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Tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a goal for many countries. Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance is a prerequisite for effective risk mitigation. Regular evaluation of any surveillance is needed to ensure its effectiveness and efficiency. The question is how to evaluate specifically integrated surveillance for AMU and AMR. In an international network called CoEvalAMR, we have developed guidelines for selection of the most appropriate tools for such an evaluation. Moreover, we have assessed different evaluation tools as examples using a country case format and a methodology with a focus on the user's experience. This paper describes the updated methodology, which consists of a brief introduction to the case and to the tool separately. Moreover, there are 12 functional aspects and nine content themes which should be scored using a 4-tiered scale. Additionally, four Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) questions should be addressed. Results are illustrated using radar diagrams. An example of application of the updated methodology is given using the ECoSur evaluation tool. No tool can cover all evaluation aspects comprehensively in a user-friendly manner, so the choice of tool must be based upon the specific evaluation purpose. Moreover, adequate resources, time and training are needed to obtain useful outputs from the evaluation. Our updated methodology can be used by tool users to share their experience with available tools, and hereby assist other users in identifying the most suited tool for their evaluation purpose. Additionally, tool developers can get valuable information for further improvements of their tool.

" A BRAVO catalogue aimed at art museums and public galleries in Ontario that seeks to enrich their permanent collections. " -- Page 1.

Objective - Participatory approaches are increasingly used during policy development to improve stakeholder ownership and compliance. This is particularly the case for integrated surveillance systems (ISS), which require reconciling the expectations and values of a wide range of stakeholders. However, there is a lack of evidence on the impact of such approaches. In this context, we developed and applied a framework to evaluate a participatory process that supports the development of an ISS, using the case study of anthrax in Burkina Faso. Materials and Methods - The evaluation attributes were identified by conducting a literature review of (i) existing frameworks for the evaluation of public policies and surveillance systems, and (ii) the expected benefits of participatory approaches.. For each attribute, criteria were identified to enable their evaluation. Methods were then defined for measuring these criteria. Finally, the framework was validated by a panel of experts and applied in Burkina Faso. Results - The framework includes 13 attributes that are classified into 3 categories: quality of the system produced by the participatory process, impact of the process on the participants, and benefits perceived by participants. Each attribute is assessed using from 3 to 5 criteria. Its application to anthrax surveillance in Burkina Faso showed that the participatory process led to the identification of well-adapted and accepted surveillance modalities. Participants improved their knowledge and mutual understanding. Most of them recognised the value of such an approach in moving towards a relevant and sustainable ISS. Conclusion - The evaluation framework has proved to be efficient to evaluate the impacts of the participatory process. However, long-term impacts (e.g., performance of the system and capacities of actors) will require a longer timeframe for their evaluation. The framework also allows to identify weaknesses of the process and bias in the outputs produced, su

Introduction - Tackling the challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires changes in antimicrobial use (AMU) across human, animal and agricultural sectors. To trigger adequate changes, both at individual as at policy level, all actors in the system must be informed by integrated surveillance. Consequently, it is crucial to assess the impacts of the information produced by such integrated systems to provide evidence of their added value. In this context, we aimed at developing a matrix to assess the impacts of integrated surveillance of AMR and AMU. Materials and Methods A preliminary evaluation tool was developed using impact pathway analysis. Using evidence from previous research, evaluation attributes and their indicators were identified for each of the immediate, intermediate and ultimate outcomes. The preliminary tool will be then submitted to a panel of international experts for validation and prioritization according to the surveillance context. Results - The evaluation matrix includes outcomes´ attributes to assess changes in surveillance performance, stakeholder awareness, knowledge and practices, cross-sectoral collaboration, systems knowledge, AMR risk management, surveillance costs, as well as health and economic impacts. Indicators are either observed or stated, and measured using both qualitative (eg. document analysis, key informant interviews) and quantitative methods (eg. epidemiological, economic analysis). The expert opinion elicitation will allow us to identify the adequate evaluation timeline, as well as the appropriateness of the attributes and indicators depending on the maturity of the evaluated system. Conclusion - The developed evaluation matrix provides guidance to assess the impacts of integrated surveillance systems of AMR and AMU conducted in a One Health context. It can be used as a stand-alone tool to specifically assess the outcomes of the surveillance system, or in conjunction with existing surveillance tools to provide a comp

Objective - In line with the One Health concept, international organizations and the scientific community are strongly supporting the implementation of multisectoral surveillance systems to improve the management of health hazards at the human-animal-environment interface. Such surveillance systems call for the establishment of collaboration across sectors and disciplines that must be evaluated to ensure they are appropriate and functional to produce the expected results. In this context, we aimed to developed a tool, ECoSur (Evaluation of Collaboration for Surveillance), to evaluate collaboration taking place in a multisectoral surveillance system. Materials and Methods - Based on core collaborative characteristics for the governance and operation of surveillance activities and attributes used in existing evaluation framework for surveillance and One Health initiatives, we have developed a list of attributes and indexes to evaluate the organisation and functioning (at both governance and operational levels) and functions of collaboration in a multisectoral surveillance system. Results - The developed tool consists of an evaluation matrix (one spreadsheet), documents to collect necessary data to conduct the evaluation (one spreadsheet and one text document) and a guidance for potential users. Evaluation results are automatically generated and displayed in graphical representations. The tool was effectively applied to surveillance of different type of health hazards (antimicrobial resistance, foodborne pathogens and zoonotic diseases) and in different surveillance contexts (well-established surveillance systems and in-development ones), both in developed and developing countries. Conclusion - ECoSur is the first evaluation that allows an in-depth evaluation of collaboration between surveillance programmes in line with the One Health context. The tools has provided evidence of its applicability and adaptability, as well as its capacity to engage surveillance actors in

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) resulting from antimicrobial use (AMU) is an emerging threat to global health. One of the key elements for a better understanding and management of AMU and AMR is to develop effective and efficient integrated surveillance systems that consider the complex epidemiology of these issues and the impacts of resistance on humans, animals and the environment. Consequently, for this project, an international consortium of experts from multiple fields called CoEvalAMR was formed with the objectives to study user needs, characterise and compare existing tools for the evaluation of integrated AMU and AMR surveillance, apply them to case studies, and elaborate guidance on the purpose-fit selection and the use of the tools. For the comparison of evaluation tools, questions were extracted from existing tools and attributed to themes, to assess the user needs, interviews were conducted with national key stakeholders, and we applied a series of different evaluation tools to understand and document their strengths and weaknesses. The guidance was refined iteratively. From 12 evaluation tools, 1117 questions/indicators were extracted and attributed to seven emerging themes. Twenty-three experts were interviewed, who suggested to increase the ease-of-use, grant open access, provide web-based interfaces and allow results to be automatically generated. Respondents also wished for tools providing the flexibility to conduct a rapid review, or an in-depth analysis of the surveillance system, depending on the evaluation objectives. The case studies emphasised that proper evaluations require adequate resources, typically requiring the involvement of several assessors and/or stakeholders, and can take weeks or months to complete. The resulting web-based guidance comprises six main sections: 1. Introduction to surveillance evaluation, 2. Evaluation of surveillance for AMU and AMR, 3. Evaluation tools, 4. Support for selecting an evaluation tool, 5. Case studies a

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) resulting from antimicrobial use (AMU) is an emerging threat to global health. One of the key elements for a better understanding and management of AMU and AMR is to develop effective and efficient integrated surveillance systems that consider the complex epidemiology of these issues and the impacts of resistance on humans, animals and the environment. Consequently, for this project, an international consortium of experts from multiple fields called CoEvalAMR was formed with the objectives to study user needs, characterise and compare existing tools for the evaluation of integrated AMU and AMR surveillance, apply them to case studies, and elaborate guidance on the purpose-fit selection and the use of the tools. For the comparison of evaluation tools, questions were extracted from existing tools and attributed to themes, to assess the user needs, interviews were conducted with national key stakeholders, and we applied a series of different evaluation tools to understand and document their strengths and weaknesses. The guidance was refined iteratively. From 12 evaluation tools, 1117 questions/indicators were extracted and attributed to seven emerging themes. Twenty-three experts were interviewed, who suggested to increase the ease-of-use, grant open access, provide web-based interfaces and allow results to be automatically generated. Respondents also wished for tools providing the flexibility to conduct a rapid review, or an in-depth analysis of the surveillance system, depending on the evaluation objectives. The case studies emphasised that proper evaluations require adequate resources, typically requiring the involvement of several assessors and/or stakeholders, and can take weeks or months to complete. The resulting web-based guidance comprises six main sections: 1. Introduction to surveillance evaluation, 2. Evaluation of surveillance for AMU and AMR, 3. Evaluation tools, 4. Support for selecting an evaluation tool, 5. Case studies a

Regular evaluation of integrated surveillance for antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR) in animals, humans, and the environment is needed to ensure system effectiveness, but the question is how. In this study, six different evaluation tools were assessed after being applied to AMU and AMR surveillance in eight countries: (1) ATLASS: the Assessment Tool for Laboratories and AMR Surveillance Systems developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, (2) ECoSur: Evaluation of Collaboration for Surveillance tool, (3) ISSEP: Integrated Surveillance System Evaluation Project, (4) NEOH: developed by the EU COST Action “Network for Evaluation of One Health,” (5) PMP-AMR: The Progressive Management Pathway tool on AMR developed by the FAO, and (6) SURVTOOLS: developed in the FP7-EU project “RISKSUR.” Each tool was scored using (i) 11 pre-defined functional aspects (e.g., workability concerning the need for data, time, and people); (ii) a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)-like approach of user experiences (e.g., things that I liked or that the tool covered well); and (iii) eight predefined content themes related to scope (e.g., development purpose and collaboration). PMP-AMR, ATLASS, ECoSur, and NEOH are evaluation tools that provide a scoring system to obtain semi-quantitative results, whereas ISSEP and SURVTOOLS will result in a plan for how to conduct evaluation(s). ISSEP, ECoSur, NEOH, and SURVTOOLS allow for in-depth analyses and therefore require more complex data, information, and specific training of evaluator(s). PMP-AMR, ATLASS, and ISSEP were developed specifically for AMR-related activities—only ISSEP included production of a direct measure for “integration” and “impact on decision making.” NEOH and ISSEP were perceived as the best tools for evaluation of One Health (OH) aspects, and ECoSur as best for evaluation of the quality of collaboration. PMP-AMR and ATLASS seemed to be the most user-friendly too

Objectives: While there are numerous measures restricting the use of antimicrobials on livestock farms in industrialized countries, this is not the case in southern countries. On the contrary, their use has been boosted by the growing demand for animal protein and the boom in intensive livestock farming. One need to decipher the complexity and impacts on small farmers of the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance and of the global strategies planned to fight it. Material and methods: To address the complexity of these issues, we drew on data obtained by research teams in the South and the North, which reflect the diversity of agricultural contexts and livestock farming systems. This research focuses on the implementation of technical solutions, methodological approaches and innovative surveillance mechanisms in different areas. Results: In both the North and the South, the major challenge is to implement policies enabling the reduction and rationalisation of antimicrobial use, through a set of actions and associated regulatory measures. However, it should be noted that the effective application of these policies is dependent on one key factor: minimising adverse health and socioeconomic impacts on the standard of living for farmers, especially in the most vulnerable regions. Conclusion: We suggest lines of research aimed at reducing or rationalizing antimicrobial use, in the interests of people in the most vulnerable regions and through a 'One Health' approach calling for interdisciplinary efforts on subjects ranging from genes to the human society in its environment.

Joan Flasch Artists' Book Collection

Postcard style remnants of image and text act as evidence of an exhibition of work by eight Canadian artists evoking facets of the "postmodern condition." Includes an introduction by Chomyn and six artist's statements.

Four authors analyze problems of representation and the context of the dissemination of contemporary art in Ottawa. Babinska discusses institutional recognition of Ottawa-Hull artists since 1975; Fry explains the constraints of regional identity and Musiol, the limitations of public galleries. In his epilogue, Tourbin comments on memory and belonging. Artist's statements. Biographical notes. 4 bibl. ref.

Presentation of works by ten women artists in conjunction with awards recognizing women's contributions to Canada. Statements by the artists. Biographical notes.

In her discussion of the various references found in works by seven photographers, Marcus reflects upon a definition of photography. Includes statements by the photographers. 3 bibl. ref.

Considering place in terms of exhibition site, the community of Ottawa-Hull, and the sense of place, the curators reflect on site specificity. Includes statements by most of the 14 participating artists and biographical notes. Texts not translated.