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A literature search was conducted to identify original research articles and case reports that tackled oral conditions and associated factors that result in sequestrum formation and bone exposure. The causes of 'osteonecrosis of the jaw' were divided into the following conditions: systemic medication use, radiation, bacterial, viral and deep fungal infections, idiopathy, and other etiologies.

A study on morbidity associated with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw treatments is presented. The measures to be taken to diagnose and treat this disease are also presented.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is an ailment characterized by an area of exposed bone in the mandible, maxilla or palate that does not heal for 6 to 8 weeks. Predisposing factors for osteonecrosis appear to be dental disease, dental surgery, oral trauma, periodontitis and poor dental hygiene for which bisphosphonates are a suggested form of treatment.

A study evaluating the effectiveness of bisphosphonates, inhibitors of osteoclasts, as earlier thought to reduce the consequences of metastatic bone disease, but reported in recent studies, as causing osteonecrosis of jaws, is presented.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common among construction workers like masons, while interventions are available to reduce masons' exposure to heavy lifting, a risk for MSDs. A study determines whether one such intervention, the use of light-weight concrete blocks, reduces physiological loads compared to standard-weight blocks.

Musculoskeletal disorders are more common among women than among men. When comparing the difference between men and women in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, methodological problems arise as men and women seldom perform the same type of activities, neither at work nor at home. The main objective of this cross-sectional case study was to compare work technique and self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms between men and women performing the same type of work tasks within a metal industry. Other factors, such as leisure activities, were also taken into consideration. Three data collection methods were used; questionnaire, interviews and systematic observations. The results from the observations revealed that women worked more frequently and during longer times with their hands above shoulder height than men. Working with hands above shoulder height is considered a risk factor for neck and shoulder disorders according to previous studies. Workplace design factors were probably a reason for differences in working technique between men and women. A higher proportion of women than men reported shoulder symptoms. Women spent more time on household activities than men, which indicates a higher total workload in paid and unpaid work. Keywords: Ergonomic observation method: Gender differences; Leisure activities

A woman was diagnosed to have bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis (BON) or the appearance of necrotic bone anywhere in the oral cavity of a patient treated with biphosphonate who has never received radiation thereapy to the head and neck area. The care and treatment for the disease is supplied.

A systematic review that found an association between osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment of patients with cancer was limited to studies published in English. However, the study's implication to dental practice is that dentists should perform dental surgery before this treatment if necessary.

OBJECTIVE. Normal to severely decreased bone mineral density has been reported in children with type 1 diabetes. To detect possible abnormalities in bone mineralization, geometry, and muscle bone unit, we measured selective parameters in children with type 1 diabetes using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. METHODS. Measurements of the radius by peripheral quantitative computed tomography were made to assess cortical and trabecular bone characteristics as well as muscle mass in 88 patients (42 girls, 46 boys) at a mean age of 11.7 [+ or -] 3.0 years, a mean disease duration of 5.6 [+ or -] 3.7 years, and a mean manifestation age of type 1 diabetes of 6.1 [+ or -] 3.5 years. Height, weight, Tanner stage, insulin regimen, and glycosylated hemoglobin values were recorded. Bone metabolism was studied by measurement of bone formation and bone resorption parameters. Dynamic muscle force was measured using a grip strength device. RESULTS. Overall, cortical, trabecular, and total bone mineral density were within the reference range. Total and cortical bone cross-sectional area and muscle mass were low in prepubertal patients, and total cross-sectional area was low in early puberty. Adolescent patients showed normal bone and muscle parameters. Grip strength and recreational physical activity were normal in all in relation to a healthy reference population. In a subgroup of 18 patients, early manifestation of type 1 diabetes was detected as a risk factor for altered bone development with significantly reduced cortical bone mineral density and total, cortical, and muscle cross-sectional area (-0.9 [+ or -] 1.3 SD, -2.1 [+ or -] 1.3 SD, -1.6 [+ or -] 0.7 SD, and -1.0 [+ or -] 0.7 SD, respectively). Bone characteristics were not influenced by metabolic control, disease duration, or insulin regimen. CONCLUSIONS. Manifestation of type 1 diabetes at an early age may impair bone development. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether this impairment persists into adolescence and adulthood. KEY WORDS. type 1 diabetes, osteopenia, bone mineral density, bone geometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography., Susanne Bechtold, MD, Isa Dirlenbach, MD, Klemens Raile, MD, Vera Noelle, MD, Walter Bonfig, MD, Hans Peter Schwarz, MD, [...]

The role of oral bisphonates, which are used to treat Osteoporosis, in inducing osteonecrosis of the jaws, is presented.

Discussion of risks of acquiring osteonecrosis while using biphosphonate medication for cancer treatment is presented. Its symptoms and treatment are discussed.