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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The papier mâché board, hemisphere and rope mock-up samples with Addendum in the background (A). Papier mâché board control (B) and with artificial soiled applied (C). Photos, Tate © The estate of Eva Hesse, courtesy Hauser & Wirth, Zürich. Fig. S2. Application method of a strip of Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 6 wrapped in spiral around a rope mock-up (A), with various strategies to ensure constant contact with the substrate, including cling film wrapped both at the end of the gel as well as around the entire gel strip (B); a small clamp used to fix and keep the gel ends in position (C); a small piece of plumbing pipe, cut in half and lined with Plastazote foam and Melinex (D) used to keep the gel in place during treatment (E). Photos © Tate. Fig. S3. Star diagram for cleaning tests performed on the rope mock-ups, with an optimised aqueous fluid (i.e. ECOSURF™ EH-6/TAC blend at 1% w/w. and 2% w/w. respectively) loaded into 4 containing systems: Xanthan gum; Shin-Etsu KSG350z; Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 6; TT14 thin. Image © Tate. Fig. S4. FTIR 2D mapping of the mock up sample, showing a control area with artificial soil applied (A, B), a control unsoiled area (C, D), and areas cleaned using an ECOSURF™ EH-6/TAC blend at 1% w/w. and 2% w/w. w/w. respectively, applied through various confining systems, i.e. Xanthan gum (E, F), Shin-Etsu KSG 3500z (G, H) and TT14 thin gel (I, J). For each area, the image besides the visible map shows the corresponding 2D FTIR Imaging map, where the intensity of the band between 1083 and 960 cm−1 (assigned to the Si–O stretching of kaolin) was imaged. The corresponding FTIR spectra are shown in the right panel; each spectrum relates to a single pixel (5 × 5 µm2) of the corresponding 2D imaging map. All maps have dimensions of 700 × 700 µm2. Image © Tate and CSGI. Table S1. List of criteria and description of star diagram rating scales used to evaluate free- fluid options on Addendum. Table S2. List of criteria and description of star diagram rating scales used to evaluate the gels and emulsifiers on both mock-up samples and Addendum. Table S3. Key observations after trials of non-confined cleaning solutions (10-swab roll applications) on both papier mâché and rope mock-ups and Addendum. Clearance strategies are reported in Table 2. N.B: For all tests performed on Addendum's rope section , the surface appeared brittle and sensitive to mechanical action. Table S4. Key observations for tests on the mock-up samples with the TT series, modified from Nanorestore Gel® Peggy 5 (PVA/PVP-based hydrogels). These gels were specifically synthesized for use on the rope replica, with one option (TT16 thick) designed for the highly-textured papier mâché section.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The completed MSA paint (Magna equivalent) and Ben-Day dot (W&N oil paint) mock-up panels after the application of the artificial indoor soil. Figure S2. Digital microscopy (Hirox) images of the yellow MSA mock-up acquired for the control unsoiled and soiled areas, and for areas cleaned with the different gels prepared with deionised water only, and corresponding star diagrams. The scale bar is 1000 µm, magnification is x100. Figure S3. Colour change ΔE00 data after cleaning—left-hand panel (LHP, on the left) and right-hand panel (RHP, on the right). The white alkyd and yellow Magna areas became lighter, with the white alkyd also shifted to a less yellow hue. The red and black Magna areas became darker (i.e. more saturated). Figure S4. Gloss measurement data (at 60°) before (orange bars) and after (green bars) cleaning for left-hand panel (LHP, on the left) and right-hand panel (RHP, on the right). Minimal changes in gloss were noted, with most shifts falling within measurement error. Table S1. Key observations from discrete swab-roll trials with deionised water on Whaam!. Table S2. List of criteria and description of the rating scales used to evaluate free-liquid options on Whaam!. Table S3. List of criteria and descriptions of the rating scales used to evaluate the suitability of gels and emulsifiers on the range of mock-up samples and Whaam!. Table S4. Key observations from 10-swab roll trials with free-liquid options on the range of mock-up samples.

Cellulose-based artifacts are susceptible to fast degradation due to the presence of detrimental components and to the action of environmental pollutants. As a result, the acidity of pristine material increases, promoting the acid-catalysed depolymerisation of cellulose that alters the mechanical properties of paper. In this paper, the use of innovative dispersions of alkaline earth metal hydroxide nanoparticles will be discussed as a method of counteracting the degradation of paper. The application of the most recent formulations of nanoparticles dispersions for the deacidification of artworks will be highlighted. Finally, the usage of innovative gel formulations for the cleaning of cellulose-based artworks will be discussed., Studi di archivistica, bibliografia, paleografia