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2. Early relevant alerts from remote monitoring in heart failure patients with a cardiac implanted electronic device: what implications for long term outcome?

Author

Mei, D A, primary, Imberti, J F, additional, Sbarra, F, additional, Serafini, K, additional, Mantovani, M, additional, Leo, G, additional, Cherubini, B, additional, Gerra, L, additional, Vitolo, M, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Mauro, E, additional, Turco, V, additional, Casali, E, additional, and Boriani, G, additional

Published
2024
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5. Temperature evolution of infrared- and Raman-active phonons in graphite

Author

Giura, P., Bonini, N., Creff, G., Brubach, J. B., Roy, P., and Lazzeri, M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We perform a comparative experimental and theoretical study of the temperature dependence up to 700 K of the frequency and linewidths of the graphite E1u and E2g optical phonons (~1590 and 1580 cm-1) by infra-red (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Despite their similar character, the temperature dependence of the two modes is quite different, being, e.g., the frequency shift of the IR-active E1u mode is almost twice as big as that of the Raman active E2g mode. Ab initio calculations of the anharmonic properties are in remarkable agreement with measurements and explain the observed behavior., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

Published
2012
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6. The Shear Mode of Multi-Layer Graphene

Author

Tan, P. H., Han, W. P., Zhao, W. J., Wu, Z. H., Chang, K., Wang, H., Wang, Y. F., Bonini, N., Marzari, N., Savini, G., Lombardo, A., and Ferrari, A. C.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We uncover the interlayer shear mode of multi-layer graphene samples, ranging from bilayer-graphene (BLG) to bulk graphite, and show that the corresponding Raman peak measures the interlayer coupling. This peak scales from~43cm-1 in bulk graphite to~31cm-1 in BLG. Its low energy makes it a probe of near-Dirac point quasi-particles, with a Breit-Wigner-Fano lineshape due to resonance with electronic transitions. Similar shear modes are expected in all layered materials, providing a direct probe of interlayer interactions

Published
2011
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7. Quantum ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials

Author

Giannozzi, P., Baroni, S., Bonini, N., Calandra, M., Car, R., Cavazzoni, C., Ceresoli, D., Chiarotti, G. L., Cococcioni, m., Dabo, I., Corso, A. Dal, Fabris, S., Fratesi, G., de Gironcoli, S., Gebauer, R., Gerstmann, U., Gougoussis, C., Kokalj, A., Lazzeri, M., Martin-Samos, L., Marzari, N., Mauri, F., Mazzarello, R., Paolini, S., Pasquarello, A., Paulatto, L., Sbraccia, C., Scandolo, S., Sclauzero, G., Seitsonen, A. P., Smogunov, A., Umari, P., and Wentzcovitch, R. M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Quantum ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of computer codes for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, based on density-functional theory, plane waves, and pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, and projector-augmented wave). Quantum ESPRESSO stands for "opEn Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization". It is freely available to researchers around the world under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Quantum ESPRESSO builds upon newly-restructured electronic-structure codes that have been developed and tested by some of the original authors of novel electronic-structure algorithms and applied in the last twenty years by some of the leading materials modeling groups worldwide. Innovation and efficiency are still its main focus, with special attention paid to massively-parallel architectures, and a great effort being devoted to user friendliness. Quantum ESPRESSO is evolving towards a distribution of independent and inter-operable codes in the spirit of an open-source project, where researchers active in the field of electronic-structure calculations are encouraged to participate in the project by contributing their own codes or by implementing their own ideas into existing codes., Comment: 36 pages, 5 figures, resubmitted to J.Phys.: Condens. Matter

Published
2009
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12. Uniaxial Strain in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Gruneisen Parameters and Sample Orientation

Author

Mohiuddin, T. M. G., Lombardo, A., Nair, R. R., Bonetti, A., Savini, G., Jalil, R., Bonini, N., Basko, D. M., Galiotis, C., Marzari, N., Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., and Ferrari, A. C.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Graphene is the two-dimensional building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality. Since its experimental discovery, graphene continues to attract enormous interest, in particular as a new kind of matter, in which electron transport is governed by a Dirac-like wave equation, and as a model system for studying electronic and phonon properties of other, more complex, graphitic materials[1-4]. Here, we uncover the constitutive relation of graphene and probe new physics of its optical phonons, by studying its Raman spectrum as a function of uniaxial strain. We find that the doubly degenerate E2g optical mode splits in two components, one polarized along the strain and the other perpendicular to it. This leads to the splitting of the G peak into two bands, which we call G+ and G-, by analogy with the effect of curvature on the nanotube G peak[5-7]. Both peaks red shift with increasing strain, and their splitting increases, in excellent agreement with first-principles calculations. Their relative intensities are found to depend on light polarization, which provides a useful tool to probe the graphene crystallographic orientation with respect to the strain. The singly degenerate 2D and 2D' bands also red shift, but do not split for small strains. We study the Gruneisen parameters for the phonons responsible for the G, D and D' peaks. These can be used to measure the amount of uniaxial or biaxial strain, providing a fundamental tool for nanoelectronics, where strain monitoring is of paramount importance[8, 9]

Published
2008
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13. Structure and dynamics of oxygen adsorbed on Ag(100) vicinal surfaces

Author

Bonini, N., Kokalj, A., Corso, A. Dal, de Gironcoli, S., and Baroni, S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

The structure and dynamics of atomic oxygen adsorbed on Ag(410) and Ag(210) surfaces have been investigated using density functional theory. Our results show that the adsorption configuration in which O adatoms decorate the upper side of the (110) steps forming O--Ag--O rows is particularly stable for both surfaces. On Ag(210), this arrangement is more stable than other configurations at all the investigated coverages. On Ag(410), adsorption on the terrace and at the step edge are almost degenerate, the former being slightly preferred at low coverage while the latter is stabilized by increasing the coverage. These findings are substantiated by a comparison between the vibrational modes, calculated within density-functional perturbation theory, and the HREEL spectrum which has been recently measured in these systems., Comment: 17 pages, 7 tables, 12 figures. To appear in Phys. Rev. B

Published
2004
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14. On-surface and Subsurface Adsorption of Oxygen on Stepped Ag(210) and Ag(410) Surfaces

Author

Kokalj, A., Bonini, N., Corso, A. Dal, de Gironcoli, S., and Baroni, S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter
Abstract

The adsorption of atomic oxygen and its inclusion into subsurface sites on Ag(210) and Ag(410) surfaces have been investigated using density functional theory. We find that--in the absence of adatoms on the first metal layer--subsurface adsorption results in strong lattice distortion which makes it energetically unfavoured. However subsurface sites are significantly stabilised when a sufficient amount of O adatoms is present on the surface. At high enough O coverage on the Ag(210) surface the mixed on-surface + subsurface O adsorption is energetically favoured with respect to the on-surface only adsorption. Instead, on the Ag(410) surface, at the coverage we have considered (3/8 ML), the existence of stable terrace sites makes the subsurface O incorporation less favourable. These findings are compatible with the results of recent HREEL experiments which have actually motivated this work., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures and 1 table

Published
2003
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16. DIGItal health literacy after COVID-19 outbreak among frail and non-frail cardiology patients: the DIGI-COVID study

Author

Vitolo, M, primary, Imberti, J F, additional, Ziveri, V, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Muto, F, additional, Mei, D A, additional, Gozzi, G, additional, Busi, C, additional, Mantovani, M, additional, Cherubini, B, additional, Menozzi, M, additional, Cataldo, P, additional, Valenti, A C, additional, Sgreccia, D, additional, and Boriani, G, additional

Published
2023
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18. Features of clinical complexity in european patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the ESC-EHRA EORP atrial fibrillation general long-term registry

Author

Proietti, M, primary, Romiti, G F, additional, Vitolo, M, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Fawzy, A M, additional, Ding, W Y, additional, Fauchier, L, additional, Marin, F, additional, Nabauer, M, additional, Potpara, T S, additional, Dan, G A, additional, Boriani, G, additional, and Lip, G Y H, additional

Published
2022
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20. Factors associated with progression of atrial fibrillation and impact on all-cause mortality: an ancillary analysis from the ESC-EHRA EURObservational Research Programme in Atrial Fibrillation General

Author

Vitolo, M, primary, Proietti, M, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Romiti, G F, additional, Fauchier, L, additional, Marin, F, additional, Nabauer, M, additional, Potpara, T S, additional, Dan, G A, additional, Kalarus, Z, additional, Tavazzi, L, additional, Maggioni, A P, additional, Lane, D A, additional, Lip, G Y H, additional, and Boriani, G, additional

Published
2022
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22. Anaemia and adverse outcomes in European patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the ESC-EHRA EORP atrial fibrillation general long-term registry

Author

Boriani, G, primary, Vitolo, M, additional, Proietti, M, additional, Malavasi, V L, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Romiti, G F, additional, Imberti, J F, additional, Fauchier, L, additional, Nabauer, M, additional, Potpara, T S, additional, Dan, G A, additional, Kalarus, Z, additional, Maggioni, A P, additional, Lane, D A, additional, and Lip, G Y H, additional

Published
2022
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23. Impact of the atrial fibrillation better care pathway in clinically complex patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the ESC-EHRA EORP-AF General Long-Term Registry

Author

Romiti, G F, primary, Proietti, M, additional, Vitolo, M, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Fawzy, A M, additional, Ding, W Y, additional, Fauchier, L, additional, Marin, F, additional, Nabauer, M, additional, Dan, G A, additional, Potpara, T, additional, Boriani, G, additional, and Lip, G Y H, additional

Published
2022
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26. Clinical complexity domains, anticoagulation, and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation

Author

Romiti, G.F., Proietti, M., Bonini, N., Ding, W.Y., Boriani, G., Huisman, M.V., Lip, G.Y.H., and GLORIA-AF Investigators

Subjects
Aged, 80 and over, Male, Anticoagulants, Administration, Oral, Hemorrhage, Hematology, persistence, Middle Aged, outcomes, Risk Assessment, Stroke, Risk Factors, Thromboembolism, Humans, Female, atrial fibrillation, Registries, oral anticoagulants, clinical complexity, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Aged
Abstract

Background Clinical complexity is common in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. We assessed the impact of clinical complexity on oral anticoagulant (OAC) treatment patterns and major adverse outcomes in a contemporary cohort of AF patients. Methods The GLORIA-AF Phase II and III Registry enrolled newly diagnosed AF patients with at least one stroke risk factor. Among patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2, we defined four domains of perceived clinical complexity: frail elderly (age ≥75 years and body mass index Results Among the 29,625 patients included (mean age 69.6 ± 10.7 years, 44.2% females), 9,504 (32.1%) presented with at least one complexity criterion. Clinical complexity was associated with lower OAC prescription, with stronger associations in frail elderly (odds ratio [OR]: 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–0.62) and those with ≥2 complexity domains (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.44–0.57). Risk of OAC discontinuation was higher among frail elderly (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.00–1.69), CKD (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02–1.20), and those with ≥2 complexity domains (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.23–1.57). Clinical complexity was associated with higher risk of the primary outcome of all-cause death, thromboembolism, and major bleeding, with the highest magnitude in those with ≥2 criteria (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.43–1.86). Conclusion In AF patients, clinical complexity influences OAC treatment management, and increases the risk of poor clinical outcomes. These patients require additional efforts, such as integrated care approach, to improve their management and prognosis.

Published
2022

27. Comparison of Confirmation Measures

Author

Tentori, K., Crupi, V., and Bonini, N.

Abstract

Alternative measures of "confirmation" or "evidential support" have been proposed to express the impact of ascertaining one event on the credibility of another. We report an experiment that compares the adequacy of several such measures as descriptions of confirmation judgment in a probabilistic context.

Published
2007
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29. Digital literacy as a potential barrier to implementation of cardiology tele-visits after COVID-19 pandemic: the INFO-COVID survey

Author

Boriani, G., Maisano, A., Bonini, N., Albini, A., Imberti, J. F., Venturelli, A., Menozzi, M., Ziveri, V., Morgante, V., Camaioni, G., Passiatore, M., de Mitri, G., Nanni, G., Girolami, D., Fontanesi, R., Siena, V., Sgreccia, D., Malavasi, V. L., Valenti, A. C., and Vitolo, M.

Subjects
education, Research Article
Abstract

BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of telemedicine has represented a new potential option for outpatient care. The aim of our study was to evaluate digital literacy among cardiology outpatients. METHODS From March to June 2020, a survey on telehealth among cardiology outpatients was performed. Digital literacy was investigated through six main domains: age; sex; educational level; internet access; availability of internet sources; knowledge and use of teleconference software programs. RESULTS The study included 1067 patients, median age 70 years, 41.3% females. The majority of the patients (58.0%) had a secondary school degree, but among patients aged ≥ 75 years old the most represented educational level was primary school or none. Overall, for internet access, there was a splitting between “never” (42.1%) and “every day” (41.0%), while only 2.7% answered “at least 1/month” and 14.2% “at least 1/week”. In the total population, the most used devices for internet access were smartphones (59.0%), and WhatsApp represented the most used app (57.3%). Internet users were younger compared to non-internet users (63 vs. 78 years old, respectively) and with a higher educational level. Age and educational level were associated with non-use of internet (age-per 10-year increase odds ratio (OR) = 3.07, 95% CI: 2.54−3.71, secondary school OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.12−0.26, university OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.02−0.10). CONCLUSIONS Telemedicine represents an appealing option to implement medical practice, and for its development it is important to address the gaps in patients’ digital skills, with age and educational level being key factors in this setting.

Published
2021

30. Implementation of cardiology tele-visits after COVID-19 pandemic: the INFO-COVID survey

Author

Boriani, G, primary, Maisano, A, additional, Bonini, N, additional, Albini, A, additional, Imberti, J F, additional, Venturelli, A, additional, Camaioni, G, additional, Passiatore, M, additional, De Mitri, G, additional, Nanni, G, additional, Girolami, D, additional, Siena, V, additional, Sgreccia, D, additional, Valenti, A C, additional, and Vitolo, M, additional

Published
2021
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31. Expect the worst! Expectations and social interactive decision making

Author

Giorgetta, C., Grecucci, A., Graffeo, M., Bonini, N., Ferrario, R., Sanfey, A.G., Giorgetta, C., Grecucci, A., Graffeo, M., Bonini, N., Ferrario, R., and Sanfey, A.G.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 234347.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), Psychological studies have demonstrated that expectations can have substantial effects on choice behavior, although the role of expectations on social decision making in particular has been relatively unexplored. To broaden our knowledge, we examined the role of expectations on decision making when interacting with new game partners and then also in a subsequent interaction with the same partners. To perform this, 38 participants played an Ultimatum Game (UG) in the role of responders and were primed to expect to play with two different groups of proposers, either those that were relatively fair (a tendency to propose an equal split - the high expectation condition) or unfair (with a history of offering unequal splits - the low expectation condition). After playing these 40 UG rounds, they then played 40 Dictator Games (DG) as allocator with the same set of partners. The results showed that expectations affect UG decisions, with a greater proportion of unfair offers rejected from the high as compared to the low expectation group, suggesting that players utilize specific expectations of social interaction as a behavioral reference point. Importantly, this was evident within subjects. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that these expectation effects carried over to the subsequent DG. Participants allocated more money to the recipients of the high expectation group as well to those who made equal offers and, in particular, when the latter were expected to behave unfairly, suggesting that people tend to forgive negative violations and appreciate and reward positive violations. Therefore, both the expectations of others' behavior and their violations play an important role in subsequent allocation decisions. Together, these two studies extend our knowledge of the role of expectations in social decision making.

Published
2021

33. Uno studio preliminare sulle differenze di regolazione emozionale nei giocatori patologici [A preliminary study on emotion regulation differences in pathological gamblers]

Author

Grecucci, A., Lapomarda, G., Giorgetta, C., Nicolé, M., Guerreschi, C., Sanfey, A.G., Canal, L., and Bonini, N.

Subjects
Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment, Behaviour Change and Well-being, 140 000 Decision neuroscience
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext Previous studied showed an association between impulsivity and abnormal behaviors in pathological gamblers. However, impulsivity may be one of the causes leading to their problems. Other factors such as abnormalities in the perception of emotions associated with economic offers, or emotion dysregulation, may exacerbate their decisions. Last, but not least, an overconfidence in the quality of their decisions may contribute too to their decisions. To test for these hypotheses, we tested 11 individuals diagnosed pathological gamblers, and 17 normal controls in an intertemporal choice task that included questions about emotion perception (valence and arousal at a subjective level) after each choice. Moreover, after the experiment, participants were tested for anxiety, depression, emotion regulation abilities, and confidence in their choices. results showed that as expected, gamblers scored higher on impulsivity questionnaires, but also in depression, usage of maladaptive regulation strategies, but not in anxiety or confidence in their choices. We conclude by speculating on the need to in-corporate emotion regulation difficulties in terms of regulation strategies, dysregulated impulsivity and mood, in the conceptualization of pathological gambling for a better understanding and treatment of this pathology. 10 p.

Published
2020

34. Changing decisions by changing emotions: Behavioral and physiological evidence of two emotion regulation strategies

Author

Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., Lorandini, S., Sanfey, A.G., Bonini, N., Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., Lorandini, S., Sanfey, A.G., and Bonini, N.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Previous studies explored the possibility to use cognitive strategies to bias economic decisions by altering their emotional impact. One emerging question, but yet unsolved, is whether different cognitive strategies impact our decisions in the same or different ways. Another intriguing question is whether these strategies alter our decisions by altering the valence or by affecting the arousal of the emotion associated with the economic exchange. In the present study, we compared the effect of 2 emotion regulation strategies, namely, reappraisal and distancing, and showed that reappraisal is able to increase the valence of the emotions associated with monetary divisions in the dictator game (Experiment 1) and to reduce rejection rates in the ultimatum game (Experiment 2), whereas distancing decreases the arousal of emotions (Experiment 1) but surprisingly increases rejection rates (Experiment 2). Moreover, in the present study, we explored the cognitive effort associated with the usage of regulatory strategies during decision-making, using the galvanic skin response as index, and found an increase in physiological arousal when applying both strategies. These results extend our understanding of how to bias individuals' decisions in a desired direction by using different strategies that alter one aspect or the other of the emotional reaction.

Published
2020

39. Structure and magnetism of collapsed lanthanide elements

Author

McMahon, M. I., primary, Finnegan, S., additional, Husband, R. J., additional, Munro, K. A., additional, Plekhanov, E., additional, Bonini, N., additional, Weber, C., additional, Hanfland, M., additional, Schwarz, U., additional, and Macleod, S. G., additional

Published
2019
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41. Comprehensive effects of left ventricular assist device speed changes on alveolar gas exchange, sleep ventilatory pattern, and exercise performance

Author

Apostolo, A, Paolillo, S, Contini, M, Vignati, C, Tarzia, V, Campodonico, J, Mapelli, M, Massetti, M, Bejko, J, Righini, F, Bottio, T, Bonini, N, Salvioni, E, Gugliandolo, P, Parati, G, Lombardi, C, Gerosa, G, Salvi, L, Alamanni, F, Agostoni, P, Apostolo, Anna, Paolillo, Stefania, Contini, Mauro, Vignati, Carlo, Tarzia, Vincenzo, Campodonico, Jeness, Mapelli, Massimo, Massetti, Massimo, Bejko, Jonida, Righini, Francesca, Bottio, Tomaso, Bonini, Niccolò, Salvioni, Elisabetta, Gugliandolo, Paola, Parati, Gianfranco, Lombardi, Carolina, Gerosa, Gino, SALVI, LUCA, Alamanni, Francesco, Agostoni, Piergiuseppe, Apostolo, A, Paolillo, S, Contini, M, Vignati, C, Tarzia, V, Campodonico, J, Mapelli, M, Massetti, M, Bejko, J, Righini, F, Bottio, T, Bonini, N, Salvioni, E, Gugliandolo, P, Parati, G, Lombardi, C, Gerosa, G, Salvi, L, Alamanni, F, Agostoni, P, Apostolo, Anna, Paolillo, Stefania, Contini, Mauro, Vignati, Carlo, Tarzia, Vincenzo, Campodonico, Jeness, Mapelli, Massimo, Massetti, Massimo, Bejko, Jonida, Righini, Francesca, Bottio, Tomaso, Bonini, Niccolò, Salvioni, Elisabetta, Gugliandolo, Paola, Parati, Gianfranco, Lombardi, Carolina, Gerosa, Gino, SALVI, LUCA, Alamanni, Francesco, and Agostoni, Piergiuseppe

Abstract

Increasing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) pump speed according to the patient's activity is a fascinating hypothesis. This study analyzed the short-term effects of LVAD speed increase on cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performance, muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy), diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dlco) and nitric oxide (Dlno), and sleep quality.

Published
2018

46. Decision making under hypoxia: Oxygen depletion increases risk seeking for losses but not for gains

Author

Pighin, S., Bonini, N., Lucia Savadori, Hadjichristidis, C., Antonetti, T., and Schena, F.

Subjects
oxygen depletion, hypoxia, risk aversion [Keywords], fungi, Social Sciences, risk aversion, equipment and supplies, complex mixtures, humanities, BF1-990, risk aversion.NAKeywords, oxygen depletion, hypoxia, risk aversion, Psychology, bacteria, oxygen depletion [Keywords]
Abstract

We report a preliminary study that compared decisions made in an oxygen depleted environment with those made in a normoxic environment. Participants were presented with a series of choices that involved either losses or gains. For each choice they were forced to choose between a sure thing and a gamble of the same expected value. For choices involving losses, participants were more risk seeking in the oxygen depleted environment; for those involving gains, no difference was found.

Published
2012

47. Giudizio e decisione

Author

DEL MISSIER, FABIO, BONINI N, RUMIATI R., DEL MISSIER F., BONINI N., RUMIATI R., DEL MISSIER, Fabio, Bonini, N, and Rumiati, R.

Published
2008

49. La recherche française sur l'éducation dans les pays en développement : un état des lieux

Author

Pilon, Marc (dir.), Ngwe, L. (dir.), Bonini, N., Guidi, Pierre, Lanoue, E., Poirier, T., Schlemmer, Bernard, Rossi, Pier Luigi, Aiglepierre, R. d' (coord.), and Sauvat, V. (coord.)

Abstract

Cette publication dresse de manière inédite un état des lieux analytique de la recherche sur l'éducation dans les pays du Sud, depuis la France, à travers les dimensions suivantes : une "cartographie" des capacités de recherche en France consacrées à ce champ (équipes et/ou chercheurs concernés, programmes en cours), la recension de toutes les thèses soutenues en France depuis 1990 et celles en cours en 1993, la production scientifique sur la période 1990-2013. Viennent en complément un inventaire des formations de master en éducation en France qui intègrent une dimension internationale ou de développement, et une recension des structures françaises, hors du monde académique et scientifique, productrices de connaissances sur l'éducation au sud. En regard de l'importance accordée à l'éducation, ce travail met avant tout en lumière une recherche française qui, bien que productive, demeure peu développée, faiblement structurée, une insuffisance des offres de formation de niveau master et une faiblesse des relations entre monde de la recherche et celui et l'action.

Published
2015

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