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Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) form the cornerstone of current primary brain tumor MRI protocols at all stages of the patient journey. Though an imperfect of tumor grade, GBCA is repeatedly used for diagnosis and monitoring. In practice, however, radiologists will encounter situations where GBCA injection is unwanted or of doubtful benefit. Reducing GBCA administration could improve the patient burden of (repeated) imaging, especially in vulnerable patient groups such as children, minimize risks of putative side effects, as well as benefit costs, logistics, and the environmental footprint. This review presents standard imaging strategies to reduce GBCA exposure for pediatric and adult patients with primary brain tumors, including the effect of prolonging follow-up intervals and omitting contrast-enhanced sequences. The potential of novel pulse sequences, such as arterial spin labeling, and upcoming artificial intelligence methods, e.g., to generate synthetic post-contrast images, promise to replace GBCA-dependent approaches. To attain a concise summary of the knowledge in the field, gliomas and meningiomas as typical representatives of primary brain tumors are the review’s focus. Special attention is paid to study quality and real-life applicability.

There is increasing recognition that many lawyers, regardless of their practice area, will represent people who have both used and experienced violence in their intimate relationships. This suggests that being informed about domestic and family violence (DFV) is an important attribute of competent lawyering. Despite repeated reports and research drawing attention to poor practices, many lawyers lack DFV training. There is limited research about what it means to be a ‘good’ DFV lawyer. To explore this, we conducted focus groups with lawyers employed in specialist women’s legal services in Australia. Much work undertaken in these services involves working with clients who have experienced DFV, so these lawyers are well placed to identify features of ‘good’ DFV lawyering. The attributes for competent lawyering with people who have experienced DFV, include: being knowledgeable about DFV, being trauma-informed/responsive, being knowledgeable about the law and the relevance of violence, adopting a safety lens and providing a holistic service. Our study identifies a number of areas that require further research including understanding the difference between DFV-informed lawyering and trauma-informed/responsive lawyering, and whether specific competencies are required when representing people who experience DFV or have used DFV. Despite years of research and various inquiries pointing to inadequacies and making recommendations for improvement, this article draws attention to continuing gaps in this area.

Preoperative clinical MRI protocols for gliomas, brain tumors with dismal outcomes due to their infiltrative properties, still rely on conventional structural MRI, which does not deliver information on tumor genotype and is limited in the delineation of diffuse gliomas. The GliMR COST action wants to raise awareness about the state of the art of advanced MRI techniques in gliomas and their possible clinical translation. This review describes current methods, limits, and applications of advanced MRI for the preoperative assessment of glioma, summarizing the level of clinical validation of different techniques. In this second part, we review magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), MRI-PET, MR elastography (MRE), and MR-based radiomics applications. The first part of this review addresses dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, arterial spin labeling (ASL), diffusion-weighted MRI, vessel imaging, and magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF).

Preoperative clinical MRI protocols for gliomas, brain tumors with dismal outcomes due to their infiltrative properties, still rely on conventional structural MRI, which does not deliver information on tumor genotype and is limited in the delineation of diffuse gliomas. The GliMR COST action wants to raise awareness about the state of the art of advanced MRI techniques in gliomas and their possible clinical translation or lack thereof. This review describes current methods, limits, and applications of advanced MRI for the preoperative assessment of glioma, summarizing the level of clinical validation of different techniques. In this first part, we discuss dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, arterial spin labeling (ASL), diffusion-weighted MRI, vessel imaging, and magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF). The second part of this review addresses magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), MRI-PET, MR elastography (MRE), and MR-based radiomics applications.

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2–4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans—including 278 individuals from England—alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6.

Difficulties experienced by victims of family violence who are cross-examined by the unrepresented perpetrator of that violence (or vice versa) in family law proceedings are well-documented. Such direct cross-examination can be traumatic and unlikely to generate high quality evidence. In 2019 this problem was addressed in Australia by the Family Violence and Cross-Examination Scheme (‘Scheme’). Under this Scheme, direct cross-examination by self-represented litigants is prohibited on a mandatory or discretionary basis in certain family law cases involving allegations of family violence. This article examines the implementation of the Scheme by drawing on data from a large ethnographic project that was concerned with self-representation in family law proceedings involving allegations of family violence and an analysis of recent case law. We highlight issues in the early administration of the Scheme as well as more complex ongoing issues. This article provides an evidence base to guide policy and legislative developments in this area.

Organic remains from excavated sites cover a wide range of materials; from distinct organisms (‘ecofacts’) to biomolecules. Biomolecules provide a variety of new research avenues, while ecofacts with longer histories of study are now being re-harnessed in unexpected ways. These resources are unlocking research potential, transcending what was previously imagined possible. However, this ‘organics revolution’ comes with a salutary corollary; our approaches to recovering and curating organics, and making accessible research data, are not developing as quickly as we need. In this paper we review retention guidelines for institutions in Britain and Ireland, setting this against the backdrop of a ‘curation crisis’ that is affecting museums throughout Europe, and beyond. This is problematic considering the enormous potential that organic remains have to feed into existing and emerging archaeological lines of enquiry. We suggest key issues, such as the state of existing documentation and considerations of the intrinsic and allied research potentials, that can be used to open a discussion about the development of more comprehensive and standardised approaches to archiving in the future. Engaging in this conversation is the only way that we can hope to ensure the long-term retention and preservation of organics, while safeguarding associated research data. We need these changes to ensure the global future research collaborations across the academic, curatorial and professional archaeological sectors.

In pursuit of a more systematic and comprehensive framework for personality assessment, we introduce procedures for assessing personality traits at the lowest level: nuances. We argue that constructing a personality taxonomy from the bottom up addresses some of the limitations of extant top-down assessment frameworks (e.g., the Big Five), including the opportunity to resolve confusion about the breadth and scope of traits at different levels of the organization, evaluate unique and reliable trait variance at the item level, and clarify jingle/jangle issues in personality assessment. With a focus on applications in survey methodology and transparent documentation, our procedures contain six steps: (1) identification of a highly inclusive pool of candidate items, (2) programmatic evaluation and documentation of item characteristics, (3) test-retest analyses of items with adequate qualitative and quantitative properties, (4) analysis of cross-ratings from multiple raters for items with adequate retest reliability, (5) aggregation of ratings across diverse samples to evaluate generalizability across populations, (6) evaluations of predictive utility in various contexts. We hope these recommendations are the first step in a collaborative effort to identify a comprehensive pool of personality nuances at the lowest level, enabling subsequent construction of a robust hierarchy – from the bottom up.