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Time-Of-Flight (TOF) technique coupled with semiconductor detectors is a powerful instrument to provide real-time characterization of ions accelerated because of laser-matter interactions. Nevertheless, the presence of strong electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) generated during the interactions, can severely hinder its employment. For this reason, the diagnostic system must be designed to have high EMP shielding. Here we present a new advanced prototype of detector, developed at ENEA-Centro Ricerche Frascati (Italy), with a large area (15 mm x 15 mm) polycrystalline diamond sensor having 150 microns thickness. The tailored detector design and testing ensure high sensitivity and, thanks to the fast temporal response, high energy resolution of the reconstructed ion spectrum. The detector was offline calibrated and then successfully tested during an experimental campaign carried out at the PHELIX laser facility at GSI (Germany). The high rejection to EMP fields was demonstrated and suitable calibrated spectra of the accelerated protons were obtained.

Direct laser acceleration (DLA) of electrons in a plasma of near critical electron density (NCD) and associated synchrotron-like radiation are discussed for moderate relativistic laser intensity (the normalized laser amplitude $a_0$ $\leq$ 4.3) and ps-long pulse. This regime is typical for kJ PW-class laser facilities designed for high energy density research. Currently, in experiments at the PHELX laser it was demonstrated that interaction of 10$^{19}$ W/cm$^{2}$ sub-ps laser pulse with sub-mm long NCD plasma results in generation of high-current well-directed super-ponderomotive electrons with effective temperature that is 10$\times$ higher than the ponderomotive potential [O. Rosmej et al., PPCF 62, 115024 (2020)]. Three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulations provided a good agreement with the measured electron energy distribution and were used in the current work to study synchrotron radiation of the DLA accelerated electrons. The resulting x-ray spectrum with a critical energy of 5 keV reveals an ultra-high photon number of 7$\times$10$^{11}$ in the 1-30 keV photon energy range at the focused laser energy of 20 J. Numerical simulations of a betatron x-ray phasecontrast imaging based on the DLA process for the parameters of a PHELIX laser is presented. The results are of interest for applications in high energy density (HED) experiments, which require a picosecond x-ray pulse and a high photon flux., Comment: under review at Matter and Radiation at Extremes

Ultra-intense MeV photon and neutron beams are indispensable tools in many research fields such as nuclear, atomic and material science as well as in medical and biophysical applications. For astrophysical applications aimed for laboratory investigations, neutron fluxes in excess of 10$^{21}$ n/(cm$^2$ s) are required. Such ultra-high fluxes are unattainable with existing conventional reactor- and accelerator-based facilities. Currently discussed concepts for generating high-flux neutron beams are based on ultra-high-power multi-petawatt lasers operating at >10$^{23}$ W/cm$^2$ intensities. Here, we present a novel efficient concept for generating $\gamma$ and neutron beams based on enhanced generation of direct laser accelerated electrons in relativistic laser interactions with a long-scale near critical density plasma at 10$^{19}$ W/cm$^{2}$ intensity. New experimental insights in the laser-driven generation of ultra-intense well-directed multi-MeV beams of photons with >10$^{12}$ ph/sr and a ultra-high intense neutron source with >6$\times$10$^{10}$ neutrons per shot are presented. More than 1.4\% laser-to-gamma conversion efficiency above 10 MeV and 0.05\% laser-to-neutron conversion efficiency were recorded, already at moderate relativistic laser intensities and ps pulse duration. This approach promises a strong boost of the diagnostic potential of existing kJ PW laser systems used for ICF research.

We report on new findings in a laser driven enhanced electron beam generation in the multi MeV energy range at moderate relativistic laser intensities and their applications. In our experiment, an intense sub-picosecond laser pulse propagates through a plasma of a near critical electron density (NCD) and direct laser acceleration (DLA) of electrons takes place. The breakthrough toward high current relativistic electron beams became possible due to application of low density polymer foams of sub-mm thickness. In foams, the NCD-plasma was produced by a mechanism of super-sonic ionization. Compared to NCD-plasmas generated by laser irradiation of conventional foils, the DLA acceleration path in foams was strongly enhanced. Measurements resulted into 11{\div}13 MeV of the effective electron temperature and up to 100 MeV maximum of the electron energy measured in the laser pulse propagation direction. The growth of the electron energy was accompanied by a strong increase of the number of super-ponderomotive electrons and a well-defined directionality of the electron beam that propagates in a divergence cone with a half angle of 12{\deg}. For the energy range above 7.5 MeV that is relevant for gamma-driven nuclear reactions, we estimate a charge carried by these well-directed electron beams as high as 50 nC and a corresponding efficiency of the laser energy conversion into electrons of 6%. The electron spectra generated by the DLA-mechanism in NCD-plasma at 1019 Wcm-2 laser intensity were compared with those measured in shots onto conventional metallic foils at ultra-relativistic laser intensities of 1021 Wcm-2 . In the last case, the twice lower effective electron temperature and the twice lower maximum of the electron energy were registered. The substantial difference in the electron spectra for these two cases presented itself in the isotope production yield.

Experiments were performed to study electron acceleration by intense sub-picosecond laser pulses propagating in sub-mm long plasmas of near critical electron density (NCD). Low density foam layers of 300-500 um thickness were used as targets. The NCD-plasma was produced by a mechanism of a super-sonic ionization when a well-defined separate ns-pulse was sent onto the foam-target forerunning the relativistic main pulse. The effect of the relativistic laser pulse channeling and creation of quasi-static azimuthal magnetic and radial electric fields that keeps electrons in the channel ensured effective coupling of the laser energy into energetic electrons. Application of sub-mm thick low density foam layers provided substantial increase of the electron acceleration path in a NCD-plasma compared to the case of freely expanding plasmas created in the interaction of the ns-laser pulse with solid foils. Performed experiments on the electron heating by a 100J, 750 fs short laser pulse of (2-5)x1019 W/cm2 intensity demonstrated that the effective temperature of supra-thermal electrons increased from 1.5-2 MeV, in the case of the relativistic laser interaction with a metallic foil at high laser contrast, up to 13 MeV for the laser shots onto the pre-ionized foam. The observed tendency towards the strong increase of the mean electron energy and the number of ultra-relativistic laser-accelerated electrons is reinforced by the results of gamma-yield measurements that showed a 1000-fold increase of the measured doses. The experiment was supported by the 3D-PIC and FLUKA simulations made for used laser parameters and geometry of the experimental set-up. Both measurements and simulations show high directionality of the acceleration process close to the direction of the laser pulse propagation. The charge of super-ponderomotive electrons with E > 30 MeV reaches a high value of 78nC., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures

Preliminary results on activation and dose rates of thick copper targets irradiated with carbon ions at 0.1 GeV/A measured at the SIS-18 facility of GSI, Darmstadt and on residual nuclide production cross sections from thin copper and cobalt targets irradiated with carbon ions at 0.2 GeV/A measured at the TWAC facility of ITEP, Moscow are presented and compared with calculations by the Dubna version of the cascade model for nucleus-nucleus interactions realized in the code CASCADE and by the Los Alamos version of the Quark-Gluon String Model code LAQGSM merged with the Generalized Evaporation Model code GEM2 by Furihata, LAQGSM+GEM2., Comment: Proc. 14th Int. Symposium on Heavy Ion Fussion (HEF2002), Moscow, Russia, May 26-31, 2002, 11 pages, 6 figures