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Having a list of alien plant species naturalised in an area and knowing their invasive potential (i.e. a post-border species risk assessment framework) and the precise locations where they are found, are now a priority as a management strategy to curb their spread, avoiding damage to ecosystems and saving management costs. This is especially important in arid ecosystems, which are particularly vulnerable to impacts due to their limited resources. Weed Risk Assessment systems (WRAs) analyse plant traits that influence their invasive potential through a set of questions whose answers score taxa according to their invasive potential. In this work, we identify potentially invasive plants inhabiting the arid southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, the driest region in Europe, by compiling alien plant species recorded in the wild and applying the Australian and New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment (AWRA) system. The AWRA applies scores that evaluate species characteristics related to biography, undesirable attributes and biology/ecology for establishment elsewhere. We provide the dataset obtained in the application of the AWRA test: a list of the alien plant species naturalised in the study area and their geographical distribution; the answers, scores and results of the test, as well as the scientific sources that support the existence of such characteristics in these species. We found that 64.4% of the 177 taxa assessed can be considered potential invaders. This database represents a useful and transparent tool for environmental managers to deal with the problem of plant invasions effectively. It can also be confronted with data from other areas of the world where these species are naturalised.

Pesticides play a crucial role in boosting the overall yield and productivity of agricultural produce by controlling pests, insects, and various plant diseases. However, excessive use of pesticides has led to contamination of food products and water bodies, as well as disruption of ecological and environmental systems. Global health authorities have set limits for pesticide residues in individual food items to ensure the availability of safe foods in the supply chain and to assist farmers in developing optimal agronomic practices for crop production. In Spain, specifically regarding olive cultivation, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food establishes a safety period that farmers must observe from the application of the pesticide until the fruit is harvested. This period ensures that the batch of olives will comply with the maximum residue level allowed. This article proposes a methodology based on hyperspectral imaging to detect whether the olives have been sprayed with pesticide products and, if so, when the spraying occurred. The proposed methodology operates at the pixel level, where each pixel of the hyperspectral image is an instance. The pesticides evaluated were Diflufenican, Oxyfluorfen, Deltamethrin, λ-Cyhalothrin, and Tebuconazole. The results are promising and the success rates achieved over 80% accuracy for most pesticides in controlled laboratory conditions, with individual performance varying according to each pesticide's chemical properties and stability on the olive surface. While the results are promising, the scalability of this approach for larger and more diverse batches of olives requires validation under field conditions, where variations in environmental factors, olive variety, and ripeness may impact the detection accuracy. Furthermore, the study highlights key wavelengths around 750 nm and 550 nm as effective discriminators, suggesting potential for cost-effective, simplified imaging systems. Although hyperspectral imaging shows potential as an accessible, in-line monitoring solution for cooperative use, further analysis of implementation costs is recommended to confirm its feasibility on an industrial scale.

El presente estudio analiza el impacto de la pandemia mundial de COVID-19 en la actividad turística y las experiencias de los guardaparques en el Parque Nacional Los Glaciares y el Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, Argentina. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y análisis temático para explorar las vivencias y adaptaciones de los guardaparques durante este periodo. La investigación revela cómo la pandemia afectó no solo las operaciones de los parques, sino también el bienestar emocional y laboral de los guardaparques. Se identificaron estrategias clave de adaptación, como la implementación de medidas de prevención, el mantenimiento de áreas protegidas y la utilización de capacitaciones virtuales. Además, se destacó la importancia de la resiliencia organizacional y la colaboración entre diferentes actores para mitigar los efectos negativos de la crisis. Los resultados sugieren que, a pesar de los desafíos, los guardaparques mostraron una notable capacidad de adaptación y un compromiso continuo con la conservación y la gestión sostenible de los parques. El estudio subraya la necesidad de fortalecer el apoyo institucional, especialmente en términos de apoyo psicológico, y fomentar la innovación en la gestión de áreas protegidas para enfrentar futuras crisis. Se concluye que la pandemia ofreció una oportunidad para reflexionar y mejorar las prácticas de gestión en áreas protegidas, destacando la importancia de la sostenibilidad y la conservación ambiental en el contexto del turismo.

Le projet TASCII (Transition agroécologique des systèmes de cultures irrigués innovants) a été mis en place en 2019 par la Compagnie d’aménagement des coteaux de Gascogne (CACG), en partenariat avec INRAE, sur la ferme expérimentale de la Mirandette (Masseube, Gers) et chez cinq agriculteurs pilotes qui ont intégré le projet. Il vise à tester, caractériser et évaluer l'agriculture de conservation des sols (ACS) en transition agroécologique dans le contexte de l'agriculture irriguée des Coteaux de Gascogne (Gers). L’évaluation multicritères consiste à comparer les performances (environnementale, économique, agronomique) des systèmes de cultures irrigués en ACS, caractérisée par l’absence de travail du sol, la rotation culturale et la couverture permanente, par rapport à des systèmes conventionnels dans la zone d’étude (TCS ou techniques culturales simplifiées, ou labour). L’analyse s’intéresse notamment aux indicateurs d’efficience de l’utilisation de l’eau. L’évaluation multicritères est analysée au prisme de la caractérisation des essais (suivi hydrique et du développement végétatif).

Les attentes sociétales envers l’agriculture augmentent, notamment en matière d’'agroécologie et d’économie d'eau. La transition des systèmes dits « conventionnels » vers des systèmes économes en intrants mène les agriculteurs hors de leur zone de confort. Ils doivent gérer de nouvelles incertitudes. Un accompagnement adapté doit être développé pour les appuyer dans ce cheminement. C’est dans ce contexte qu’a été conduit le projet TACSCII (Transition agroécologique des systèmes de culture irrigués innovants). Mené dans le département du Gers, il a pour objectif l’accompagnement d’un collectif d’agriculteurs pilotes dans la transition agroécologique, et plus spécifiquement dans la transition vers l’agriculture de conservation des sols, dans l’optique de réaliser des économies d’intrants dont des économies d’eau. Cet article explore les méthodes d’accompagnement mises en œuvre pour la transition agroécologique, le diagnostic des freins et leviers rencontrés en cours de route, ainsi que le suivi et l’évaluation des impacts. L’étude présente également les résultats directs observés sur les pratiques agricoles et les résultats indirects sur les collectifs et acteurs environnants. De plus, l’article situe cette méthode d’accompagnement dans le contexte plus large de l’écosystème régional soutenant la transition agroécologique des grandes cultures.

Societal Impact Statement Vanilla is one of the most valuable spices in the world. In Madagascar and La Réunion, the world's leading producers, vanilla is of great economic and cultural importance. Like all orchids, vanilla plants associate with mycorrhizal fungi in their roots forming mutualistic associations that allow them to grow and thrive. Understanding the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi adapted to vanilla cultivation, particularly in the Indian Ocean islands where they have never previously been studied, is becoming a necessity for maintaining vanilla crops in these regions in the face of climate change and the emergence of new pathogens. Summary The vanilla orchid (Vanilla spp.) is one of the most valuable cultivated plants worldwide. As with all orchids, vanillas form mycorrhizal associations with fungi in their roots, but their fungal partners have not been investigated outside their native geographic range in Central America. We investigated the whole fungal and mycorrhizal associations in cultivated vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) by sequencing the fungal ITS‐2 marker in the terrestrial and aerial roots using a metabarcoding approach. We selected plants cultivated in three conditions (i.e., cultivation under shade house, in openfield, or in the understory) in one locality of La Réunion island (Indian Ocean) and tested for a possible effect of cultivation practices on fungal communities. Cultivated vanillas in La Réunion mainly associate with Tulasnellaceae (75 OTUs) and Ceratobasidiaceae (8 OTUs). Among the seven most abundant Tulasnellaceae, six are similar to fungi detected in the roots of cultivated vanillas in Central America or in the roots of native orchids in La Réunion. Cultivation practices impacted both total fungal and mycorrhizal community compositions with no clear effect on fungal richness. Notably, Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae were scarce in aerial roots, except in the traditional cultivation in the forest understory. These results shed light on the geographical origins of mycorrhizal fungi of cultivated vanillas in La Réunion and show that they form a pool of both locally and globally distributed fungal partners. These mycorrhizal communities vary according to cultivation practices, and their potential roles in plant nutrition and resistance against pathogens await further attention.

Presentación del número

Este artículo explora la situación de las fronteras amazónicas de los imperios ibéricos en el contexto de la aplicación del Tratado de Madrid (1750) y de la guerra de los Siete Años, que implicó a las principales potencias europeas desde 1756 y a las dos monarquías ibéricas entre 1762 y 1763. Se analizan diferentes escenarios de frontera, poniendo el énfasis en las modalidades de resistencia de los grupos indígenas que, en algunos casos, fueron capaces de modificar los planes de los ibéricos y condicionar el devenir de la guerra. Se presentan también algunas de las distintas territorialidades que existieron en aquellas fronteras, así como las variadas estrategias de ambas Coronas para imponer sus propios proyectos sobre las poblaciones que ocupaban las fronteras.

The objective of this study is to analyze the degree of sexualization observed in TikTok videos and to compare it with the narratives of young people about the social network. A mixed-methods research design was used combining (1) a quantitative observational study based on measuring indicators of sexualization in 648 videos published by the 12 TikTokers most followed in Spain and (2) a qualitative study with 12 in-depth interviews to TikTok users (6 male, 6 female) between 8 and 17 years old from Spain. The video analysis reveal hypersexualized behaviors in 10/12 accounts, without statistically significant gender differences. Narratives about the social network showed ambivalent ideas, considering it a fundamental space for fun and socialization while being aware of numerous risks and threats. Sexualization is described with the expression "being loose" and is recognized as an intrinsic characteristic of the network. The discourses on hypersexualization are markedly gendered, recognizing sexualization almost exclusively in women. Some young people perceive self-sexualization as a form of self-empowerment, while when they describe it in other women, it is penalized and negatively valued as a form of objectification that favors bullying. They also warn about its impact on self-esteem and mental health, especially in terms of those bodies that do not fit into body hierarchies. The climate of the network facilitates criticism and insult, the dissociation between the real and virtual self, and that public exposure increases their vulnerability. It is urgent to advance digital affective-sexual education that addresses these problems.

Author(s): Anastasiya Ivanova-Serokhvostova [sup.1] , Beatriz Molinuevo [sup.1] , Leonor González [sup.2] , Ed L. B. Hilterman [sup.3] [sup.4] , Yolanda Pardo [sup.1] [sup.5] [sup.12] , Vanessa Pera-Guardiola [sup.6] [sup.7] [...], The current study examined the psychometric properties (factor structure, reliability and validity) of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth et al., 2003 (See CR28)) in Spanish samples of male justice-involved youths between 15 and 22-years old. The PCL:YV was administered to two groups of youths who were incarcerated (n = 62; n = 95) and a sample of youth on probation (n = 122). Confirmatory factor analyses showed acceptable-to-good fit for three- and four-factor models. The four-factor hierarchical model with a second-order higher factor representing the whole psychopathy construct was considered for further analyses. PCL:YV scores showed high internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. Low-to-moderate convergence with other measures of psychopathic traits evinced an adequate convergent validity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the PCL:YV total scores were also confirmed considering several measures of psychopathology and personality traits. Importantly, the differential external correlates of the PCL:YV factors provide support for a multidimensional conceptualization of the psychopathy construct. Altogether, these results reveal adequate psychometric properties of the PCL:YV in Spanish population of justice-involved youths and justifies its use to assess psychopathic traits in this kind of populations.

Abstract The nasal microbiota plays an important role in animal health and the use of antibiotics is a major factor that influences its composition. Here, we studied the consequences of an intensive antibiotic treatment, applied to sows and/or their offspring, on the piglets’ nasal microbiota. Four pregnant sows were treated with crystalline ceftiofur and tulathromycin (CTsows) while two other sows received only crystalline ceftiofur (Csows). Sow treatments were performed at D-4 (four days pre-farrowing), D3, D10 and D17 for ceftiofur and D-3, D4 and D11 for tulathromycin. Half of the piglets born to CTsows were treated at D1 with ceftiofur. Nasal swabs were taken from piglets at 22–24 days of age and bacterial load and nasal microbiota composition were defined by 16 s rRNA gene qPCR and amplicon sequencing. Antibiotic treatment of sows reduced their nasal bacterial load, as well as in their offspring, indicating a reduced bacterial transmission from the dams. In addition, nasal microbiota composition of the piglets exhibited signs of dysbiosis, showing unusual taxa. The addition of tulathromycin to the ceftiofur treatment seemed to enhance the deleterious effect on the microbiota diversity by diminishing some bacteria commonly found in the piglets’ nasal cavity, such as Glaesserella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Staphylococcus and several members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. On the other hand, the additional treatment of piglets with ceftiofur resulted in no further effect beyond the treatment of the sows. Altogether, these results suggest that intensive antibiotic treatments of sows, especially the double antibiotic treatment, disrupt the nasal microbiota of their offspring and highlight the importance of sow-to-piglet microbiota transmission.

A pesar de que el emprendimiento femenino cada vez adquiere mayor protagonismo en la sociedad, existen ciertos obstáculos que ralentizan su evolución. Entre estos obstáculos destacan lo contextuales como la falta de visibilidad, los ecológicos, que dificultan el acceso a financiación, y los blandos relacionados con la autoconfianza u otras barreras psicológicas. En este sentido, el nivel de atención plena contribuye a superar algunos de estos obstáculos al desarrollar una conducta de no juicio y traer al presente la atención, mejorando la conciencia, empatía, compasión y capacidad de autoobservación, y ayudando a que el individuo reconozca y evalué nuevas oportunidades de negocio. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar el papel de la mujer en el emprendimiento empresarial desde una perspectiva trasnacional, y analizar en qué medida el nivel de atención plena influye en la actitud emprendedora. Para este fin, se lleva a cabo un estudio empírico en el que se han obtenido 105 cuestionarios de mujeres españolas y ecuatorianas. Los resultados muestran que el nivel de atención plena y la actitud emprendedora femenina están correlacionados positivamente, sin embargo, aunque se observa una diferencia en el nivel de atención plena en favor de las mujeres ecuatorianas, no existen diferencias en la actitud emprendedora entre ambos países.

Este artículo reseña: Anguita Osuna, José Enrique, La seguridad interior en la Unión Europea. Del Acuerdo de Schengen 1985 a la Estrategia para una Unión de la Seguridad 2020, Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, 2021, 390 pp.

In contrast to most mammals, elephants express a life-long dentition change called molar progression, with a continuous change in size of the grinding surface. This may impact chewing efficiency and consequently lead to age-related variation in faecal particle size. Assessing faecal particle size relies on tedious laboratory analysis and would benefit by a more simple and practical method. We develop such a method and evaluate its reliability by comparison with the results from laboratory analysis. The method was based on measuring the 10 largest particles per sample and produced comparable ranking as laboratory analysis, in four test-elephants.

La Política de Defensa de la Unión Europea ha vivido un proceso de aceleración en su integración en los últimos años, principalmente motivado por los acontecimientos internacionales y el ascendente desarrollo tecnológico. Las transformaciones han evidenciado la falta de capacidades de Europa para hacer frente a las nuevas amenazas híbridas del siglo XXI. Tras la victoria talibán en Afganistán y el acuerdo AUKUS suscrito por Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y Australia, la Unión Europea ha dado inicio un proceso de reflexión que pueden llegar a conducir a una defensa europea común.

The cloister from the old monastery of San Francisco (Cazalla de la Sierra, Seville) has been suffering a series of remodeling transformations from its original construction in the 16th century to the current day. Thus, a study of building archaeology needed to be accomplished by using photogrammetric techniques by SfM (Structure from Motion) and laser scanning or TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning), which ensure the geometric exactitude and high resolution of the facings surveying. For that, over 500 images were taken for the 4 existing facings (about 78 lineal meters) from which a photogrammetric model was obtained of over 50 million polygons, as well as a cloud of over 40 million points from the laser scanning. It can be concluded that by using the techniques of SfM, the task of documenting, analyzing and studying the facings of the historical building in order to establish its evolutional process gains not only precision and exactitude but also opens the possibility to go further by obtaining products that are capable of helping us conserve, restore and protect the historical heritage, as well as generate the 3D virtualizations planned for the diffusion.