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Le présent article de la série Aperçus traite des changements dans les attentes des parents (entre la période précédant et la période suivant le début du confinement associé à la pandémie de COVID-19) en ce qui concerne la poursuite d’études postsecondaires par leurs enfants. La présente étude vise à déterminer si les attentes des parents à l’égard de leurs enfants en ce qui a trait aux études supérieures et leurs plans pour aider leurs enfants à assumer les aspects financiers des études postsecondaires, au moyen de l’épargne et d’autres façons, ont changé depuis le début de la pandémie de COVID-19. L’analyse est fondée sur l’Enquête sur les approches en matière de planification des études (EAPE), menée entre le 2 février et le 20 juin 2020. L’échantillon comprend les enfants de 17 ans et moins qui n’avaient pas encore commencé d’études postsecondaires et dont le parent ou le tuteur légal a répondu à l’enquête.

This policy brief focuses on changes in the wages of university educated new immigrants over the 1980-2005 period in Canada and the United States. Generally speaking, wage outcomes for this group were superior in the U.S. Wages of university educated new immigrants relative to domestic born university graduates declined in Canada over that period but rose in the United States. Also, the university wage premium — the difference in the wages of the university and high school educated — for new immigrants was similar in both countries in 1980, but rose over the next two decades in the United States while staying fairly static in Canada. The vast majority of this difference occurred in the 1990s, and coincided with a larger influx of immigrants to Canada than the United States, relative to the 1980s levels, and more of them arriving with degrees. The paper discusses a number of possible reasons for this divergence in immigrant wages between the two countries.

While an extensive literature examines the association between immigrants' characteristics and their earnings in Canada, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the relative importance of various human capital factors, such as language, work experience and education when predicting the earnings of economic immigrants. The decline in immigrant earnings since the 1980s, which was concentrated among economic immigrants, promoted changes to the points system in the early 1990s and in 2002, in large part, to improve immigrant earnings. Knowledge of the relative role of various characteristics in determining immigrant earnings is important when making such changes. This paper addresses two questions. First, what is the relative importance of observable human capital factors when predicting earnings of economic immigrants (principal applicants), who are selected by the points system? Second, does the relative importance of these factors vary in the short, intermediate, and long terms? This research employs Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB).

Une abondante litterature traite du lien entre les caracteristiques des immigrants et leurs gains au Canada, mais les connaissances sont limitees en ce qui a trait a l?importance relative de divers facteurs lies au capital humain comme la langue, l?experience de travail et le niveau de scolarite pour predire les gains des immigrants de la composante economique. La diminution des gains des immigrants depuis les annees 1980, laquelle etait concentree chez les immigrants de la composante economique, a favorise des changements dans le systeme de points au debut des annees 1990 et en 2002, principalement dans le but d?ameliorer les gains des immigrants. Quand vient le temps d?effectuer de tels changements, il est important de connaitre le role relatif des differentes caracteristiques qui servent a determiner les gains des immigrants. Le present document porte sur deux questions. Tout d?abord, quelle est l?importance relative de facteurs observables lies au capital humain pour predire les gains des immigrants de la composante economique (demandeurs principaux) qui sont selectionnes par le systeme de points? Ensuite, l?importance relative de ces facteurs varie-t-elle a court, moyen ou long terme? Cette recherche est fondee sur la Base de donnees longitudinales sur les immigrants (BDIM) de Statistique Canada.

Canada and the United States have recently experienced an increase in the regional dispersion of entering immigrants. American research suggests that a mixture of economic push factors (away from states like California) and pull factors (toward states with growth of low-wage jobs), as well as changing government policies and regulations contributed to the development of the `New Gateways.? Very few studies have been conducted to determine why the regional dispersion of entering immigrants occurred in Canada. This paper assesses the relative importance of immigrant selection programs and immigrant source regions in accounting for changes in the regional dispersion of entering immigrants during the 2000s.

Tant au Canada qu?aux Etats-Unis, on a constate recemment un accroissement de la dispersion regionale des nouveaux immigrants. Selon des etudes menees aux Etats-Unis, une combinaison de facteurs economiques ayant un effet d?eloignement (des Etats tels que la Californie) et de facteurs ayant un effet d?attraction (vers les Etats ou les emplois faiblement remuneres sont en croissance), ainsi que les changements de politiques et de reglements publics ont contribue a l?apparition de . Tres peu d?etudes ont ete menees afin de determiner quelles ont ete les causes de la dispersion des immigrants entrant au Canada. Le present document a pour objet d?evaluer l?importance relative des programmes de selection des immigrants et des regions d?origine des immigrants dans l?explication des changements dans la repartition regionale des nouveaux immigrants au cours des annees 2000.

This study documents the prevalence and nature of re-employment among workers who left long-term jobs in paid employment at age 50 or older. The analysis is based on a 28-year administrative panel dataset, the Longitudinal Worker File, capitalizing on its large sample size and detailed information on mobility across employers. The study examines the prevalence, time and covariates of re-employment as a paid employee and in unincorporated self-employment; the nature of paid re-employment, including job duration, mobility across industry and firm size; the distribution of average earnings in re-employment compared with the long-term job; and the covariates of low and high relative earnings in re-employment.

La presente etude rend compte de la prevalence et de la nature du reemploi chez les travailleurs qui ont quitte un emploi a long terme a titre de salaries a l'age de 50 ans et plus. L'analyse est fondee sur le Fichier de donnees longitudinales sur la main-d'oeuvre, un ensemble de donnees de panel administratif portant sur une periode de 28 ans, et tire parti de la grande taille de son echantillon et des renseignements detailles sur la mobilite entre les employeurs. L'etude examine la prevalence, la duree et les covariables du reemploi a titre de salarie ou de travailleur autonome au sein d'une entreprise non constituee en societe; la nature du reemploi remunere, y compris la duree de l'emploi, la mobilite entre les secteurs d'activite et la taille de l'entreprise; la repartition des gains moyens du reemploi par rapport aux gains de l'emploi a long terme; et les covariables des gains relatifs faibles et eleves du reemploi.

Les mesures du bien etre subjectif occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans les discussions strategiques qui se tiennent a l'echelle internationale concernant la question de savoir quel est le meilleur moyen de mesurer le et le bien etre des populations nationales. Ce point a des consequences pour les organismes statistiques nationaux, car on leur demande d'incorporer a leurs enquetes menages des mesures du bien etre subjectif (Organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques, 2013). Cela fait 25 ans que Statistique Canada incorpore a ses enquetes des mesures du bien etre subjectif - particulierement la satisfaction a l'egard de la vie - quoique le libelle des questions et les categories de reponses aient evolue avec le temps. Ainsi, l'Enquete sociale generale (ESG) et l'Enquete sur la sante dans les collectivites canadiennes (ESCC) de Statistique Canada fournissent une bonne occasion de proceder a un examen de la stabilite des reponses aux questions sur la satisfaction a l'egard de la vie et de leurs correlats au fil des ans a l'interieur d'un cadre analytique coherent.

Measures of subjective well-being are increasingly prominent in international policy discussions about how best to measure "societal progress" and the well-being of national populations. This has implications for national statistical offices, as calls have been made for them to include measures of subjective well-being in their household surveys (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2013). Statistics Canada has included measures of subjective well-being - particularly life satisfaction - in its surveys for twenty-five years, although the wording of these questions and the response categories have evolved over time. Statistics Canada's General Social Survey (GSS) and Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) offer a valuable opportunity to examine the stability of life satisfaction responses and their correlates from year to year using a consistent analytical framework.

Puisque les premiers membres de la generation du baby-boom ont maintenant atteint la mi-soixantaine, on s'interesse grandement a la strategie de retraite de ces personnes et au moment auquel ils la prennent. Pour mieux definir le contexte general de cette question, le present document fournit des renseignements sur les antecedents professionnels des personnes de 33 a 38 ans en 1983 et donc de 60 a 65 ans en 2010. La duree observee de l'emploi le plus long a servi de cadre conceptuel a l'etude, et des mesures sommaires d'indicateurs comme le nombre d'annees d'emploi, le roulement de l'emploi, les gains annuels et cumulatifs, les mises a pied permanentes et temporaires et les annees de service ouvrant droit a pension sont presentees. Les membres de la cohorte sont divises en trois grandes categories en fonction de leurs caracteristiques d'emploi, soit les travailleurs peu lies au marche du travail, les travailleurs mobiles et les travailleurs a long terme, chaque categorie comprenant respectivement le dixieme, le quart et les deux tiers des membres de la cohorte.

With the leading edge of the baby boom generation now in their mid-sixties, there is considerable interest in how and when these individuals will retire. To help place this issue in a broader context, this paper provides information on the employment histories of individuals who were aged 33 to 38 in 1983 and aged 60 to 65 in 2010. The longest observed duration of employment is used as an organizing framework, with summary measures presented on indicators such as years of employment, job turnover, annual and cumulative earnings, permanent and temporary layoffs, and years of pensionable service. Cohort members are loosely categorized as 'marginally attached workers', 'mobile workers', or 'long-term-job holders' according to their employment characteristics, with about one-tenth, one-quarter, and two-thirds of cohort members in these groups, respectively.

This study examines long-term earnings losses of workers laid off during the early 1990s and the early 2000s using data from Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Worker File (LWF). In contrast to earlier studies, many of which focused on narrowly defined samples, this study compares earnings losses across all groups of displaced workers with stable labour market attachment prior to layoff. The study shows that focusing solely on high-seniority laid-off workers or workers laid off in firm closures leads to the exclusion of at least two-thirds of Canadian displaced workers with stable labour market attachment.

On compare dans le present document les changements dans les salaires des nouveaux travailleurs immigrants titulaires d'un diplome universitaire au Canada et aux Etats-Unis au cours de la periode allant de 1980 a 2005 a ceux de leurs homologues nes au pays et a ceux des diplomes d'etudes secondaires (avantage salarial du diplome universitaire). Les salaires des nouveaux immigrants de sexe masculin titulaires d'un diplome universitaire ont diminue par rapport a ceux des titulaires d'un diplome universitaire nes au pays au cours de l'ensemble de la periode a l'etude au Canada, mais ont augmente entre 1990 et 2000 aux Etats-Unis. Les caracteristiques des immigrants arrivant au pays ont connu plus de changements au Canada qu'aux Etats-Unis au cours de la periode de 1980 a 2005. Par consequent, les changements dans la composition de la population immigrante ont eu un effet negatif plus grand sur les resultats des immigrants tres scolarises au Canada qu'aux Etats-Unis. Toutefois, meme une fois pris en compte ces changements dans la composition, la plupart des ecarts entre les gains relatifs des immigrants au Canada et des immigrants aux Etats-Unis se sont maintenus. L'avantage salarial du diplome universitaire dans le cas des nouveaux immigrants a ete a peu pres similaire dans les deux pays en 1980, mais etait considerablement plus grand aux Etats-Unis qu'au Canada en 2000, particulierement pour les hommes.

This thesis explores several issues in the adaptation process of immigrants and their children in Canada. Chapter 2 investigates why second-generation immigrants are better educated than the remaining population. Using a standard human capital framework where individuals choose how much to invest in both their children's and their own human capital, I show that a gap in education can arise in the absence of differences in unobservable characteristics between immigrants and the native born. Rather, it can arise due to institutional factors such as imperfect transferability of foreign human capital and credit constraints. The model's key implication is a negative relationship between parental human capital investments and children's educational attainment, particularly in families with uneducated parents. I find strong empirical evidence of such tradeoffs in human capital investments occurring within immigrant families. Chapter 3 re-assesses the effect of living in an ethnic enclave on labour market outcomes of immigrants. I find evidence of cohort effects in the relationship between mean earnings and the proportion of co-ethnics in the CMA which vary by education level. Next, using information on the proportion of one's friends who share one's ethnicity, I test a common assumption that the enclave effect is a network effect. I find that traditional, geography-based measures of the ethnic enclave effect capture the impact of factor(s) other than social networks. In fact, the two effects generally offset each other to some degree in determining immigrant employment outcomes. Neither measure has a statistically significant effect on average immigrant earnings, at least in cross-sectional data. Chapter 4, co-authored with David Green and Craig Riddell, tests two alternative theories about why immigrants earn less than native-born workers with similar educational attainment and experience - discrimination versus lower skills (measured by literacy test scores). We find that immigrant workers educated abroad have lower cognitive skill levels (assessed in English or French) than similar native-born workers. This skills gap can explain much of the earnings gap. At the same time, foreign-educated immigrants receive no lower returns to skills than the native born. These results offer strong evidence against the discrimination hypothesis.