (LEV) is often associated with bacterial resistance and serious health problems, underscoring the need for reliable sensing and monitoring of LEV molecules. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate LEV using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and boron-doped diamond modified with MXene (Ti3C2TX) (BDD-MXene) electrode. The successful deposition of MXene on the BDD surface was confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) methods were also applied to evaluate the electrochemical behavior. The results showed that both electrodes had a linear response in the range of 30-100 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 1.0 X 10-6 M and 3.37 x 10-6 M for bare-BDD, while on BDD-MXene, the values were 3.90 x 10-7 M and 1.30 x 10-6 M, respectively. Furthermore, both electrodes showed good responses on selectivity tests with glucose and another fluoroquinolone antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin. The results also indicated good precision with %RSD less than 5%. In real sample applications using wastewater, bare-BDD and BDD-MXene produced excellent %recovery of 92.96% and 101.29%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of adding different boron compounds to the urea-formaldehyde resin were evaluated relative to the physical, mechanical, and other properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). While the chemical addition of boric acid to the urea-formaldehyde resin increased the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity values of MDF boards, the physical and chemical additions of other boron compounds decreased those values. While there were no significant decreases in internal bond values, the chemical addition of boric acid and borax decahydrate to ureaformaldehyde resin increased the internal bond values of MDF boards. It was observed that in both types of addition, borax pentahydrate reduced the formaldehyde emission values of MDF boards the most and also reduced the burnt area by up to 30%. When the type of addition of boron compounds to urea-formaldehyde was compared, the addition of boron compounds at the resin formation stage showed better results in the properties of MDF boards than physical addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewis acidic boron compounds are ubiquitous in chemistry due to their numerous applications, yet tuning and optimizing their properties towards different purposes is still a challenging field of research. In this work, the boron‐based Lewis acid B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 was synthesized by reaction of the teflate derivative HOTeF3(C6F5)2 with BCl3 or BCl3 ⋅ SMe2. This new compound presents a remarkably high thermal stability up to 300 °C, as well as one of the most sterically encumbered boron centres known in the literature. Theoretical and experimental methods revealed that B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 exhibits a comparable Lewis acidity to that of the well‐known B(C6F5)3. The affinity of B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 towards pyridine was accessed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and compared to that of B(OTeF5)3 and B(C6F5)3. The ligand‐transfer reactivity of this new boron compound towards different fluorides was demonstrated by the formation of an anionic Au(III) complex and a hypervalent iodine(III) species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Topical treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD) used reactively often fail to achieve lasting disease control; many of these therapies are associated with safety concerns that limit long-term use. Crisaborole ointment, 2%, is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD that has potential as a long-term maintenance therapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of crisaborole once daily (QD) compared to vehicle QD as a maintenance therapy to reduce the incidence of flares in patients with AD who previously responded to crisaborole twice daily (BID). METHODS: CrisADe CONTROL was a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, 52-week, phase III study of patients aged ≥ 3 months with mild-to-moderate AD involving ≥ 5% treatable body surface area. Eligible patients received crisaborole BID during an open-label run-in period of up to 8 weeks. Responders were randomly assigned in the double-blind maintenance period to receive either crisaborole QD or vehicle QD. Responders were defined as patients who achieved Investigators Static Global Assessment (ISGA) success (ISGA score of 0 [clear] or 1 [almost clear] with a ≥ 2-grade improvement) and ≥ 50% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index total score (EASI-50) from baseline. Patients who experienced a flare (ISGA score ≥ 2) during the double-blind maintenance period switched to crisaborole BID for up to 12 weeks. During this period, patients were assessed every 4 weeks; if the flare resolved (ISGA score ≤ 1), patients resumed their assigned treatment. The primary endpoint was flare-free maintenance until onset of the first flare. Key secondary endpoints were number of flare-free days, number of flares, and maintenance of pruritus response until onset of the first flare. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was also analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 497 patients entered the open-label run-in period with crisaborole BID, of which 270 patients were randomized into the 52-week double-blind maintenance period of the study. Of the 270 patients, 135 were randomly assigned to the crisaborole QD group and 135 were randomly assigned to the vehicle QD group. Median time of flare-free maintenance was longer for patients who received crisaborole versus vehicle (111 vs 30 days, respectively; p = 0.0034). The mean number of flare-free days was higher for patients who received crisaborole versus vehicle (234.0 vs 199.4 days, respectively; p = 0.0346). The mean number of flares was lower for patients who received crisaborole versus vehicle (0.95 vs 1.36, respectively; p = 0.0042). No clear trend was observed in maintenance of pruritus response between crisaborole- and vehicle-treated patients. Crisaborole was well tolerated, with no new or unexpected safety findings when used as maintenance treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Crisaborole QD was effective and well tolerated for long-term maintenance treatment and flare reduction in adult and pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate AD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04040192, 31 July 2019.

Clostridioides difficile is classified as an urgent antibiotic resistance threat by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). C. difficile infection (CDI) is mainly caused by the C. difficile exotoxin TcdB, which invades host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, many natural variants of TcdB have been identified including some from the hypervirulent strains, which pose significant challenges for developing effective CDI therapies. Here, we review the recent research progress on the molecular mechanisms by which TcdB recognizes Frizzed proteins (FZDs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) as two major host receptors. We suggest that the receptor-binding sites and several previously identified neutralizing epitopes on TcdB are ideal targets for the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors to protect against diverse TcdB variants.

Boron compounds have attracted the attention of chemists because of their unique catalytic properties and potential wider material applications. Although group 13 metal compounds, which are based on the bis-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-methane system (Box, ({NCOC6H4}2CH2)), have been reported in the last several years, boron containing Box compounds were still missing. Now we report their successful syntheses and spectroscopic characterisation in this work. The borane compound [({NCOC6H3}2CH)BH2] (1) and haloboranes [({NCOC6H3}2CH)BF2] (2), [({NCOC6H3}2CH)BCl2] (3) and [({NCOC6H3}2CH)BBr2] (4) were characterised in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction and in solution by NMR techniques. In addition, the fluorescence properties of compounds 1–4 are communicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the renewed interest in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and the intensified search for improved boron carriers, as well as the difficulties of coherently comparing the carriers described so far, it seems necessary to define a basic set of assays and standardized methods to be used in the early stages of boron carrier development in vitro. The selection of assays and corresponding methods is based on the practical experience of the authors and is certainly not exhaustive, but open to discussion. The proposed tests/characteristics: Solubility, lipophilicity, stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake apply to both low molecular weight (up to 500 Da) and high molecular weight (5000 Da and more) boron carriers. However, the specific methods have been selected primarily for low molecular weight boron carriers; in the case of high molecular weight compounds, some of the methods may need to be adapted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of fluoride and boron compound additives on the synthesis and hydration process of calcium aluminate (CA2). The analysis showed that the temperature of the full synthesis of CA2 without mineralizing additives was 1500 °C. However, the addition of fluorine and boron compounds at 1% and 3% significantly reduced the synthesis temperature to a range of 1100–1300 °C. The addition of fluoride compounds did not result in the formation of fluoride compounds from CaO and Al2O3, except for the calcium borate phase (Ca3(BO3)2) under certain conditions. In addition, the cellular parameters of the synthesized calcium aluminate phases were not affected by the use of these additives. Hydration studies showed that fluoride additives accelerate the hydration process, potentially improving mechanical properties, while boron additives slow down the reaction with water. These results highlight the relevance of fluoride and boron additives to the synthesis process and hydration kinetics of calcium aluminate, suggesting the need for further research to optimize their application in practice. TG studies confirmed the presence of convergence with respect to X-ray determinations made. SEM, EDS and elemental concentration maps confirmed the presence of a higher Al/Ca ratio in the samples and also showed the presence of hexagonal and regular hydration products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to boron's metalloid properties, aromatic boron reagents are prevalent synthetic intermediates. The direct borylation of aryl C-H bonds for producing aromatic boron compounds offers an appealing, one-step solution. Despite significant advances in this field, achieving regioselective aryl C-H bond borylation using simple and readily available starting materials still remains a challenge. In this work, we attempted to enhance the reactivity of the electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex by selecting different bases to replace the organic base (NEt3) used in our previous research. To our delight, when using NH4HCO3 as the base, we have achieved a mild visible-light-mediated aromatic C-H bond borylation reaction with exceptional regioselectivity (rr > 40:1 to single isomers). Compared with our previous borylation methodologies, this protocol provides a more efficient and broader scope for aryl C-H bond borylation through the use of N-Bromosuccinimide. The protocol's good functional-group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity enable the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds and novel cascade transformations. Mechanistic experiments and theoretical calculations conducted in this study have indicated that, for certain arenes, the aryl C-H bond borylation might proceed through a new reaction mechanism, which involves the formation of a novel transient EDA complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron‐based enantiomerism is fragile due to the inherent tendency of a dissociation of a ligand from tetra‐coordinate chiral boron complexes under formation of the achiral tri‐coordinate species. This review will present the different approaches in overcoming the inherent tendency of racemization in boron‐stereogenic compounds. When embedded in an environment of chiral ligands or substituents, configurationally stable boron stereogenic centers can form in a diastereoselective manner. Compounds incorporating boron as the exclusive stereogenic center are obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures. The recently developed – much more efficient – methods of a catalytic, enantioselective creation of boron stereogenic compounds are highlighted in this review. Finally the chiroptical properties of enantiomerically pure boron complexes that makes them promising materials or devices are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we found that the sterically bulky α‐hydroxycarboxamide moiety is a suitable framework for protecting the boronyl group of boron reagents during aminations. Condensation of α‐hydroxycarboxamide with ArB(OH)2 produced aryloxazaborolidinone (ArOxB). The reactivity of the C‐B bond in ArOxB is easily controlled by the steric and weak electronic effects of the backbone. H2N‐(or Br−)ArOxB underwent Chan‐Evans‐Lam (C‐E‐L) or Buchwald‐Hartwig (B‐H) amination with retaining the C−B bond. On the other hand, direct C‐E‐L amination of ArOxB was also possible in an oxidative atmosphere, in which the C−B bond was activated by CuII species. Our methodology is effective for the precise synthesis of two or more arylamino group substituted arenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiation shielding parameters such as effective atomic number, effective electron density, mean free path (MFP), half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) were calculated experimentally and theoretically for Boron Carbide(BC4), Boron nitride (BN), Boric acid (H3BO3), Iron boride (Fe2B), Lanthanum borate (BLaO3), Sodium borohydride (NaBH4), Borax (Na2H20B4O17), Titanium diboride (TiB2), and Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) compounds. In experimental measurements, the compounds were irradiated by 137Ba, 152Eu and 241Am radioactive gamma-ray sources. The theoretical results obtained with the help of the WinXCom computer program were compared with the experimental results and they were found to be in good agreement. Moreover, energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) and exposure buildup factor (EBF) values were calculated for compounds using the geometric progression (G.P.) fitting formula for the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV and penetration depth up to 40 mfp (mean free path). Buildup factors (EABF, EBF) increased with increasing penetration depth. In general, the buildup factors for all compounds formed a Gaussian curve and had the highest values in the energy range dominated by Compton scattering. As a result of the findings obtained in the study, it was seen that Lanthanum borate gave the best results in radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In post-irradiated recurrent head and neck cancer (R-HNC), the treatment safety margin is limited by accumulated toxicity. Despite the development of aggressive curative treatment methods, such as reirradiation with photon or particle beam therapy with or without chemotherapy, sufficient clinical outcomes have not been achieved in various prospective trials due to the limitations imposed by toxicity. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), with its selective cell-by-cell dose delivery, may be an effective and safe treatment option for patients with a prior radiotherapy history, as the previous Phase II trial of BNCT in unresectable locally recurrent or locally R-HNC has shown encouraging results. In this study, we analyzed the results of a Japanese nationwide post-marketing surveillance of BNCT for R-HNC conducted under the national health insurance system and found that toxicity was well-tolerated with preferable efficacy. BNCT is suggested to be a promising treatment option in post-irradiated R-HNC. Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the real-world safety and efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) with borofalan(10B) in Japanese patients with locally advanced or locally recurrent head and neck cancer (LA/LR-HNC). Methods: This prospective, multicenter observational study was initiated in Japan in May 2020 and enrolled all patients who received borofalan(10B) as directed by regulatory authorities. Patient enrollment continued until at least 150 patients were enrolled, and adverse events attributable to drugs, treatment devices, and BNCT were evaluated. The patients with LA/LR-HNC were systematically evaluated to determine efficacy. Results: The 162 patients enrolled included 144 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), 17 patients with non-SCCHN (NSCCHN), and one patient with glioblastoma. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were hyperamylasemia (84.0%), stomatitis (51.2%), sialoadenitis (50.6%), and alopecia (49.4%) as acute TRAEs, and dysphagia (4.5%), thirst (2.6%), and skin disorder (1.9%) as more common late TRAEs. In patients with LA/LR-HNC, the overall response rate (ORR) was 72.3%, with a complete response (CR) in 63 (46.0%) of 137 patients with SCCHN. Among 17 NSCCHN patients, the ORR was 64.7%, with eight cases (47.1%) of CR. One- and two-year OS rates in patients with recurrent SCCHN were 78.8% and 60.7%, respectively. Conclusions: This post-marketing surveillance confirmed the safety and efficacy of BNCT with borofalan(10B) in patients with LA/LR-HNC in a real-world setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colour centre platform holds promise for quantum technologies, and hexagonal boron nitride has attracted attention due to the high brightness and stability, optically addressable spin states and wide wavelength coverage discovered in its emitters. However, its application is hindered by the typically random defect distribution and complex mesoscopic environment. Here, employing cathodoluminescence, we demonstrate on-demand activation and control of colour centre emission at the twisted interface of two hexagonal boron nitride flakes. Further, we show that colour centre emission brightness can be enhanced by two orders of magnitude by tuning the twist angle. Additionally, by applying an external voltage, nearly 100% brightness modulation is achieved. Our ab initio GW and GW plus Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations suggest that the emission is correlated to nitrogen vacancies and that a twist-induced moiré potential facilitates electron-hole recombination. This mechanism is further exploited to draw nanoscale colour centre patterns using electron beams.

The numerous oxidation states of the element boron bring great challenges in containing its contamination in receptor bodies. This scenario increases significantly due to the widespread use of boron compounds in various industries in recent years. For this reason, the removal of this contaminant is receiving worldwide attention. Although adsorption is a promising method in boron removal, finding suitable adsorbents, that is, those with high efficiency, and feasible remains a constant challenge. Hence, this review presents the boron removal methods in comparison to costs of adsorbents, reaction mechanisms, economic viability, continuous bed application, and regeneration capacity. In addition, the approach of multivariate algorithms in the solution of multiobjective problems can enable the optimized conditions of dosage of adsorbents and coagulants, pH, and initial concentration of boron. Therefore, this review sought to comprehensively and critically demonstrate strategic issues that may guide the choice of method and adsorbent or coagulant material in future research for bench and industrial scale boron removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Boron-based molecules have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years, as they have become one of the largest and fastest-growing research areas. Presented in this study, various effects of tetrahedral boronate ester (BE) on, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and MCP-1 gene, and protein expression in ox-LDL induced in vitro atherosclerotic model were determined. Methods: IC50 concentrations and effects of tetrahedral BE on cell survival were detected using XTT assay. Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of VCAM-1, E-selectin, MCP-1 genes and, western blotting determined the protein expression. Results: Tetrahedral BE compound did not show cytotoxicity against HUVECs at 50 µM concentration. ox-LDL treatment caused an increase in E-selectin, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 gene and protein expression levels in cell culture samples. Tetrahedral BE suppressed adhesion molecule expression such as VCAM-1 and E-selectin. Discussion: Tetrahedral BE treatment reversed all increases in E-selectin gene and protein expression levels in any of the treatment groups. ox-LDL increased VCAM-1 gene and protein expression, which was reversed by BE treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ox-LDL triggered MCP-1 protein and gene expression levels and these increases were reversed significantly only by a mid and low-dose of BE treatment. The results showed that tetrahedral BE stabilized with N→B dative bond plays a protective role in the early stages of atherosclerosis. Conclusions: We reported a new tetrahedral boronate ester molecule based on trigonal-planar boronate ester and 4-hydroxy pyridine were designed and synthesized via B←N coordinate covalent bond. We have shown that boron-compound has decreased gene and protein expression of MCP-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin increased by ox-LDL in the atherosclerosis model. These findings emerged that boron-based compounds could be an option for atherosclerosis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monilinia laxa is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens causing brown rot, blossom blight and spur infection on stone fruits such as peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry and plum. In 2019–2020 surveys, 30 orchards in the apricot and almond production areas of Malatya and Elazıg provinces of Turkey exhibited blossom and twig blight symptoms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of boron products, pyroligneous acid and some fungicides on Monilinia laxa. Boron derivatives and boscalid were tested at different concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, 0.1,0.2, 0.4, 0.6%; w/v, μg.ml−1) for their inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of M. laxa. Mycelial growth of M. laxa was completely inhibited by boric acid (0.1%), borax (0.09%), Etidot (0.09%), pyroligneous acid (0.8%) and boscalid (0.6 µgml−1). Boric acid (0.12%), borax (0.1%), Etidot-67 (0.15%), PA (1.2%) and boscalid (0.8 µg ml−1) significantly inhibited germination of conidia of M. laxa isolates. EC50 values for 4 isolates of M. laxa ranged from 0.028 to 0.569% (MIC values ranged from 0.09 to 0.8 µgml−1) for mycelial growth and from 0.052 to 0.750% (MIC values ranged from 0.1 to 0.12) for conidial germination. In field trials conducted in the two subsequent years, boscalid + pyraclostrobin showed the highest efficacy (82.4% and 85.2%), followed by PA + borax (64.2% and 65.6%), PA + boric acid (48.2% and 54.6%), and boric acid + borax (18.2% and 21.9%, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) stands as one of the most potent halogenated polycyclic hydrocarbons, known to inflict substantial cytotoxic effects on both animal and human tissues. Its widespread presence and recalcitrance make it an environmental and health concern. Efforts are being intensively channeled to uncover strategies that could mitigate the adverse health outcomes associated with TCDD exposure. In the realm of counteractive agents, boron compounds are emerging as potential candidates. These compounds, which have found applications in a spectrum of industries ranging from agriculture to pharmaceutical and cosmetic manufacturing, are known to modulate several cellular processes and enzymatic pathways. However, the dose–response relationships and protective potentials of commercially prevalent boron compounds, such as boric acid (BA), ulexite (UX), and borax (BX), have not been comprehensively studied. In our detailed investigation, when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were subjected to TCDD exposure, they manifested significant cellular disruptions. This was evidenced by compromised membrane integrity, a marked reduction in antioxidant defense mechanisms, and a surge in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a recognized marker for oxidative stress. On the genomic front, increased 8-OH-dG levels and chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency suggested that TCDD had the potential to cause DNA damage. Notably, our experiments have revealed that boron compounds could act as protective agents against these disruptions. They exhibited a pronounced ability to diminish the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and oxidative stress outcomes instigated by TCDD. Thus, our findings shed light on the promising role of boron compounds. In specific dosages, they may not only counteract the detrimental effects of TCDD but also serve as potential chemopreventive agents, safeguarding the cellular and genomic integrity of PBMCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyether block amide (PEBA) are recently the most widely used materials for advanced footwear technology (AFT) that has been shown to improve running economy (RE). This study investigated the effects of these midsole materials on RE and biomechanics, in both fresh and worn state (after 450 km). Methods: Twenty‐two male trained runners participated in this study. Subjects ran four 4‐min trials at 13 km‧h−1 with both fresh EVA and PEBA AFT and with the same models with 450 km of wear using a randomized crossover experimental design. We measured energy cost of running (W/kg), spatiotemporal, and neuromuscular parameters. Results: There were significant differences in RE between conditions (p = 0.01; n2 = 0.17). There was a significant increase in energy cost in the worn PEBA condition compared with new (15.21 ± 1.01 and 14.87 ± 0.99 W/kg; p < 0.05; ES = 0.54), without differences between worn EVA (15.13 ± 1.14 W/kg; p > 0.05), and new EVA (15.15 ± 1.13 w/kg; ES = 0.02). The increase in energy cost between new and worn was significantly higher for the PEBA shoes (0.32 ± 0.38 W/kg) but without significant increase for the EVA shoes (0.06 ± 0.58 W/kg) (p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) with changes in step frequency and step length. The new PEBA shoes had lower energy cost than the new EVA shoes (p < 0.05; ES = 0.27) with significant differences between conditions in contact time. Conclusion: There is a clear RE advantage of incorporating PEBA versus EVA in an AFT when the models are new. However, after 450 km of use, the PEBA and EVA shoes had similar RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron-doped organic compounds display unique properties as a result of the presence of an empty p orbital on boron and the ability to switch between a trigonal planar and a tetrahedral geometry. In recent years, they have found several applications not only as synthetic reagents, e.g., in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, but also as pharmaceuticals and as specialized materials due to their optical and electronic properties. Some boron compounds may exist as atropisomers, and these rotamers may have different properties according to their sense of rotation. Synthetic strategies to separate them and, more recently, to obtain them in an asymmetric manner are becoming popular. In this review, we survey the literature on this emerging field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, high amounts of boron waste are generated due to the widespread use of boron and boron compounds. Boron waste in boron-producing enterprises in Türkiye reaches six hundred thousand tons annually. The utilization of boron wastes includes various stages, such as storage of refuse in appropriate places, recovery of boron from boron wastes, and utilization in proper sectors. In this study, the amounts of lead (Pb) and beryllium (Be) in three different boron samples (boron waste, boron ore, and processed boron ore) obtained from Kütahya-Emet region were determined by ICP-OES spectroscopic technique by cloud point extraction (CPE) method using 4-sulfamoylphenyl dithiocarbamate salt complexing agent. Colemanite was used as a boron ore in the study. According to the results, the optimum conditions for the recovery of lead and beryllium ions from aqueous media were found as pH=9, 0.12% (w/w) ligand, and 0.1% (w/w) surfactant concentration, 45 oC incubation temperature and 60 min incubation time. The RSD % of the method under the optimum conditions found were 2 and 2.5 for Pb2+ and Be2+, respectively. The procedure was successfully applied to boron waste samples, and Pb2+ and Be2+ recoveries between 96-105% were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel boron-containing salen ligands (1 and 2) and their tetra-coordinated boron-based polymers (1a-b and 2a-b) containing N → B coordination bonds were synthesized under suitable conditions. In the first step, the synthesis of boron-containing salen ligands (1 and 2) was carried out as a result of the reaction of 4-formyl phenylboronic acid with different primary amines. Then, the obtained boron-containing salen ligands (1 and 2) were reacted with pentaerythritol and different N-donor ligands, respectively, to synthesize tetra-coordinated polymers (1a-b and 2a-b) containing N → B coordination bonds. Synthesized boron-containing salen ligands and corresponding tetra-coordinated polymers containing (N → B) coordination bonds were characterized by melting point, elemental analysis, LC–MS/MS spectrometer, FT-IR, UV–Vis and NMR (1H, 13C, and 11B) spectroscopy for illuminate of their structures. The use of synthesized boron-containing salen ligands (1 and 2) and their polymers (1a-b and 2a-b) containing N → B coordination bonds as novel organocatalysts were tested for the transfer hydrogenation of various aromatic ketones under suitable conditions. Considering all the catalytic results, it was seen that salen ligands (1 and 2) and tetra-coordinated boron-based polymers (1a-b and 2a-b) containing N → B coordination bonds to be suitable organocatalysts in the future for transfer hydrogenation with other boron compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistant bacteria is one of the most important public health problems. Increasing rates of antibacterial resistance also affect the outcomes of medical approaches. Cancer treatment because of immune system deficiency (chemotherapy or steroids usage) commonly can cause infection. Lung cancer is the dominant cause of cancer-related deaths, and infection is the most common cause of death among those patients. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activity of boron compounds. A549 lung cancer cell line was infected with Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). In order to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, antibiotics and boron compound concentrations prepared according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by the checkerboard method. In our study results, the antibiofilm activity was an average of 46% in A. baumannii+boron compounds, 45% in P. aeruginosa+boron compounds, and 43% in K. pneumoniae. Cell culture analysis results show a decrease in viability and antioxidant capacity and an increase in total oxidant status after adding boron compounds to the culture. Immunofluorescence results show a correlation with MTT, and boron compounds increased 8-OHdG expression in comparison to antibiotic administration. In conclusion, boron compounds have promising effects on bacteria, especially in resistant bacteria spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel amidinate ligated four-coordinated boron compounds, [(Ar)-C(tBuN)2BF2] (1BF2–6BF2), were synthesised and structurally characterised (Ar = 1-phenyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, 9-phenanthryl and 1-pyrene). The increased π-conjugation of Ar-substitution on the amidinate ligand results in dark blue-emission in compounds 3BF2–6BF2. All these compounds are emissive in the solution state. The 2-anthryl substituted compound 3BF2 was found to exhibit a maximum quantum yield of 48% in dichloromethane. Theoretical studies were carried out which validate the hypothesis about the increased π-conjugation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Escherichia coli, a bacterium that forms a biofilm, is mainly responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections, peritonitis, meningitis, and septicemia. Different antibiotics (Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolones, etc.) treatments are routinely used to overcome E.coli infections. The presence of biofilm increases E.coli resistance against antibiotics. The study aims to evaluate the boron component's effect on the biofilm formation of E.coli in vitro via a liver (HepG-2) infection model. Material and Method: The antibacterial activity of boron compounds on Escherichia coli was evaluated with Minimum inhibitory concentration. Antibacterial activity with the combination of boron compounds was assessed by fractional inhibitor concentration. The non-cytotoxic dose of boron compounds was determined in the infection model created with Escherichia coli in the cell line. Then, the effect on cell viability and pathological examinations were examined histopathologically. Results: Synergistic effects (=0.5) were watched at 32 µg/mL Etidote + 32 µg/mL Sodium perborate metahydrate, at Etidote 32 µg/mL + 32 µg/mL Zinc borate, and at Zinc borate 32 µg/mL + 32 µg/mL Sodium perborate metahydrate. It was determined that 128 µg/ml Etidote + 512 µg/ml Sodium perborate metahydrate, Etidote 512 µg/mL + Zinc borate 1024 µg/mL, and Zinc borate 512 µg/mL + Sodium perborate metahydrate 128 µg/mL had antibiofilm activity. In the cell line, it was determined that although Zinc borate + Etidote reduced the infection, it did not completely reduce it in its combination. Histopathological analyses also paralleled these results. Conclusion: Boron components can be used against biofilmformed E.coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the design of boronated amino acids has emerged, partly due to the utilization of boronophenylalanine (BPA), one of the two agents employed in clinical Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). The boronated amino acids synthesized thus far for BNCT investigations can be classified into two categories based on the source of boron: boronic acids or carboranes. Amino acid-based boron carriers, employed in the context of BNCT treatment, demonstrate significant potential in the treatment of challenging tumors, such as those located in the brain. This review aims to shed light on the developmental journey and challenges encountered over the years in the field of amino acid-based boron delivery compound development. The primary focus centers on the utilization of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) as a target for boron carriers in BNCT. The development of efficient carriers remains a critical objective, addressing challenges related to tumor specificity, effective boron delivery, and rapid clearance from normal tissue and blood. LAT1 presents an intriguing and promising target for boron delivery, given its numerous characteristics that make it well suited for drug delivery into tumor tissues, particularly in the case of brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal mono-standard relative method has been used for compositional analysis of prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). PGAA is very useful for the analysis of boron elements in various sample matrices, especially in the uranium samples, which attenuates neutron intensity significantly. The concentration ratio of boron is determined relative to the uranium as internal mono-standard. The concentration of uranium is well traceable when the sample was fabricated and also measured by a relative method using certified reference material. The uranium dioxide powder samples were prepared by crushing the fuel pellets and then mixed with the adjuvant compounds to improve the combustion characteristics of the nuclear fuel. The first adjuvant compound is boron compound like boron nitride and hafnium diboride. The second adjuvant is manganese oxide, which is considered to enhance the thermal stability of the boron compounds. The elemental concentrations of the samples were measured by a thermal neutron PGAA facility at the HANARO research reactor and analyzed using a KAERI-PGAA code including a Doppler-broadened boron peak analysis (DBPA) routine for boron analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enantioselective reactions that install functional groups at the positions of unactivated C-H bonds can be envisioned to produce intermediates for the synthesis of the active ingredients in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals directly from simple feedstocks. Among these C-H bond functionalization reactions, those that form carbon-silicon (C-Si) and carbon-boron (C-B) bonds have been pursued because the products of these reactions can be converted to those containing a wide range of functional groups and because compounds containing silicon and boron possess unique properties that can be valuable for medicinal and materials chemistry. Although the silylation and borylation of C-H bonds have undergone extensive development during the past two decades, enantioselective versions of these reactions were not known until a few years ago. In this Minireview, we present the rapid development of enantioselective silylation and borylation of C-H bonds, with an emphasis on the design and development of the types of chiral ligands needed to achieve these reactions and an intention to inspire an expansion of these types of transformations.

The Plasmodium falciparum proteasome is a potential antimalarial drug target. We have identified a series of amino-amide boronates that are potent and specific inhibitors of the P. falciparum 20S proteasome (Pf20S) β5 active site and that exhibit fast-acting antimalarial activity. They selectively inhibit the growth of P. falciparum compared with a human cell line and exhibit high potency against field isolates of P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax They have a low propensity for development of resistance and possess liver stage and transmission-blocking activity. Exemplar compounds, MPI-5 and MPI-13, show potent activity against P. falciparum infections in a SCID mouse model with an oral dosing regimen that is well tolerated. We show that MPI-5 binds more strongly to Pf20S than to human constitutive 20S (Hs20Sc). Comparison of the cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of Pf20S and Hs20Sc in complex with MPI-5 and Pf20S in complex with the clinically used anti-cancer agent, bortezomib, reveal differences in binding modes that help to explain the selectivity. Together, this work provides insights into the 20S proteasome in P. falciparum, underpinning the design of potent and selective antimalarial proteasome inhibitors.