Search

Here we list three options that General Relativity has proposed over the past decade to explain the non-linear cosmological redshift, observed by astronomers. 1) If the redshift law is linear for nearby galaxies, then turns into exponential for distant galaxies, and triangulation of galaxies reveals non-zero curvature of space, then our Universe is an expanding Friedmann world. 2) If the linear redshift law turns into parabolic for distant galaxies, then our Universe is a static de Sitter world with [lambda] > 0, in which the physical vacuum has a positive density, the observable curvature of space is positive, and the non-Newtonian gravitational forces acting there are repulsive forces increasing with distance (which cause photons to lose energy as they move). 3) If for distant galaxies the linear redshift law turns into exponential, but triangulation of galaxies does not reveal even the slightest curvature of space, then our Universe has a flat space, where the redshift in the spectra of distant objects is due only to the fact that the light-like sub- space (home of photons) of any metric space-time rotates with the speed of light, thereby creating a repulsive centrifugal force (which causes photons to lose energy as they move). In this case, any particular space metric creates only an addition to the exponential redshift law, which must take place even in a flat unperturbed space., Cosmological redshift was discovered by Vesto Slipher (Flagstaff Observatory, Arizona), who first registered it on September 17, 1912 in the spectrum of Andromeda Nebula M31 [1], then over subsequent years [...]

Here we analyze our theory of the physical vacuum ([lambda]-field filling de Sitter spaces), in which we calculated its physically observable properties (2001) and the parabolic (nonlinear) cosmological redshift specific to de Sitter spaces (2013). To explain the recently discovered non-linear cosmological redshift, we consider the following options: 1) our Universe is a de Sitter world with [lambda] > 0 and, therefore, with a parabolic cosmological redshift (because with [lambda] > 0 the non-Newtonian gravitational forces acting in a de Sitter world are forces of repulsion, which decelerate photons), but in this case the physical vacuum has a negative density [??] < 0, and the observable curvature radius of space is imaginary (the space geometry is hyperbolic); 2) our Universe is a de Sitter world with [lambda] < 0, where the physical vacuum has a positive density [??] > 0, and the observable curvature radius is real (the space geometry is spherical), but with a parabolic cosmological blueshift (and not a redshift) because with [lambda] < 0 the non-Newtonian forces are forces of attraction (they accelerate photons); 3) our Universe is a de Sitter world with [lambda] > 0 and, hence, a parabolic cosmological redshift, but the [lambda][g.sub.[alpha][beta]] term in Einstein's field equations has the opposite (negative) sign. We vote for the 3rd option, because in this case a) the physical vacuum has a positive density [??] > 0, which satisfies the physical requirement that any kind of observable matter must have a positive mass and density, b) the observable curvature radius of space is real (and not imaginary) and, hence, the space geometry is spherical (and not hyperbolic), c) the non-Newtonian gravitational forces are forces of repulsion (they decelerate photons, thereby producing a redshift), d) the event horizon in such a universe is outlined by the gravitational radius of the de Sitter sphere. All this confirms the supposition that our Universe is a huge de Sitter gravitational collapsar with [lambda] > 0 and a non-linear (parabolic) cosmological redshift., In the late 1980s and 1990s, we undertook a massive theoretical research on the motion of particles in the space-time of General Relativity, which we published in 2001 in our [...]

Chronomeric invariants are mathematically determined as the projections of four-dimensional tensorial quantities onto the three-dimensional spatial section and the line of time belonging to a real particular observer. Such projections are physical observables to the observer; it is these quantities that are measurable in his real laboratory and depend on the physical and geometric properties of his local physical space. In other words, chonometric invariants are physical observable quantities in the space-time of General Relativity. Chronometric invariants and the mathematical appararus for their calculation were introduced in 1944 by Abraham L. Zelmanov. In this article, we have collected everything (or almost everything) that we know about chronometric invariants to provide a convenient and most detailed reference to this mathematical apparatus originally scattered throughout many publications., Physical observables were mathematically determined and introduced into General Relativity in 1941-1944 by Abraham L. Zelmanov (1913-1987), who called them chronometrically invariant quantities or, in brief, chronometric invariants. Zelmanov first [...]

In 1991 we derived the physical conditions opening the gate to a fully degenerate space-time, where from the point of view of a regular observer the observable spatial and time intervals are equal to zero. The one of the conditions, under which the observable interval of time is zero, enables instant displacement (non-quantum teleportation) of physical bodies at any distance. In this article, we derive the teleportation condition for Schwarzschild's mass-point metric, Schwarzschild's metric inside a sphere filled with an incompressible liquid and de Sitter's metric of a space filled with the physical vacuum. We also introduce the modifications of the above three metrics, which contain rotation due to the space-time non-holonomity (non-orthogonality of the time lines to the three-dimensional spatial section) and derive the teleportation condition in each of these spaces. The obtained teleportation condition requires either a near-light-speed rotation or a super-strong gravitational field (depending on the particular space metric), which is very problematic if not impossible in a regular laboratory. On the other hand, the non-orthogonality of the time lines to the three-dimensional section can be implemented not only by a mechanical rotation of the laboratory space, but also using other physical factors. Thus, we are looking for how to do it using a strong electromagnetic field (the latter is not a problem for modern technologies). We introduce a space-time metric, which rotates due to its non-holonomity, and the gravitational field is neglected. Then, substituting the components of the obtained metric into Einstein's field equations with the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor on the right hand side, we obtain the conditions under which the equations vanish and, therefore, the metric space is Riemannian and contains an electromagnetic field. As a result, we obtain how the electromagnetic field parameters can replace the rotation of space in the teleportation condition. The obtained result shows how to teleport physical bodies from an earth-bound laboratory to any remote point in the Universe using a super-strong electromagnetic field. Creating such devices is a very interesting task for engineers in the near future., 1 The background In 1991, in the course of our extensive research on the application of the General Theory of Relativity to biophysics, we set ourselves the following primary task. [...]

As was found in the first paper of this series of papers, the rotation of space produces a significant curvature (Progr. Phys., 2022, v.18, 31-49). In the second paper, we showed that light rays and mass-bearing particles are deflected near a rotating body due to the curvature of space caused by its rotation (ibid., 50-55). In this article we show that, since the rotation of the Earth around its axis curves the Earth's space making it 'stretched' along the geographical longitudes, the measured length of a standard rod is greater when the rod is installed in the longitudinal direction. Due to the same reason, there is a time loss on board an airplane flying to the East (the direction in which the Earth's space rotates), and also a time gain when flying in the opposite direction, to the West. Both of the above effects are maximum at the equator (where the curvature of the Earth's space caused by its rotation is maximum and, therefore, space is maximally 'stretched') and descrease towards the North and South Poles., This paper is dedicated to the memory of Joseph C. Hafele, the outstanding American experimental physicist known due to his famous around-the-world-clocks experiment. This is the third paper in the [...]

As proved earlier, the space of a rotating body is Riemannian only if it is filled with a distributed matter (Progr. Phys., 2022, v.18, 31-49). In this paper we consider motion of massless (light-like) and mass-bearing particles in the space of a rotating body filled with an electromagnetic field, where the influence of gravitation is negligible. Solving the equations of motion of a particle that does not have an electric charge, we find that its motion deflects from a straight line due to the space curvature caused by the rotation of space. That is, the trajectories of light rays and mass-bearing particles are deflected near a rotating body due to the curvature of space caused by its rotation. This is one more fundamental effect of the General Theory of Relativity, in addition to the deflection of light rays in the field of a gravitating body., In this small paper, which is a continuation of the previous one [1], we consider the equations of motion of a massless (light-like) particle and a mass-bearing particle in the [...]

This thesis reveals an extended world-picture of Riemannian geometry as a telemetric multispace model of real space on the cosmological scale: certain new aspects of General Relativity are presented in terms of a fundamental membrane-transition picture of the deeper reality of time. We refer to this as 'telemetric multispace formulation of General Relativity', a world-system with heavy emphasis on Riemannian geometry 'per se' (in light of a particular set of extensive, purely geometric techniques), without all the usual historical-artificial restrictions imposed on it. This seminal model gives the purely geometric realization of instantaneous long-range action in the whole space-time of General Relativity whose sub-structure is extended to include an intrinsic, degenerate gravitational-rotational zero-space hosting zero-particles. The mathematical basis of modern cosmology is the four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian space which is the curved space-time of General Relativity. The additional restrictions pre-imposed on space-time due to so-called 'physical reasons' are, regularly: the signature conditions, the prohibition of super-luminal velocities, and the strictly uni-directional flow of time. We here study the peculiar conditions by which the observable time 1) is stopped; 2) flows from the future to the past. Our world and the world wherein time flows oppositely to us are considered as spaces such that they are 'mirror images' of each other. The space wherein time stops (the present) is the 'mirror' reflecting the future and the past. Then we consider the interaction between a sphere of incompressible liquid (the Schwarzschild bubble) and the de Sitter bubble filled with physical vacuum: this is an example of the interaction between the future and the past through the state of the present., 1 Riemannian geometry as a mathematical model of the real world A brief historical background is at hand, followed by a critical mathematical repraisal. As known, the mathematical basis of [...]

Here we focus on our previous studies, wherein we deduced the redshift formula in the de Sitter metric space. The non-Newtonian gravitational forces of repulsion, acting in the de Sitter universe, increase with distance. Thus these forces produce the redshift effect on photons coming from distant objects. The redshift in the de Sitter universe increases with distance from the observed objects, and is hyperbolic that matches with the non-linear redshift recently registered by astronomers. As a result, we no longer need the expanding model of the Friedmann metric to correctly explain the redshift in the spectra of galaxies and quasars. The observed 'cosmological' redshift is as well good explained in the de Sitter universe which is stationary as is well known., Earlier, we studied the metric of the inner space of a liquid sphere--the sperical space filled with an ideal incompressible liquid (the so-called Schwarzschild 2nd metric). The obtained results were [...]

The Shnoll effect manifests itself in the fine structure of the noise registered in very stable processes, where the magnitude of signal and the average noise remain unchanged. It is found in the periodic fluctuation of the fine structure of the noise according to the cosmic cycles connected with stars, the Sun, and the Moon. The Shnoll effect is explained herein, employing the framework of General Relativity, as the twin/entangled synchronization states of the observer's reference frame. The states are repeated while the observer travels, in common with the Earth, through the cosmic grid of the geodesic synchronization paths that connect his local reference frame with the reference frames of other cosmic bodies. These synchronization periods match the periods that are manifested due to the Shnoll effect, regardless of which process produces the noise. These synchronization periods are expected to exist in the noise of natural processes of any type (physics, biology, social, etc.) as well as in such artificial processes as computer-software random-number generation. This conclusion accords with what was registered according the Shnoll effect. The theory not only explains the Shnoll effect but also allows for forecasting fluctuations in the stock exchange market, fluctuations of weather, earthquakes, and other cataclysms., 1 The whole truth about the Shnoll effect Fundamental misunderstandings of the Shnoll effect can be found in published articles as reported by journalists and scientists. Therefore, now is a [...]

This study deals with the exact solution of Einstein's field equations for a sphere of incompressible liquid without the additional limitation initially introduced in 1916 by Schwarzschild, by which the space-time metric must have no singularities. The obtained exact solution is then applied to the Universe, the Sun, and the planets, by the assumption that these objects can be approximated as spheres of incompressible liquid. It is shown that gravitational collapse of such a sphere is permitted for an object whose characteristics (mass, density, and size) are close to the Universe. Meanwhile, there is a spatial break associated with any of the mentioned stellar objects: the break is determined as the approaching to infinity of one of the spatial components of the metric tensor. In particular, the break of the Sun's space meets the Asteroid strip, while Jupiter's space break meets the Asteroid strip from the outer side. Also, the space breaks of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are located inside the Asteroid strip (inside the Sun's space break)., The main task of this paper is to study the possibilities of applying condensed matter models in astrophysics and cosmology. A cosmic object consisting of condensed matter has a constant [...]

If the origin of a microwave background (EMB) is the Earth, what would be its density and associated dipole anisotropy measured at different altitudes from the surface of the Earth? [...]

In this work the mathematical methods of General Relativity are used to answer the following questions: if a microwave background originates from the Earth, what would be its density and [...]

We consider the Podkletnov effect--the weight loss of an object located over a superconducting disc in air due to support by an alternating magnetic field. We consider this problem using [...]

The motion of a satellite in the gravitational field of the Earth is studied. The condition of weightlessness in terms of physical observable quantities is formulated. It is shown that [...]

Using General Relativity we study the rotating space of an orbiting body (of the Earth in the Galaxy, for example). In such a space Einstein's equations predict that: (1) the [...]

Herein is constructed, using General Relativity, the space metric along the Earth's trajectory in the Galaxy, where the Earth traces outs a complicated spiral in its orbital motion around the [...]

As shown, any four-dimensional proper vector has two observable projections onto time line, attributed to our world and the mirror world (for a mass-bearing particle, the projections posses are attributed [...]

We apply the S-denying procedure to signature conditions in a four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian space-i. e. we change one (or even all) of the conditions to be partially true and partially false. [...]

We deduce exact solutions to the deviation equation in the cases of both free and spring-connected particles. The solutions show that gravitational waves may displace particles in a two-particle system [...]

This research shows that gravitational waves and gravitational inertial waves are linked to a special structure of the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. Proceeding from this a classification of the waves is [...]

This article shows, Synge-Weber's classical problem statement about two particles interacting by a signal can be reduced to the case where the same particle is located in two different points [...]

This paper answers twelve most common questions on the basics of Einstein's theory of relativity. The answers remove most key problems with a real, solid understanding of the theory. ********** [...]

Employing the mathematical apparatus of chronometric invariants (physical observable quantities), this study finds a theoretical possibility for the instant displacement of particles in the space-time of the General Theory of [...]

Joseph Carl Hafele was born on July 25, 1933, in Peoria, Illinois, in the large family of Carl Louis Hafele and Thelma Loeb Hafele. He grew up among his many [...]

December 10, 2014, marked the 60th anniverssay of Florentin Smarandache's birth. Through great personal sacrifice, our friend and colleague became one of the co-founders, and Executive Editor of our journal [...]