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Borage is used traditionally in folk medicine for centuries and is reputed in many ancient civilizations. This paper examined the effectiveness of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) based on choline chloride and glycerol (CHGLY) for the extraction of phenolic compounds from borage. The results showed that NADES was significantly more efficient than the traditional solvents such as water, methanol and ethanol. NADES gave the highest amounts of gallic acid (157.25 ± 8.47 mg/kg), catechin (100.21 ± 014 mg/kg), hydroxybenzoic acid (256.00 ± 1.70 mg/kg), chlorogenic acid (530.91 ± 15.85 mg/kg), caffeic acid (95.70 ± 9.26 mg/kg), vanillic acid (600.07 ± 6.19 mg/kg), epicatechin (175.99 ± 10.35 mg/kg), ρ-coumaric acid (77.17 ± 5.16 mg/kg) and ferulic acid (33.13 ± 096 mg/kg). These phenolic compounds were optimized by choosing the molar ratio, water content, extraction temperature and extraction time as variables. The optimum conditions were 1:3.40 of molar ratio, 40% of water content, temperature of 75 °C and extraction time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the predicted and experimental values were found close, confirming the reliability of the optimization process. The NADES extract of borage exhibited great antioxidant properties giving a total phenolic content of 85.02 ± 0.22 mg GAE/g, reducing the antioxidant power of 1505.72 ± 21.94 mmol ISE/g, DPPH radical scavenging activity of 705.01 ± 10.35 mmol TE/g and ABTS radical scavenging activity of 59.70 ± 3.44 mmol TE/g. The NADES extract of borage displayed high in vitro bioavailability ranging from 18.20 ± 1.06 to 82.99 ± 2.51% with gallic acid and caffeic acid as the best bioavailable compounds. CHGLY was found to be an eco-friendly solvent and easy to be applied for the efficient extraction of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the oxidative stability of instant fried noodles by applying free and microencapsulated black hollyhock extracts (BHE) and borage extracts (BE) (BE, BHE, ME‐BE and ME‐BHE). At first, the BE and BHE were encapsulated with whey protein and maltodextrin at a 90:10 ratio through a spray dryer. After evaluating particle characteristics (including anthocyanin content, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, and morphology), they were added to the noodle formulation (wheat flour 78.5%, NaCl 0.78%, and water 21.21%) at 1% w/w level, and the physicochemical (proximate analysis, pH, color, cooking loss, and texture), sensory properties (taste, odor, color, texture, and overall acceptability), and oxidative stability (acid value, peroxide value, anisidine index, thiobarbituric acid index, conjugated dienes) of the fried noodles were studied. The results showed that the microcapsules had uneven shapes with angular surfaces. There was no significant difference between the zeta potential, particle size, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency of BE‐ and BHE‐loaded microcapsules, and the values reported fell between −34.96 and −34.84 mV, 1.128 and 1.195 μm, 0.247 and 0.283, and 80.08% and 83.47%, respectively. Adding extracts to the functional noodles decreased cooking loss and pH compared to the control. The noodles exhibited a darker color. BE and BHE reduced the oxidation of fried noodle oil, with microencapsulated extracts showing stronger effects during storage (p <.05). Sensory evaluation indicated high acceptability for all samples. Encapsulation effectively preserves the natural antioxidant activities of BE and BHE, providing potential benefits for food processing and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating roles of melatonin (Mel) and calcium (Ca) as signal molecules in mitigating salt stress-induced alterations in physiological and biochemical attributes have been confirmed for a number of crop species, but not for borage (Borago officinalis L.). Hence, borage genotypes were subjected to Mel (150 µM) and Ca (5 mM) alone or in combination under non-saline (Control) or saline (100 mM NaCl) conditions in a series of experiments. Salt-exposed plants indicated increases in the malondialdehyde (45%), H2O2 (33%), proline (121%), Na+ (163%), and total phenolic concentrations (85%), Na+/K+ (120%), and electrolyte leakage (40%), but decreases in the chlorophylls (36%) and carotenoids (40%) concentrations, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (9%), leaf area (29%), relative water content (22%), K+ (32%) and Ca+2 (45%) concentrations, and hence shoot (34%) and root dry mass (33%). Amending the salt-stressed plants with Ca, Mel, and particularly Mel + Ca decreased malondialdehyde, H2O2, and Na+ concentrations, Na+/K+, and electrolyte leakage, but increased chlorophylls, proline, phenolics, K+ and Ca+2 concentrations, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, leaf area, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, relative water content, fresh and dry masses, and root volume. We indicated for the first time that while harmful effects of salt were not substantial, the amendment with Mel and Ca was effective in mitigating the adverse effects of salt on the photosynthetic components, ionic balance, and growth attributes of borage. These novel findings show that borage is a salt-tolerant medicinal species and the interactive effects of Mel and Ca increase its salt tolerance, and potentiate borage as a valuable alternative species for maintaining agricultural production under saline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment and human health have fared badly from the use of synthetic pesticides as a form of pest control. Plants are considered as an alternate pesticide for pest control without sacrificing the environment and their potency on pests.

Knowledge about the pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for the cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and the preservation of plants are seeds, which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plants in different regions. Five important seeds that have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro, and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, and they are a good source of minerals, are high in fiber (including pectin), and are rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Coriander is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family, and the seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper, and essential minerals, which can decrease bad cholesterol and improve good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for the treatment of insomnia, hemorrhoids, anxiety, and diarrhea, and it may help with wound healing and skin irritation. Keyword searches for Anise, Seed, Basil, Borage, Cilantro, Chamomile, Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science, and seed anatomy were performed using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of the seeds of the five aforementioned important medicinal plants.

Knowledge about the pharmacological benefits of different seeds is an important factor for the cultivation and application of medicinal herbs and plants. The seeds of medicinal plants are stores of valuable and active secondary metabolites that have been commercially and economically beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The major parameter of reproduction and the preservation of plants are seeds, which have a functional role in the distribution and establishment of plants in different regions. Five important seeds that have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro, and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, and they are a good source of minerals, are high in fiber (including pectin), and are rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Coriander is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family, and the seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper, and essential minerals, which can decrease bad cholesterol and improve good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for the treatment of insomnia, hemorrhoids, anxiety, and diarrhea, and it may help with wound healing and skin irritation. Keyword searches for Anise, Seed, Basil, Borage, Cilantro, Chamomile, Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science, and seed anatomy were performed using Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of the seeds of the five aforementioned important medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutraceutical compounds present in leafy vegetables have gained substantial attention due to the health benefits they offer beyond their nutritional value. The biosynthesis, composition, and concentration of these compounds vary widely among leafy vegetables and carry the influence of genetic, agronomic, and environmental factors. Recently, micro-vegetables are gaining importance among consumers worldwide and are used in gastronomy at different development stages. Another tendency is the utilization of local genetic resources as an integral component of agricultural biodiversity crucial for sustainable production. The present study identifies the nutraceutical potential of 10 leafy vegetables at the microgreen, baby, and adult development stages using local genetic resources from the Spanish Vegetable Genebank (CITA, Aragón). Specifically, two landraces for each of the following crops were used: chard (Beta vulgaris), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), borage (Borago officinalis), and chicory (Cichorium intybus). The results reinforce the value of traditional local genetics and demonstrate the potential of these leafy vegetables as a source of functional compounds (fatty acids, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and tocopherols). The observed variability depending on the crop and the developmental stage recommends the necessity of having a varied diet, since each leafy vegetable product offers a unique nutritional profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five patients with standard medical treatment-resistant symptoms of skin lesions, ear infections, allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion, asthma, heartburn, and failure to thrive were successfully treated with an integrative medicine assessment and integrative medicine treatment approach. The integrative medicine assessment method of autonomic response testing enabled the identification of nickel sensitivity as a common element in these patients. It guided the use of the integrative medicine therapies of low dose immunotherapy, gamma linolenic acid supplementation, chelation, dietary nickel restriction, and removal of nickel containing dental and cosmetic appliances. A chart review of 151 patients indicated a strong association of nickel and the simultaneous presence of skin lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional potential of plants and plant-based components have been used in different cultures since time immemorial to promote milk production in women. Conditions like agalactia or insufficient production of breast milk due to various barriers intended to be a greater risk of weight loss for neonates and prompting for supplementation of infant formula. Multiple plants are traditionally used worldwide as galactagogues during the lactation period. This study aims to extract information on traditionally used galactagogue plants and compare their ethnopharmacological evidence with scientific evidence. This will help to understand the gaps in the ethnopharmacological and scientific data and thus provide future research information. Information on traditional and scientific studies was collected and analyzed on galactagogues. The ethnopharmacological data of the focused plant species were analyzed for part used, formulations, and region of its uses. All cultures traditionally used natural products as galactagogue from times immemorial, and due to scientific advances, these have also been seen as commercial products. However, because of the limited studies, it is of interest to standardize the doses, and composition of bioactive components and study the mechanism of action, its side effects, and interaction with food. This is a forward-looking research area that could be projected for manufacturing herbal formulations for lactating mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionBiostimulants exert positive functions in plants, improving yield and quality, and alleviating the negative effects of abiotic stresses. Among them, the application of herbicides may cause damage to nontarget plants. At present, limited information is available regarding the interaction between biostimulants and herbicides.MethodsThe purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of an herbicide’s mixture (Harmony® 50 SX® + Tuareg® + Zetrola®), used in combination with several biostimulant raw materials (BRM), on the agronomic and physiologic characteristics of soybean. The experiments were conducted in two seasons, 2020 and 2021, applying the herbicides mixture alone or associated with 10 BRM.ResultsDifferences emerged between the two years, considering nitrate, total sugars concentration, flavonol, and chlorophyll a fluorescence-related parameters. Chlorophyll content significantly declined (−45% in 2020) in plants treated with the herbicides mixture alone but, in combination with potassium silicate, the chlorophyll values were restored to control levels. The same positive effect observed in response to the combination of potassium silicate and the herbicide mixture has been confirmed in the second year of experiment. At the same time, chlorophyll content and Nitrogen Index were positively increased (up to 8% and 30%, respectively) depending on the application of some BRM and the year. A significant effect of biostimulants on yield was confirmed by the application of Ascophyllum nodosum (+16%) and humic acids (+7%), in 2020. However, the combined use with the herbicides nullifies the increase. DiscussionThe results obtained from these experiments support the use of biostimulants in improving specific quality traits (chlorophyll content, leaves nitrogen status, and secondary metabolites accumulation). At the same time, the potential use of biostimulants in combination with herbicides needs to be further explored since of external factors (environment, year…) still have a strong effect on their efficacy.

Cadmium (Cd) has been highlighted as a major heavy metal pollutant that causes considerable damage to plants, animals and humans. The present study aimed to determine the effect of Cd exposure on the physiological, biochemical, and metabolic characteristics of Borago officinalis roots. Borage seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of Cd (0, 81, 162, 243, and 324 μM) under hydroponic culture conditions and sampled at five-time points after treatment (12, 24, 48, 72, and 108 h). Cd accumulation, biochemical parameters (the content of total protein, proline, soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes activity), and accumulation of secondary metabolites in borage roots were determined. The results indicated that Cd accumulation in roots increased significantly under Cd stress. Proline, soluble sugars, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, and flavonoid content increased in borage roots with increasing Cd concentrations. The highest values were related to 324 μM Cd treatment at 108 h after stress. Additionally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, as well as H2O2 and MDA content, were considerably increased under Cd treatments, especially at the highest Cd concentration (324 μM Cd). Furthermore, increasing the duration of Cd exposure intensified the effects of Cd stress on biochemical properties and secondary metabolite content. These findings enhance our insights about the detoxification strategies such as antioxidant systems in roots and open new approaches that can be useful for manipulating Cd tolerance in borage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euphorbia genus is the third-largest group of blooming plants, features a rich morphological variability, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution, and diverse medicinal uses. Nonetheless, phytochemical information about Euphorbia serrata L. extracts is not available. The objective of this research was to examine the constituents of the hydromethanolic extract of its aerial parts and propose valorization pathways. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC−MS) demonstrated that 3-methylbutyl formate, quinic acid, N1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-N3-methylguanidine acetate, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one were the main phytocompounds, which have antimicrobial activity. Such activity was assayed against Pseudomonas cichorii, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, four of the most destructive diseases of borage (Borago officinalis L.) crops, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 750 and 1000 μg·mL−1 against the bacterium and the three fungal taxa, respectively, in in vitro tests. Conjugation of the extract with chitosan oligomers (COS) enhanced this activity, leading to MIC values of 187.5, 750, 500, and 500 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. Additional in vivo assays against two of the pathogens confirmed the protective action of the COS–E. serrata extract conjugate complexes on artificially inoculated plants at a dose of 375 and 1000 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii and F. oxysporum, respectively. These findings suggest that this plant species can be a rich source of biorationals for prospective use in crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of borage (Borago officinalis) powder on juveniles of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. The diets contained control (0), 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% of borage powder. The fish with the initial average weight of 8.40 ± 1.37 were allotted to 12 circular tanks of 300 L capacity at a density of ten fish per each tank and fed to apparent satiety three times a day. The growth performance of the fish showed no significant difference compared to the control group (P > 0.05). By adding 1.5% borage powder to the control diet the mucosal immunity of fish in terms of lysozyme activity (14.26%), total protein (69.64%), immunoglobulin (30.78%), and humoral immunity in term of lysozyme activity (9.7%), complement components C3 (8.27%), C4 (21.64%), and total protein (9.33%) were increased significantly (P < 0.05). A total number of red blood cell (12.39%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV, 8.99%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH, 10.22%), and hemoglobin (2.69%) showed a significant increase in the fish fed supplemented diet with 1.5% borage powder compared to the control (P < 0.05). The results showed supplemented diet with 1.5% dietary borage powder induced high immunity and survival rate of juvenile common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) and biochar (Bc) are key signaling conditioners that improve plant metabolic processes and promote drought tolerance. However, the specific role of their integrative application under water restrictions on economical plants is not yet well understood. Two field experiments throughout 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 were conducted to examine the physio-biochemical modifications and yield attributes of borage plants mediated by Bc (9.52 tons ha−1) and/or Si (300 mg L−1) under different irrigation regimes (100, 75, and 50% of crop evapotranspiration). Catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity; relative water content, water, and osmotic potential; leaf area per plant and yield attributes; and chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chla/chlorophyllidea (Chlida), and Chlb/Chlidb were considerably reduced within the drought condition. On the other hand, oxidative biomarkers, as well as organic and antioxidant solutes, were increased under drought, associated with membrane dysfunction, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activation, and osmotic adjustment (OA) capacity as well as a hyperaccumulation of porphyrin intermediates. Supplementation of Bc and Si lessens the detrimental impacts of drought on several plant metabolic processes associated with increasing leaf area and yield attributes. Their application under normal or drought conditions significantly elicited the accumulation of organic and antioxidant solutes as well as the activation of antioxidant enzymes, followed by lessening the formation of free radical oxygen and mitigating oxidative injuries. Moreover, their application maintained water status and OA capacity. Si and/or Bc treatment reduced protoporphyrin, magnesium-protoporphyrin, and protochlorophyllide while increasing Chla and Chlb assimilation and boosting the ratio of Chla/Chlida and Chlb/Chlidb, resulting in a rise in leaf area per plant and yield components following these modifications. These findings highlight the significance of Si and/or Bc as (a) stress-signaling molecule(s) in regulating defensive systems in drought-affected borage plants by boosting antioxidant aptitude, regulating water status, and accelerating chlorophyll assimilation, thus leading to increasing leaf area and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the lacuna of data on the response of physiological and biochemical attributes and chemical compounds of glandular trichomes of Iranian borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) to saline water (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) an experiment was conducted on 13 genotypes. Genotypic differences and salt-induced modifications in chlorophyll concentration and fluorescence, plant growth, relative water content, proline concentration, antioxidant defense, and chemical compounds of glandular trichomes upon exposure to salt stress were observed. Chlorophyll and carotenoids concentrations and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) activities were either enhanced or remained unchanged in the presence of moderate salt concentrations (i.e. 25 and 50 mM NaCl) in a majority of the genotypes. Though, 75 and 100 mM NaCl were modestly and severely detrimental, respectively, to the majority of the genotypes. The 75 and 100 mM NaCl led to substantial increases and decreases in the Na+ and K+, respectively, resulting in notable increase in the Na+/K+. Increases in proline, total phenolic compounds, and alkaloids concentrations, essential oils, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds of the glandular trichomes were concomitant to decreases in the relative water content, leaf area, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, shoot and root dry masses. This study revealed, for the first time, that Iranian borage tolerates 25 and 50 mM NaCl and antioxidative enzymes as well as secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and phenolic compounds accumulated mainly in the trichomes play key role in this regard. [Display omitted] • Iranian borage tolerates 25–50 mM NaCl salinities. • Glandular trichomes play key role in salt tolerance. • The trichomes accumulate secondary metabolites and essential oils upon salt exposure. • Genotypic differences exist in ionic, photosynthetic, and antioxidative responses to salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borage is planted for medicinal and culinary purposes and is also grown commercially to produce borage seed oil, high in GLA (γ-linolenic acid), which is used as a natural flavouring, food, and nutritional supplement. Borage antioxidants have potential in skin health products as UV absorbing components. The borage essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation contains important amounts of the valuable aroma compound 2.6 nonadienal (NDAL). Borage is grown mainly in Europe (England, the Netherlands) and in the United States (mostly in North Dakota) and Canada for commercial seed production. Seven varieties of borage were evaluated in the experiment. The average plant height ranged from 701 to 765 mm (locality Piešt’any). The leaves of borage are characterised by a ground rosette at the base, the lower leaves with petioles 20-80 mm long are mostly elliptic, entire edged. The leaf characteristics were described: leaf length 115,6-166,0 mm, leaf width 69,9-99,4 mm, leaf circumference 311,4-450,5 mm and leaf area 5403-11426 mm2. Borage flowers - predominantly large, long-stalked, 15-30 mm in diameter, mostly blue in colour, except for genotype 7/17 which had white flowers. 1000-seed weight varied 13.6- 15.2 g. The evaluation of yield-forming elements, the average weight of fresh biomass per plant was quantified at 520 g (locality Piešt’any) and 243-295 g (locality Plavnica), the average weight of biomass of dry plant was 115 g with a drying ratio of 4.52:1. The concentration of NDAL obtained from borage biomass ranged from 8.24-10.97 mg NDAL/kg for flower and 3.83-8.55 mg NDAL/kg for leaves, depending on the phenophase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To verfy their difference from isolated fatty acids, the absolute kinetics of peroxidation was studied for seven triglyceride-based oils of olive (OLI-1, OLI-2), high-oleic sunflower (SUN-HO), high-oleic and high-linoleic safflower (SAF-HO, SAF-HL) grapeseed (GRA) and borage (BOR), by oxygen uptake monitoring, using 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol as reference inhibitors. Propagation constants (k p /M−1 s−1 at 303 K in PhCl) were respectively 34.8 ± 2.3, 35.1 ± 1.8, 40.6 ± 5.5, 36.0 ± 7.7, 160.8 ± 5.1, 145.1 ± 24.5, 275.1 ± 63.8, while oxidizability responded to empirical equation k p (2 k t)-½/M-½s-½ = 1.63 × 10−3[allyl >CH 2 /M] + 1.82 × 10−2[bisallyl >CH 2 /M], based on fatty acids residues assessed by GC–MS. Peroxidation kinetics was markedly different from that of isolated fatty acids. The H-bond basicity of all oils was measured by FT-IR affording Abraham's βH 2 values in the range 0.55 ± 0.03. H-bonding explained the protection of oils measured for seven reference phenolic antioxidants, except for the catechols quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, which were 2-to-4-folds more effective than expected, supporting a proposed different mechanism. • k p and 2 k t constants for triglycerides differ from those of their main fatty acids. • MUFA-rich triglycerides oxidize 40-folds faster than their isolated MUFAs. • A linear empirical equation predicted oxidizability from FAME analysis (r 2 = 0.992). • Protection and k i nh for antioxidants were explained by H-bonding to triglycerides. • Catechols quercetin and CAPE gave exceptional protection via different mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Boraginaceae have been classified as good sources of nectar for many insects, little is still known about their nectar and nectaries. Thus, in the present contribution, we investigated the nectar production dynamics and chemistry in Borago officinalis L. (borage or starflower), together with its potential interaction capacity with pollinators. A peak of nectar secretion (∼5.1 µL per flower) was recorded at anthesis, to decrease linearly during the following 9 days. In addition, TEM and SEM analyses were performed to understand ultrastructure and morphological changes occurring in borage nectary before and after anthesis, but also after its secretory phase. Evidence suggested that nectar was transported by the apoplastic route (mainly from parenchyma to epidermis) and then released essentially by exocytotic processes, that is a granulocrine secretion. This theory was corroborated by monitoring the signal of complex polysaccharides and calcium, respectively, via Thiéry staining and ESI/EELS technique. After the secretory phase, nectary underwent degeneration, probably through autophagic events and/or senescence induction. Furthermore, nectar (Nec) and other flower structures (i.e., sepals, gynoecia with nectaries, and petals) from borage were characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD, in terms of plant secondary metabolites, both at early (E-) and late (L-) phase from anthesis. The content of phytochemicals was quantified and discussed for all samples, highlighting potential biological roles of these compounds in the borage flower (e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, staining effects). Surprisingly, a high significant accumulation of flavonoids was registered in L-Nec, with respect to E-Nec, indicating that this phenomenon might be functional and able to hide molecular (e.g., defence against pathogens) and/or ecological (e.g., last call for pollinators) purposes. Indeed, it is known that these plant metabolites influence nectar palatability, encouraging the approach of specialist pollinators, deterring nectar robbers, and altering the behaviour of insects. • Ultrastructure of Borago officinalis L. (borago) nectary was characterized. • A granulocrine secretion mechanism was associated to borage nectary. • Production dynamics and phytochemical profile of borago nectar was investigated. • Ecological and molecular roles for the plant metabolites found in borage nectar were hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutraceutical compounds present in leafy vegetables have gained substantial attention due to the health benefits they offer beyond their nutritional value. The biosynthesis, composition, and concentration of these compounds vary widely among leafy vegetables and carry the influence of genetic, agronomic, and environmental factors. Recently, micro-vegetables are gaining importance among consumers worldwide and are used in gastronomy at different development stages. Another tendency is the utilization of local genetic resources as an integral component of agricultural biodiversity crucial for sustainable production. The present study identifies the nutraceutical potential of 10 leafy vegetables at the microgreen, baby, and adult development stages using local genetic resources from the Spanish Vegetable Genebank (CITA, Aragón). Specifically, two landraces for each of the following crops were used: chard (Beta vulgaris), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), borage (Borago officinalis), and chicory (Cichorium intybus). The results reinforce the value of traditional local genetics and demonstrate the potential of these leafy vegetables as a source of functional compounds (fatty acids, vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and tocopherols). The observed variability depending on the crop and the developmental stage recommends the necessity of having a varied diet, since each leafy vegetable product offers a unique nutritional profile.

IntroductionCOVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) still causes a high rate of death globally with no definite curative treatment described. The traditional plant Borage (Borago officinalis L.) is a good source of gamma-linolenic (GLA). We hypothesized that Borage plus syrup (BPS) would be beneficial in severe COVID-19 patients within an intensive care unit (ICU) setting.Materials and methodsA pilot single center, randomized trial with no placebo was undertaken. A total of 60 PCR-positive severe COVID-19 participants admitted to ICU from June 2020–December 2020 at Masih Daneshvari Hospital Tehran-Iran gave informed consent. The participants were randomly assigned to either Borage Plus Syrup (BPS, 5 ml for 5 days) (n = 30) or standard care (IFN-β and favipiravir) as a control group (n = 30). Pao2/Fio2, serum ferritin, CRP, bilirubin, IL-6, TNF-α, ALT, AST, PCT and serum IL-8 was measured upon admission and on release.ResultsAll the measured parameters decreased significantly with BPS treatment. In the control group, most parameters significantly improved apart from AST and PCT. In addition, the suppression of serum TNF levels in the BPS group was greater than that seen in the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the length of ICU stay was significantly lower in the BPS group compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05).ConclusionOur study shows that addition of BPS to the standard treatment regime of COVID-19 patients in ICU improved outcomes and reduced the length of ICU treatment. Natural products could be considered as new approaches for reducting the harmful consequences of COVID-19.

Two field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation intervals (normal irrigation and mild, moderate and severe water deficit) and seed pretreatments (non-priming, and seed priming with water, KNO3 and KH2PO4) on secondary metabolites of borage in two consecutive years. Changes in grain and oil yields as well as fatty acid profile of borage in response to water limitation were also evaluated in the second year. Saponin, tannin and mucilage contents of borage leaves and saponin content of inflorescence were significantly enhanced under moderate and severe water limitations. Seed pretreatment with KNO3 and KH2PO4 increased the saponin content of borage under stress in the first year and in the second year, KH2PO4 improved tannin content of leaves. Leaf mucilage content under severe stress tended to be higher due to seed priming (although it was not confirmed statistically). Water supply had no significant effect on oil percentage of grains, but grain yield decreased under severe water deficit which led to a significant reduction in the oil yield of borage. The linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids content and oleic/linoleic ratio under different irrigation treatments were statistically similar. However, percentages of palmitic and oleic acids were markedly higher under severe stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euphorbia genus is the third-largest group of blooming plants, features a rich morphological variability, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution, and diverse medicinal uses. Nonetheless, phytochemical information about Euphorbia serrata L. extracts is not available. The objective of this research was to examine the constituents of the hydromethanolic extract of its aerial parts and propose valorization pathways. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC−MS) demonstrated that 3-methylbutyl formate, quinic acid, N1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-N3-methylguanidine acetate, and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one were the main phytocompounds, which have antimicrobial activity. Such activity was assayed against Pseudomonas cichorii, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, four of the most destructive diseases of borage (Borago officinalis L.) crops, obtaining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 750 and 1000 μg·mL−1 against the bacterium and the three fungal taxa, respectively, in in vitro tests. Conjugation of the extract with chitosan oligomers (COS) enhanced this activity, leading to MIC values of 187.5, 750, 500, and 500 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and S. sclerotiorum, respectively. Additional in vivo assays against two of the pathogens confirmed the protective action of the COS–E. serrata extract conjugate complexes on artificially inoculated plants at a dose of 375 and 1000 μg·mL−1 for P. cichorii and F. oxysporum, respectively. These findings suggest that this plant species can be a rich source of biorationals for prospective use in crop protection.

Silicon (Si) and biochar (Bc) are key signaling conditioners that improve plant metabolic processes and promote drought tolerance. However, the specific role of their integrative application under water restrictions on economical plants is not yet well understood. Two field experiments throughout 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 were conducted to examine the physio-biochemical modifications and yield attributes of borage plants mediated by Bc (9.52 tons ha−1) and/or Si (300 mg L−1) under different irrigation regimes (100, 75, and 50% of crop evapotranspiration). Catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity; relative water content, water, and osmotic potential; leaf area per plant and yield attributes; and chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chla/chlorophyllidea (Chlida), and Chlb/Chlidb were considerably reduced within the drought condition. On the other hand, oxidative biomarkers, as well as organic and antioxidant solutes, were increased under drought, associated with membrane dysfunction, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activation, and osmotic adjustment (OA) capacity as well as a hyperaccumulation of porphyrin intermediates. Supplementation of Bc and Si lessens the detrimental impacts of drought on several plant metabolic processes associated with increasing leaf area and yield attributes. Their application under normal or drought conditions significantly elicited the accumulation of organic and antioxidant solutes as well as the activation of antioxidant enzymes, followed by lessening the formation of free radical oxygen and mitigating oxidative injuries. Moreover, their application maintained water status and OA capacity. Si and/or Bc treatment reduced protoporphyrin, magnesium-protoporphyrin, and protochlorophyllide while increasing Chla and Chlb assimilation and boosting the ratio of Chla/Chlida and Chlb/Chlidb, resulting in a rise in leaf area per plant and yield components following these modifications. These findings highlight the significance of Si and/or Bc as (a) stress-signaling molecule(s) in regulating defensive systems in drought-affected borage plants by boosting antioxidant aptitude, regulating water status, and accelerating chlorophyll assimilation, thus leading to increasing leaf area and productivity.

Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) offer largely unexplored opportunities for providing nutritious plant food, while making agro-ecosystems more diverse and resilient to climate change. The aim of this work was to explore the potential of two typical Mediterranean underutilized species, purslane and borage, as novel vegetable product (microgreens). Micro-scale production of edible plants is spreading due to the simplicity of their management, rapid cycle, harvest index, and phytochemical value of the edible product. Microgreens, therefore, represent an opportunity to link NUS, nutrition, and agricultural and dietary diversification. By analyzing yield, antioxidants activities, mineral composition, and main phenolic acids and flavonoids, our work indicated that the two species provide interesting results when compared with those reported for crops and horticultural species. Specifically, purslane should be considered highly nutritional due to the amount of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid, and to potential good fi-carotene bioavailability. Borage microgreens have a very high fresh yield and a more composite and balanced phenolic profile. In conclusion, our work provided evidence for implementing new ways to expand the NUS market-chains and for developing added-value food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triacylglycerols (TAGs), as the main components of edible oils and animal fats, are responsible for the nutritional value, organoleptic features and technological properties of foods; each lipid matrix shows a unique TAG profile which can serve as fingerprint to ensure the quality and authenticity of food products. The high complexity of many foodstuffs often makes untargeted elucidation of TAG components a challenging task; thus, more efficient separation techniques may be mandatory. In this research, the TAG profile of a borage (Borago officinalis) seed oil was obtained by two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography (LC×LC), by the coupling of silver thiolate and octadecylsilica monodisperse materials. A total 94 TAG compounds were identified by ion trap-time of flight detection, using atmospheric pressure ionization, with the degree of unsaturation varying from 0 to 9, and partition values ranging from 36 to 56. The group-type separation afforded by this analytical approach may be useful to quickly fingerprint TAG components of oil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out in the Botanical Garden of the Science Department of the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University during the winter growing season for the year 2019-2020 for studying the effect of spraying clutamic acid and vitamin C. On some growth Borago officinalism L. and it’s content of effective medicinal compounds. The experiment was arranged by ranking the global trials according to the design of two factors complete randomized sectors (RCBD) with three replicates and included a study, the first spray by three acid concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg Liter), second factor guarantees the spray vitamin C in three concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There has been considerable interest in the potential health benefits of borage. Little information is available regarding the safety of this plant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of borage on the mouse heart. Methods and Materials: Different amounts of borage extract were injected in mice. The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups including group 1 (Control group without injection), groups 2, 3, and 4 received 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg respectively for 28 days. Oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation, total glutathione groups assay, and cupric assay) and biochemical (Creatine kinase activity and total cholesterol) and hematology parameters were evaluated. Furthermore, a histopathology study was carried out on heart tissues. Results: We found that there was no significant difference in oxidative stress parameters and biochemical parameters between the control group and the groups that received different amounts of borage extract. There were also no changes in the histopathology study. In blood parameters, the level of erythrocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin decreased to 50mg/kg, whereas the level of MCH and MCV decreased in high doses. Conclusion: This article suggested that borage did not cause significant damage to the heart tissue in the mice model. In hematology factors, significant changes were observed in erythrocytes and related parameters. Therefore, the hematotoxicity of consumption of this plant should be considered at high doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coleus aromaticus is a herbal medicine that has been referred for its medicinal properties in traditional, ayurvedic, and folklore medicines. Therefore, various research in the area for biochemical characterization of its biochemical compounds are extensively carried out using various techniques including spectroscopy and chromatography analysis. The list of bioactivities reported for this plant includes antioxidant, antiepileptic, antiurolithic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal, and antiviral activity. The plant is effectively used against cardiovascular disorders, respiratory disorders, digestive diseases and is used for its larvacidal property, allelopathic property and finds its use even in the food and beverage industry. Along with various healing properties, C. aromaticus possess antimycobacterial property i.e. the plant is effective in inhibiting both bacterial and fungal pathogens. Even though this herb is not cultivated on a larger scale in comparison to other plants of the same genus or family due to their phytochemical dominance but still C. aromaticus finds its use as herbal medicine. With an increasing number of reports on the various bioactivity and medicinal properties of C. aromaticus, this review is an effort to update our current knowledge on C. aromaticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borage flower (Echium amoenum), an annual herb native to the Mediterranean region, is an excellent source of anthocyanins and is widely used in various forms due to its biological activities. In the present study, a choline chloride and glycerol (CHGLY)-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was applied in order to extract the anthocyanins from borage flowers. The traditional solvents, including water, methanol, and ethanol, were used to evaluate the efficiency of CHGLY. The results showed that CHGLY was highly efficient compared to the traditional solvents, providing the highest amounts of the total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), individual anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). The most dominant anthocyanin found in studied borage was cyanidin-3-glucoside, followed by cyanin chloride, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, and pelargonidin-3-glucoside. The bioavailability % was 71.86 ± 0.47%, 77.29 ± 0.57%, 80.22 ± 0.65%, and 90.95 ± 1.01% for cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, by pelargonidin-3-glucoside and cyanin chloride, respectively. However, cyanidin-3-glucoside was the anthocyanin compound showing the highest stability (99.11 ± 1.66%) in the gastrointestinal environment. These results suggested that choline chloride and glycerol-based NADES is not only an efficient, eco-friendly solvent for the extraction of anthocyanins but can also be used to increase the bioavailability of anthocyanins.

1. Global pollinator declines have led to concern that crop yields might fall as a result of a pollination deficit. Companion planting is a traditional practice thought to increase yield of insect pollinated crops by planting a co‐flowering species next to the crop. 2. Using a combination of conventional researcher‐led experiments and observational citizen scientist data, we tested the effectiveness of bee‐friendly borage (Borago officinalis) as a companion plant to strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Insect visitors to the 'Test' (strawberry + borage) versus 'Control' (strawberry only) plants were observed, and strawberry fruit collected. Strawberries collected during the researcher‐led experiment were also subject to fruit measurements and assessments of market quality. 3. Companion plants were found to significantly increase both yield and market quality of strawberries, suggesting an increase in insect pollination per plant. Test strawberries companion planted with borage produced an average of 35% more fruits, and 32% increased yield by weight. Test strawberry plants produced significantly more fruit of higher aesthetic quality when assessed by Marketing Standards for Strawberries. 4. Although there was no significant difference in the overall insect visits, when broken down by broad insect group there were significantly more flies visiting the test strawberries than controls. 5. These results could have implications for both gardeners and commercial growers. As consumers prefer a cosmetically perfect fruit, the production of fruit with increased aesthetics aids food waste reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cultivated and wild plants are used for the management of various diseases, specifically renal and hepatic diseases and those of the immune and cardiovascular systems. In China, medicinal plants from ancient to modern history have been used in patients with angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), systolic hypertension, arrhythmia, and venous insufficiency for centuries. The latest increase in the fame of natural products and alternative medicine has revived interest in conventional remedies that have been consumed in the management of CVD. The cardio-protective properties of the various herbs are possibly due to their anti-oxidative, antihypercholesterolemic, anti-ischemic activities, and inhibition of platelet aggregation that reduce the risk of CVD. Ethno-pharmacological and biological properties of these plants are explored, based upon published scientific literature. Although a majority of medicinal plants having a biological mechanism that linked with CVD management, to date, published literature pertaining to their promising scientific properties are still poorly understood. Compared with synthetic medicines, alternative medicines do not need scientific studies before their formal approval from the government sector and due to this purpose; their safety, as well as efficacy, still remain elusive. Taken together, we addressed all accessible evidence on alternative medicines commonly consumed in CVD management. Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicated that many TCMs are available and valuable herbal medication would be the best alternative for the management of CVD as a complementary therapy. Furthermore, practitioners should always discuss possible benefits–risks of alternative medicines with patients so that they are aware of the consumption of alternative medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of organic fertilizers alone or in combination with bio-fertilizers is important for sustainable agriculture, healthy agricultural production and restoring soil quality. Compost, vermicompost and mycorrhiza amendments could improve soil quality and plant yield. However, little is known about their impact on yield and quality of European borage (Borago officinalis L.). To evaluate the effects of vermicompost, granulated compost, and mycorrhiza on qualitative and quantitative traits of B. officinalis an experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design arranged in a factorial experiment with three replications. Organic fertilizers in five levels (0, 5 and 10 t/ha vermicompost and 3 and 6 t/ha granulated compost) and mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) in two levels (with and without) were considered. It was shown that the effects of organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza application on nitrogen content were significant in such a way that the maximum nitrogen content was obtained by 10 t/ha vermicompost and mycorrhiza inoculation treatment. The main effects of organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza on phosphorus and potassium contents were also significant. The maximum values were obtained when 10 t/ha vermicompost and mycorrhiza were applied together. Total chlorophyll content, flower-bearing branches, mucilage, and phenol were measured in all three harvests. The results indicated that the interaction effect of harvesting time, organic fertilizer, and mycorrhiza was only significant on chlorophyll content. The maximum chlorophyll content (0.958 mg g-1 fresh weight) was detected in the third harvest when 10 t/ha vermicompost and mycorrhiza were applied. Maximum mucilage content (4.23%), phenol content (5.07%) and flower-bearing branches (57.45 g m-2) were obtained by 10 t/ha vermicompost treatment. The results suggested that chemical fertilizers could be replaced by organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza to reduce soil and water contamination in the agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triacylglycerols (TAGs), as the main components of edible oils and animal fats, are responsible for the nutritional value, organoleptic features and technological properties of foods; each lipid matrix shows a unique TAG profile which can serve as fingerprint to ensure the quality and authenticity of food products. The high complexity of many foodstuffs often makes untargeted elucidation of TAG components a challenging task; thus, more efficient separation techniques may be mandatory. In this research, the TAG profile of a borage (Borago officinalis) seed oil was obtained by two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography (LC×LC), by the coupling of silver thiolate and octadecylsilica monodisperse materials. A total 94 TAG compounds were identified by ion trap-time of flight detection, using atmospheric pressure ionization, with the degree of unsaturation varying from 0 to 9, and partition values ranging from 36 to 56. The group-type separation afforded by this analytical approach may be useful to quickly fingerprint TAG components of oil samples.

This study performed to produce in vitro Rosmarinic (RA) and Salicylic acid (SA) via callus induction from explant petiole of Borago officinalis L., callus induction was carried out on MS medium supplement with different concentration of Naphthallen acetic acid (NAA) with 2.0 mg. L-1 of Benzyl adenine (BA). The results showed the highest fresh weight reached was 32.4 g at 2.0 mg. L -1 of NAA with 2.0 mg. L-1 of BA and that the MS medium supplement with 0.5 mg. L-1 of Thidiazuron (TDZ) and 1.0 mg.L1 of NAA, was the best medium to callus maintenance. The effects of phenylalanine (phe) at the concentrations 20, 40 and 60 mg.L-1 subsequently on the accumulation of RA and SA was investigated. The chemistry identification of RA using HPLC technique showed that the natural rate of RA in the leaves at the flowering stage was 63.21% with the concentration 77.12 µg. ml the rate of accumulation of RA reached was 66.23% with the concentration of 249.98 µg. ml at 20 mg.L-1 of Phe. The chemistry identification for SA using HPLC that the natural rate of SA in the leaves at the flowering stage was 36.67% with the concentration 44.88 µg. ml. the rate of SA reached 46.19% with the concentration of 132.04 µg.mL-1 at 60 mg.L-1 of Phe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of vermicompost, granular compost and mycorrhizal fungus on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of borage, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted. Experimental treatments consisted of five levels of organic fertilization (zero, 5 and 10 tons per hectare vermicompost, 3 and 6 tons per hectare granular compost) and two levels of mycorrhizal fungi (no application and application of Gluomus mossae species). Results indicated that the highest yield of flowering shoot and LAI was obtained from the application of 10 tons per hectare vermicompost + mycorrhizal fungus. Also the highest baranch number per plant, height, 1000 seed weight and Musilage, belonged to the treatment of 10 tons per hectare vermicompost. Overal, results of this experiment showed that using of vermicompost and mycorrhiza can increase the LAI, height, 1000 seed weight, yield of flowering shoot, biological yield and mucilage percentage in borage. Therefore, the optimum organic and biologic inputs can be used to produce healthy borage plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iranian borage, Echium amoenum, is believed to improve reproduction according to folk medicine. Although E. amoenum distillate known as "Aragh Gav-zaban" is widely consumed as a safe and natural remedy, its possible effects on fertility have not yet been scientifically examined. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of borage distillate (BD) on reproductive parameters of male mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 adult male Mus musculus mice (30-35 g) were equally divided into three groups. The control group received distilled water (DW) for five weeks and the other two groups, BD1/2 and BD1/4, received borage distillate of 1/2 dilution (150±2.5 ml/kg/day) and 1/4 dilution (75±1.25 ml/kg/day), respectively, ad libitum for three weeks and DW for 2 weeks. On the day 35, mice were sacrificed, sperm analysis was performed, and sera were collected to evaluate gonadotropins, testosterone, and toxicity parameters. The left testis was excised for stereological study and the right testis was used to evaluate androgen receptor (AR) gene expression. Results: The administration of BD1/2 significantly increased serum FSH (P=0.004), LH (P=0.025), testosterone (P=0.014), the percentage of motile (P=0.011); slow progressive (P=0.001), coiled tail (P<0.001) sperms, and the number of Leydig cells (P=0.008) compared to the control group. Treatment with BD1/4 significantly increased sperm count (P=0.044) and motile sperms percentage (P=0.040) compared to the control group too. The administration of BD revealed no significant effects on toxicity parameters and AR gene expression. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the consumption of borage distillate, as a safe herbal remedy, improves hormonal and sperm parameters in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The presence of numerous active compounds like lactic acid, nicotinic acid, and carotene in the Borage flower extract (BFE) converted it to a potent source of powerful sustainable compounds for mild steel (MS) corrosion mitigation in the solution of 1 M hydrochloric acid. The corrosion inhibition mechanism was assessed by potentiodynamic polarization (PPL) and the impact of inhibitor content and exposure time on the inhibition extent of the BFE was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Different constituents of Borage flower extract were examined by FT-IR and UV–Vis methods. Surface morphology was studied by AFM and SEM analyses, and the surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity was assessed by contact angle test. EIS findings evidenced that with the increase in Borage flower extract content in HCl solution and immersion time the power of corrosion prevention increased in HCl environment and achieved the highest value of 91% at 800 ppm after 5 h. On the basis of polarization curves it was found that the Borage flower extract showed a mixed effect in corrosion inhibition with a minor cathodic prevalence. The SEM and AFM examinations demonstrated that the adsorption of BFE components on the MS surface gave rise to a smooth surface morphology with few damaged areas. The analysis of contact angle confirmed that by the increase of BFE amount the surface hydrophobicity was improved. Also, the surface coverage by green inhibitor molecules was in accordance with Langmuir isotherm, indicating that a monolayer of inhibitor molecules without intermolecular interactions covered the steel surface. Additionally, the molecular simulations demonstrated that the organic molecules of BFE adsorbed on the steel substrate. The outcomes of theoretical investigations suggested the donor-acceptor interactions of green inhibitor species. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Borage flower is a potent source of powerful sustainable corrosion inhibitors for acid corrosion of mild steel. • 91% power of corrosion prevention was achieved using 800 ppm Borage flower extract in 1 M HCl solution. • Borage flower extract showed mixed effect in corrosion inhibition with a minor cathodic prevalent. • The theoretical outcomes suggested the electronic donor-acceptor interactions of green inhibitor species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to study the main volatile and bioactive compounds (monomeric anthocyanins, hydrolysable tannins, total flavonoids, and total reducing capacity) of five edible flowers: borage (Borage officinalis), calendula (Calendula arvensis), cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus), Johnny Jump up (Viola tricolor), and pansies (Viola × wittrockiana), together with their sensory attributes. The sensory analysis (10 panelists) indicated different floral, fruity, and herbal odors and taste. From a total of 117 volatile compounds (SPME-GC-MS), esters were most abundant in borage, sesquiterpenes in calendula, and terpenes in cosmos, Johnny Jump up, and pansies. Some bioactive and volatile compounds influence the sensory perception. For example, the highest content of total monomeric anthocyanins (cosmos and pansies) was associated with the highest scores of colors intensity, while the floral and green fragrances detected in borage may be due to the presence of ethyl octanoate and 1-hexanol. Therefore, the presence of some volatiles and bioactive compounds affects the sensory perception of the flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borage is a well-known plant of great importance in human nutrition and health. Expanding knowledge of particular plants that have anti-cancer products is a global concern. There is substantial information regarding the benefits, presence and extraction of gamma linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n6) in different plants around the world, especially in borage seeds. However, there is little information concerning the effects of the salinity of the nutrient solution on the growth and presence of GLA in borage seeds. The objective of this work was to determine the optimal salinity of the nutrient solution for obtaining GLA in soilless cultivation systems. Borage plants were grown in coconut fibre and provided three treatments of nutrient solution of 2.20, 3.35 and 4.50 dS m-1, increasing solution salinity with the standard nutrient solution of concentrated macronutrients as a reference. Vegetative growth, seed production and GLA ratio were measured. The results of vegetative development and GLA production doubled and tripled with the increase in salinity of the nutrient solution, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first study of genome size (GS) variation and evolution in the family Boraginaceae by analysing all native and naturalized taxa of Boraginaceae in the Czech Republic. Thirty-eight taxa (274 individuals) were analysed by flow cytometry. We found 60-fold overall variation in GS, with the lowest value in Myosotis sylvatica (2C = 0.56 pg) and the highest value in Lycopsis arvensis (2C = 33.63 pg). Most of the analysed species possessed very small or small genomes (94.74% of all analysed taxa). Monoploid GS varied 35-fold. We also focused on correlates of GS with several factors, such as length of life, residence status, selected environmental factors and phylogeny. Short-lived plants had a significantly smaller GS than that of the perennial plants, and plants of ruderal habitats possessed a smaller GS than that of plants from natural habitats. Moreover, members of Boraginoideae had a significantly higher GS than the members of Cynoglossoideae. GS was not correlated with the occurrence of polyploidy; therefore, GS variation in Boraginaceae is presumably driven by the proliferation of transposable elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Although the genus Echium is well known for its traditional uses as food and medicine, but there is a lack of information about its health beneficial effects confirmed with modern studies. So, in this study, total phytochemical content, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory effects of various extracts of Echium amoenum (borage) petals were evaluated. Moreover, rosmarinic acid content of the extracts was determined using HPLC analysis. The decoction, infusion, and methanolic extract contained high amount of phenolics (phenols, flavonoids, and tannins). The best antioxidant activity was exhibited by decoction and hydroalcoholic extract. The decoction showed the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity with IC 50 values of 22.8 and 17.1 μg/mL, respectively. Given to the OH radical, the hydroalcoholic extract indicated the highest scavenging effect (IC 50 110.8 μg/mL). Concerning the ferric-reducing power, superiority of the decoction made it be different with other samples. According to the enzymatic assays, the decoction manifested the best inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase (IC 50 40.8 and 16.9 μg/mL, respectively). The decoction also exerted the highest tyrosinase inhibition effect. Methanolic extract exhibited better inhibition against cholinesterases. It could be concluded that rosmarinic acid content and also antioxidant capacity is the highest in samples which are obtained using hot water. These results support the use of E. amoenum decoction and infusion in folk medicine and suggest that the plant could be used as a rich source of natural antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory agents. Highlights • Decoction, infusion, methanolic and hydromethanolic extracts were prepared using different methods. • Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of high amounts of phenolics and saponins. • Promising antioxidant activities were observed. • Key enzymes inhibitory potential linked to Alzheimer's disease, Diabetes mellitus, and skin disorders • Quantification of rosmarinic acid using RP-HPLC-DAD technique [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present research was to Study the prevention of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation and fatty liver as risk factors for cardiovascular disease via intervention by borage oil (B) and fish oil (F) with or without turmeric (T) and alpha-tocopherols (TC). Fatty acids were assessed in both oils while curcuminoids were determined in turmeric. Rats were divided into; first group fed on balanced diet and designated as normal control (NC), second fed on dyslipidemic and steatohepatitis (DS) inducer diet which represented the DS control group and groups 3-6 fed on DS inducer diet with daily oral administration of B, B+T+TC, F and F+T+TC; respectively for 5 weeks. Liver fat and plasma lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarker and liver and heart histopathology were assessed. Results showed gamma linolenic to be 21.01% in B. F contained eicosapentaenoic as 22.768% and docosahexaenoic acid as 13.574%.Total curcuminoids were 4.63 mg/g turmeric. The DS control group showed significant dyslipidemia, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha and liver fat with significant reduction in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared to NC. The different treatments produced significant improvement in all the parameters and histopathology. F was superior to B in ameliorating liver histopathological changes while B was more efficient in elevating TAC. B was more promising in improving lipid profile and liver fat compared to B + T + TC, while the latter was superior in improving MDA and liver histopathology. Fish oil was more efficient than F+TC+T except for TAC and high density lipoprotein cholesterol which were more improved on addition of TC and T. Conclusion: Borage and fish oil with or without antioxidants protect from cardiovascular and fatty liver diseases with variable degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of nitrites in pork meat products has been a studied issue for many years. Due to potential health threats associated with these additives, consumers tend to search for alternative meat curing methods. In this study, Hyssopus officinalis and Borago officinalis were tested for their potential to be used as colour-forming and antioxidant agents. Dry plant samples from various sources were tested for fat, protein, ash, polyphenol and nitrate content. There were significant differences between the herbs depending on source. Two control samples (containing curing salt and sodium chloride with nitrate reducing bacteria) and samples with herbs (hyssop, hyssop with nitrate reducing bacteria, borage, borage with nitrate reducing bacteria)—0.5% of the meat mass—were prepared and stored for 15 days. In the samples with herbs and bacterial cultures, a red colour was developed, the TBARS values were low and DPPH activity was strong. All the samples with herbs had lower residual nitrite levels compared to the samples with curing salt. Borage had a stronger influence on colour and antioxidant stability of the meat samples compared to hyssop. However, both herbs can be used as colour-forming and antioxidant agents along with nitrate-reducing bacteria.

Experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Kermanshah to shed lights on economic analysis of deficit irrigation and integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizer son cultivation of medicinal plant Borage (Borago officinalis L). Irrigation tritments include: a) 30% less water than crop requires invegetative, b) inreproductive,c) in vegetative+reproductive and d) control (100% crop water requirement). Fertilizer treatments include applying 100% chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizers+biological fertilizers and 25% chemical+biological fertilizers. The results showed that grain yield was decreased under low irrigation. Low irrigation during vegetative and reproductive stages was found to 9.5 and 15.7%. Low economic efficiency of low irrigation water in vegetative stage was much more than reproductive and vegetative growth less up to 32.2% and 27.1% respectively. Integrated use of organic and chemical fertilizers by 50% and 25% alleviated cost of fertilizer to 38% and 63% respectively. Among deficit irrigation treatments, vegetative low irrigation treatment had net and gross income to low reproductive irrigation and low vegetative reproductive irrigation. The 50% chemical+bio fertilizers in comparison with 100% chemical fertilizers had higher net and gross income than vegetative, reproductive and vegetative+reproductive stages. The mentioned treatments compared with 100% chemical fertilizers improved benefit-cost ratio to control treatment and vegetative deficit irrigation 27% and 15.7% respectively. Based on results, vegetative deficit irrigation showed the better economic indexes in comparison with other treatments. However, in case deficit irrigation is necessary, the vegetative deficit irrigation and using 50% chemical biofertilizer are recommended.

Borage is a valuable medicinal plant with various constituents in leaves, flowers and seeds. Hence, it is important to improve the performance of this medicinal plant under different environmental conditions. Thus, two field experiments were arranged as split-plots based on a RCB design with three replications in 2012 and 2013, to evaluate the effects of seed priming and different irrigation intervals on selected physiological properties of borage leaves. Irrigation intervals (irrigation after 60, 90, 120, 150 mm evaporation from Class A pans, respectively) and priming treatments (control, water, KNO3 and KH2PO4) were allocated to the main and sub plots, respectively. The chlorophyll content index was enhanced under limited irrigation treatments, mainly due to a decrease in leaf area index and intercepting more radiation. However, the membrane stability index was stable under different irrigation intervals. Decreased relative water content and leaf area index and increased leaf temperature under lower water availability led to some reductions in the grain yield of borage. All of the priming techniques, particularly hydro-priming, enhanced the seedling emergence rate, leaf area index and consequently grain yield per unit area. Therefore, seed hydro-priming can be used to improve the field performance of borage, particularly when sufficient water is available.

Introduction and aims: Acinetobacter baumannii in recent decay has become an increasing concern in hospitals for its ability to acquire antibiotic resistance determinants rapidly and becoming resistant to almost all of the antibiotic classes. Borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. et Mey), is a wild annual plant of Boraginaceae family, grows in northern mountains of Iran and has largely been used by Iranian folk as a mood enhancer, anti anxiolytic, anti inflammatory, a laxative, an emollients and also it has been used for treatment of infectious diseases. So, in this study the methanolic extract of dried flowers of Echium amoenom were tested against the isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from wound of burn patients.Materials and methods: 30 drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains which were isolated from burn wounds at the Motahari hospital of Tehran were selected. Antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract was evaluated by the disc diffusion method based on CLSI protocol 2012Results: The mean diameter of the inhibition zone for different extracts were; 9.967±6.139 mm at the concentration of 4000 ppm, at the concentration of 400 ppm 13.37±5.45 mm, 13.53±5.49 mm at the concentration of 200 ppm, 14.77±5.17mm at the concentration of 100 ppm and 14.13±5.7806mm at the concentration of 50 ppm.Conclusion: clinical strains of the A. baumannii were almost highly resistant to imipenem which is the common choice of antibiotic therapy in the hospitals. Due to the calculated p value ≤ 0.05 in this study, it can say that borage extract can be as good as or even better than the imipenem which is used in the hospitals now.