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Objective To better understand the risks of bisphosphonates in order to develop guidance for appropriate clinical usage, to compared femoral fracture healing at different time points and to explore the effects of Residronate on fracture healing. Methods Osteoporosis model was achieved by ovariectomy surgery, followed by surgical incision of left femoral shaft 4 weeks after ovariectomy surgery. Three days after fracture surgery, risedronateor saline was fed by intragastric administration. X ray examination was used to check the callus formation, Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Bone Mineral Content (BMC), biomechanical, imaging and micromorphological of bone tissue as well as the trabecular bone parameters were all examined. The femoral pathology tissue of each rat was used to analyze trabecular bone parameters, including trabecular bone volume/tissue volume (Tb. BV/TV), bone surface to tissue volume ratio (BS/TV), trabecular bone mineral density (Tb. BMD), trabecular bone number (Tb. N), trabecular bone thickness (Tb. Th) and small bone Trabecular bone space (Tb. Sp). Results Via X‐ray and pathologically, risedronate treatment promoted the callus forming at the fracture site during the following 6 weeks after osteoporotic fracture by X‐ray (P, Using a rat osteoporotic model and controls we compared femoral fracture healing at different time points to explore the effects of Residronate on fracture healing at different time points measured: (i) via x‐ray and pathologically; (ii) through evaluation of bone mineral density and bone mineral content; and (iii) through load testing. Our results demonstrate that Risedronate could promote fracture healing at the first 3 weeks but delayed healing at the following 3 weeks. During the first 3 weeks, risedronate could obviously increase the BMD, decrease the BMC and delay the decrease of BMC of the fracture site. During the healing process of osteoporotic fracture rats, risedronate can improve the structural strength and mechanical index of newborn callus. It strongly recommends that longer than 7 weeks usage of third generation bisphosphonate of risedronate does not contribute to osteoporotic fracture.

Background New bone formation can result from periosteal distraction. This is achieved through progressive uplifting of the periosteum by increasing the interface between it and the bone surface. Objective This study investigated the impact of gradual periosteal distraction using biodegradable materials and titanium distraction devices. Materials and methods 20 rabbits were separated into 2 groups. Distraction devices were placed in all groups after reflecting the calvarial periosteum. The device was actuated following 7 days. Group 1 got titanium device and Hydroxyapatite HA with poly- l -lactide (PLLA) device was utilized in group 2. Five animals were sacrificed from each group following 4 and 6 weeks. Newly formed bone was histologically and radiographically assessed. Results The histological observations showed that both distraction devices successfully induced osteogenesis and effectively distracted the soft tissue following 4 and six weeks. The study showed scattered bone trabeculae, with adipose tissue and multiple dome-shaped bones. Micro-computed tomography showed newly formed bone that was far less radiopaque than the initial basal bone. The connective tissue appeared as a radiolucent area that decreased gradually toward the fixation point of the device. At 6 weeks, the percentage of new bone was significantly higher than at 4 weeks for both devices. The PLLA device showed more bone than did the titanium device at both 4 and 6 weeks, but no significant difference was observed. Conclusions Both distraction devices were effective in distracting the periosteum and inducing new vascularized bone. The PLLA device induced more bone than the titanium device. Thus, the distractor composition may influence the new bone.

Objective.To study the dynamics of reparative bone tissue regeneration in experimental animals using a native transplantation autosmix (NTA).Materials and methods.Male Wistar rats weighing 180–200 g and aged 6–7 months were used. Bone tissue defects were modelled using a cutter with a diameter of 2 mm (experimental group). A similar defect of the middle third of the right tibia was formed in the control group animals without flling the defects with bone tissue. The animals were removed from the experiment on days 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 of the experiment (per 6 animals for each observation period). The indicators of defect occupancy, necrosis, the area of bone trabeculae, the area of granulation tissue were determined in the histological sections. All the indicators were presented as percentage of the tested area. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts were calculated in absolute values on the tested area.Results.The study has showed a higher rate of bone tissue formation in the bone defects in the experimental animals after autotransplantation of the bone mixture. Bone recovery in the experimental group had a higher rate, which was manifested by faster flling of the bone tissue defect, a low percentage of the necrosis area, a higher area of bone trabeculae, its rapid transformation into lamellar bone tissue.Conclusion.Osteogenesis had practically completed by day 30 of the experiment. At the same time, in the control group it had completed by day 60. The results obtained are a theoretical precondition for further research in the feld of bone autoplasty. Advanced development of surgical and minimally invasive technologies of bone mixture application will increase the effciency of modern reconstructive surgery of bones and joints.

Femoral head osteonecrosis, also known as avascular necrosis, is a disease with a multifactorial etiology, characterized by a profound change of bone architecture, which leads to the diminishing of bone resistance and femoral head collapse. The main causes that lead to femoral head necrosis are represented by the decrease of local blood perfusion and increase of intraosseous pressure, because of an excessive development of adipose tissue in the areolas of the trabecular bone tissue in the femoral head. The histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study performed by us showed that most of bone trabeculae were damaged by necrotic-involutive processes, their sizes being reduced, both regarding their length and their diameter; generally, the spans were thin, fragmented, distanced among them, which led to the occurrence of some large areolar cavities, full of conjunctive tissue, rich in adipocytes. Some of the residual bone spans even presented microfractures. In the structure of the trabecular bone tissue, numerous cavities showed lack of content, which indicates the death of osteocytes inside, while the endosteum appeared very thin, with few osteoprogenitor, flattened, difficult to highlight cells. The IHC study showed a low reaction of the bone reparatory processes and a reduced multiplication capacity of bone cells involved in the remodeling and remake of the diseased bone tissue. Nevertheless, there were identified numerous young conjunctive cells (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts), positive to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cells that have a high capacity of multiplication, participating in the formation of a fibrous conjunctive tissue (sclerous) instead of the damaged bone trabeculae. The formation of fibrous conjunctive tissue causes the reduction of mechanical resistance of the femoral head and its collapse. The IHC study of the microvascularization in the femoral head damaged by aseptic osteonecrosis showed the presence of a very low vascular system, both in the residual bone trabeculae and in the sclerous conjunctive tissue. Of the inflammatory cells present in the spongy bone tissue of the femoral head affected by osteonecrosis, the most numerous ones were the macrophages. Both macrophages and T- and B-lymphocytes had a heterogenous distribution.

We report the peculiar case of a parosteal osteosarcoma arising beneath the periosteum in a 12-year-old boy. He complained of difficulty in left knee flexion. Plain radiography showed a uniformly dense mineralized mass in the bone cortex and parosteal ossified nodules at the metaphysis and diaphysis of the left distal femur. Periosteal reaction was not evident. Uniquely, plain radiography had a smooth outline and revealed gradually thickening mass toward the center. Histologically, the tumor showed a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells with parallel-oriented dense bone trabeculae and hyaline cartilaginous tissue disclosing mild atypia. The periosteum was inverted along the polypoid mass, but there was no periosteum at the top. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells, including those at the top of the polypoid mass, and cartilaginous cells were positive for MDM2 and CDK4. MDM2 gene amplification was detected in these cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Despite the peculiar feature of plain radiography, the lesion was diagnosed as parosteal osteosarcoma. This case report presents a case of parosteal osteosarcoma arising beneath the periosteum, although it is postulated to arise in the outer layer of the periosteum. The unique radiographic findings in this case suggest an association of parosteal osteosarcoma with vigorous bone growth before closure of the growth plate.

The aim of the study is to improve the method of surgical treatment for patients with tumors of long bones with the use of segmental bone allograft. Material and method. The authors have improved the method of surgical treatment of patients with tumor bone lesions using segmental allografts. Step-cut osteotomy was performed to achieve the best contact between the allograft and the recipient bone, fixation was performed with intramedullar interlocking nail without the use of bone cement, and primary bone autoplasty was done to achieve better reparation. The method was clinically tested and the results of its application were studied (radiologically, morphologically). A morphological study of the contact zone between the allograft and the recipient's bone was conducted. Results. The effectiveness of the developed method was proved. As a follow-up result among patients who underwent surgical treatment according to the developed method, the following complications were noted: ischemic necrosis of soft tissues (due to intraoperative ligation of an artery which was surrounded by a tumor) – 1 case; tumor recurrence resulting in a limb amputation – 1 patient. During the macroscopic study of a removed fragment (after amputation), the fusion between allograft and recipient bone was observed. As a result of histological and X-ray examination, bone regeneration was seen in the area of contact between the allograft and the recipient bone. The histological examination also was used to clearly visualize the removed fragment of the affected tibia, in particular the contact zone between the allograft and the recipient bone, and the bone implant material, on the outer surface and internal parts of which, the formation of new bone tissue in the form of layering of the bone trabeculae was seen. Thus, the bone tissue was formed on the surface of allogeneic bone material and sprouted into its internal parts, forming a stiff bone – implant contact. Conclusions. Using the technique of bioreconstruction of the long bone defects allows the bone tissue of the affected limb to be preserved as much as possible, to restore the surrounding soft tissues and avoid infectious and allergic reactions in comparison with modular endoprosthetics. Fixation of the allograft and the recipient bone using step-cut osteotomy with the additional insertion of an interlocking intramedullar nail allows getting a stable «construction» and maximizing the contact zone of the bone tissue (the allograft and the recipient bone).

Relevance. Detection of maxillofacial pathomorphological changes in children with connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) allows identifying the nature and severity of disorders, as well as it serves the basis for selecting the best treatment options in view of the pathogenetic features. The purpose is to improve the diagnosis of periodontal diseases in children with CTD based on x-ray morphometric indices of the lower jaw and peripheral skeleton ultrasound osteodensitometry.Materials and methods. 92 children with varying CTD severity, and 43 healthy children, underwent cone-beam computed tomogram examination with a further analysis of their X-ray morphometric (quantitative, qualitative) values and the lower jaw optical density indices. Besides, the status of the peripheral skeleton bone tissue was also determined through quantitative ultrasonic densitometry.Results. Quantitative X-ray morphometric indices in healthy children and children with CTD revealed strong positive correlation with the Z-criterion of osteodensitometry, offering an objective reflection of the bone tissue status in the peripheral skeleton.Conclusion. CTD progression in children correlates with the bone structure destruction intensity in the maxillofacial area, an increase in chronic productive inflammation, a decrease in the bone density, bone tissue fibrous transformation, a decrease in the thickness of cortical, and fiber-dissociation in closing, plates, of the lower jaw, prevalence of mid- and fine-meshed bone pattern, disturbed spatial orientation and thinning of bone trabeculae, as well as the development of pathologies in the periodontium.

We report here on the histological and structural characteristics of the gas bladder, the vertebral morphology, and the bladder-vertebra relationships of the butterfly fish, Pantodon buchholzi. The bladder opens at the boundary between the pharynx and the esophagus by a middle slit. A pneumatic duct is absent. The bladder shows a dorsolateral wall that adapts to the anfractuosities of the coelomic cavity and a ventral wall in contact with the abdominal organs. The vertebral bodies are formed by an hourglass shaped autocentrum, and by an arcocentrum reduced to several longitudinal ridges. The transverse processes adopt the structure of a cage whose walls are formed by bone trabeculae of variable size and distribution pattern. The dorsolateral wall of the bladder is a membrane that covers the kidney, adapts to the irregular shape of the vertebrae, and invades the transverse processes at several points before extending laterally. However, invasion of the vertebral bodies, the presence of a labyrinth, or the formation of respiratory parenchyma were not observed. The luminal surface of this wall is a thin respiratory barrier containing a single epithelial cell type. In addition, the wall contains numerous eosinophils that may be implicated in immune defense. The bladder ventral wall is a membrane rich in collagen, vessels, smooth muscle, and nerves that lacks a respiratory barrier. Its luminal surface contains ciliated and nonciliated cells. The two cell types appear implicated in surfactant production.

Synthetic scaffolds, as an alternative to allograft and xenograft scaffolds, are suitable for bone regeneration. This study aimed to synthesize a composite biomaterial of zeolite and beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) to obtain a biocompatible material with physical and mechanical properties in bone regeneration. One scaffold without zeolite (βZG 0) and two scaffolds with different amounts of zeolite (βZG 1 and βZG 2) were synthesized. The scaffolds were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, compressive strength test, MTT assay, and radiographic and histological analyses. The XRD results confirmed the presence of βTCP and ZSM-5 phases in the composite scaffolds and also, indicated that the addition of gelatin decrease the crystallinity of composite scaffolds. FTIR revealed the gelatin, β-TCP and ZSM-5 functional groups in the composite structure. βZG 2 group had the maximum porosity among the scaffolds (74%) ranging in size from 61-600 µm. Compressive strength test showed that the Young’s modulus changed from 23 MPa to 59 MPa, and the zeolite nanostructure was the most influential factor responsible for this change. The MTT assay showed the superiority of βZG 2, and the macroscopic and microscopic results at 4, 8, and 12 weeks revealed the maximum bone regeneration and formation of bone trabeculae in the βZG 2 and βZG 1 groups, respectively. The zeolite scaffold showed the superior mechanical, radiographic and histological properties compared with the control and non-zeolite scaffold. βTCP/ Zeolite/ Gelatin scaffold can be an appropriate candidate for medical application in bone regeneration.

Aim: The present study was performed to evaluate effect of collagen cone blended with gentamicin and pure collagen cone in alveolar ridge preservation following extraction of tooth with chronic infection. Primary objective: Histological and histomorphometric evaluation of grafted bone. Secondary objective: Evaluation of changes in alveolar ridge dimensions radiographically and evaluation of primary implant stability Subjects and Methods: Group (1): Ten extraction sockets where alveolar ridge preservation(ARP) was performed using collagen cone blended with gentamicin. Group (2): Ten extraction sockets where ARP was performed using pure collagen cone. Group (3): Ten extraction sockets where ARP was performed using xenograft and collagen membrane. Core biopsy performed during implant placement. Radiographic changes in buccolingual ridge width and alveolar crest were measured. Primary implant stability was evaluated. Results: Significant difference in amount of new bone trabeculae between groups. Regarding radiographic buccolingual width ,significant reduction in 3 groups after 5 months. Regarding percent changes of width, collagen/gentamicin was -27,85±4,64 , collagen was -42,50±5,29 and xenograft was -15,26±4,28, the difference between groups was significant. Regarding intragroup radiographic ridge height changes significant reduction was noted in 3 groups after 5 months. Regarding percent decrease in radiographic height, collagen was (-27.38±4,92), xenograft was (-9.61±1,74) and collagen/gentamicin was (-14,66±1,71). Difference between groups was significant. Non significant difference between collagen/gentamicin and xenograft implant stability was noticed. Conclusion: Parasorb® cone genta showed more newly formed bone. Xenograft have best results regarding volumetric changes but decreased quality of newly formed bone compared with collagen/gentamicin .

Objective To evaluate the effect of sodium alendronate on orthodontic tooth movement in rats using microtomographic analysis. Settings and sample population Thirty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into three groups of 10 rats and administered saline (control), 1 mg/kg sodium alendronate or 6 mg/kg sodium alendronate, respectively. Materials and methods The drug was administered once per week for 5 weeks by gavage. Orthodontic movement was induced during the last 2 weeks of medication administration by inserting a closed nickel-titanium spring between the left upper first molar and central incisors. The opposite side served as the control. Tooth movement and bone trabeculation in the furcation region were evaluated by microtomographic analysis in the first (moved) and third (static) molars. The data were subjected to one-way or two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (P Results The microtomographic images of the group that received 6 mg/kg sodium alendronate demonstrated significantly less tooth movement (P = .048), less space between the trabeculae (P = .031) and greater number of bone trabeculae (P = .033) compared to the other groups. There were no statistically significant differences in bone volume and mean trabecular thickness between the three groups. The static teeth did not show the same alterations (P > .05). Conclusion Sodium alendronate treatment reduced tooth movement in rats.

Objective – to find out the histological, ultramicroscopic and histomorphometric features of regenerative process of long tubular bones in rats with experimental chronic hyperglycemia (CH).Material and methods. The study was performed on 60 white laboratory male rats, which were divided into following groups: I – control group (20 rats); ІІ – group for assessment of glucose homeostasis and simulated CH confirmation (10 rats); III – group for comparison with group II (10 rats); IV – animals with CH and post-traumatic bone defect (20 rats). CH in I and IV groups was simulated by 10% aqueous fructose solution (loading during two weeks) followed by a single injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) and nicotinic acid (1 mg/kg). Animals of I and IV groups were removed from the experiment on the 21st day after injury. Light microscopy was performed using Olympus BH-2 microscope; scanning microscopy – using the electron microscope SEM 102.Results. On the 21st day after reproduction of the injury in rats, the defect site of control rats was mostly filled with formed bone trabecula. At this time in the group with simulated CH only the initial formation of thin fine-meshed bone trabeculae occurred. Single groups of chondrogenic cells were observed around the osteoid beams. In addition, fat cells and lymphocyte-leukocyte infiltration were present in the regenerate. In control group the area of woven bone tissue was 29.26 % larger, and the area of connective tissue was 10.87 % smaller than in CH animals. Also the regenerate of CH rats contained granulation and cartilaginous tissues.Conclusion. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to delayed restorative osteogenesis and impairment of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic differon towards the formation of fibrocartilage regenerate.

Introduction Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a rare type of tumor characterized by fibrous tissue proliferation with cementum- or bone-like hard tissue formation. Since its first report by Montgomery in 1927, several cases of OF have been reported; however, no cases of OF arising from the zygomatic arch have been reported. Herein, we report a case of OF arising from the zygomatic arch. Clinical case summary A 70-year-old female visited our department in February 2017 because of a gradually growing osseous protrusion in the right zygomatic region, which she was aware of since the previous 6 months. A 3.3 cm × 3.2-cm area of swelling was observed in the region. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a granulated lesion on the surface of the right zygomatic arch. Accordingly, benign bone tumor was diagnosed, and tumor resection was subsequently performed. Histopathological analysis revealed irregularly arranged bone trabeculae, an increased number of fibroblasts, and collagen fibers between the bone trabeculae; accordingly, OF was diagnosed. No clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence was observed during the 1.5-year follow-up period. Discussion A granulated lesion was present on the surface of the right zygomatic arch, and the boundary between the lesion and surrounding bone was clear. Resection of the lesion from the zygomatic arch was relatively easy. Thus, OF was diagnosed. If OF is suspected, a risk of recurrence persists; therefore, shaving the area including the bones surrounding the lesion may be necessary. Although detailed causes of OF and osteoma remain unknown, past trauma has been indicated as a common etiology. However, compared with the frequency of fractures in the zygomatic arch, the frequency of OF and osteoma is rare; thus, the etiology of OF and osteoma remains to be fully elucidated.

Objective. To study the osteoprotective activity of glucosamine sulfate, strontium chloride, and their combinations on a model of experimental osteoporosis in laboratory animals (OVX model) in comparison with the Strometta preparation and control (OVX without correction). Materials and methods. The material for the study was female Wistar rats weighing 250 ± 30 g. To simulate osteoporosis, bilateral ovariectomy was performed. Microcirculation was evaluated by Doppler flowmetry. Digital X-ray densitometry was used to determine bone density. Using histological morphometry, the transverse size of the trabeculae of the spongy bone tissue was studied. Results. In such parameters as bone density, microcirculation, and the average width of bone trabeculae, significant differences were established compared with the control (OVX without correction) for groups with correction of glucosamine sulfate, strontium chloride, and their combination, and thus their osteoprotective effect was confirmed. Conclusion. In the future, glucosamine sulfate, strontium chloride, and their combination can be used for drug prevention of osteoporosis in the postmenopausal period. However, for the introduction of strontium chloride and its combination with glucosamine sulfate into clinical practice, it is necessary to conduct complete preclinical and clinical trials.

Background/aim The nervous system controls bone mass via both the central (CNS) and the peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Intriguingly, neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling occurs in both. Less is known on how the PNS stimulated NPY signaling controls bone metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether NPY or NPY1 receptor antagonist changes local bone mineral density (BMD) when injected into a Wistar rat tibia. Materials and methods Tibial intramedullary area of 24 wild type male Wistar rats (average weight = 350 ± 50 g, average age = 4 ± 0.5 months) were injected with NPY (1 × 10-5 M and 1 × 10-6 M) and NPY1 receptor antagonist (1 × 10-4 M) dissolved in hyaluronic acid (HA) separately. Tibiae were collected after one and two weeks. BMD was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and micro quantitative computer tomography (QCT). Histological changes were analyzed with light microscopy, Goldner's Masson trichrome (MT), and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results According to DXA, the mean BMD of NPY dose 1 (1 × 10-5 M) was significantly lower than that of the control (HA applied) group and not significantly but still lower than that of the NPY dose 2 and NPY1 antagonist applied groups. QCT results indicated the same pattern statistically insignificantly in the trabecular area but not in the cortex of the bones. Histologically, only NPY1 antagonist applied tibiae revealed young spongiosis bone trabeculae formed in the borderline of the cortical bones. HA was remarkably biocompatible and late degrading in the tissues. Conclusion Local administration of NPY and NPY1 antagonists may hold regulating potential of BMD and bone formation. NPY1 antagonist caused new bone formation in trabecular bone when applied locally. NPY dissolved in HA however can be used to suppress bone formation.

The structure, the deformation, and the fracture mechanisms of the trabecular bone tissue during a depressed fracture are studied. The compression of the bone trabeculae is shown to be accompanied by the separation of the organic matrix and the appearance of a large number of microcracks, which subsequently leads to the destruction of the trabeculae and the compaction of the bone tissue without breaking a specimen into fragments.

Pulpal/periapical responses of human teeth that are treated successfully with tricalcium silicate-based materials are extremely difficult to obtain because of the typical unavailability of these teeth for histologic examination. The present case series reports histologic and histobacteriologic findings of 3 human teeth that had undergone pulpotomy, orthograde retreatment, and apicoectomy/root-end filling using tricalcium silicate-based endodontic materials. The teeth were extracted after 34 days, 7 weeks, and 20 months, respectively, because of unusual circumstances. The extracted teeth were processed, paraffin embedded, sectioned, stained with hematoxylin-eosin or the modified Brown and Brenn technique, and examined with light microscopy. The recurrent observation for the 3 cases presented was the absence of inflammatory or foreign body reactions of the host tissues in contact with tricalcium silicate-based materials after different observation periods despite the identification of bacteria in dentinal tubules close to the site of operation. Wound healing was rapid with repair/regeneration of lost tissues with cementum and new bone trabeculae. Although the level of evidence for a case series is low because of the anecdotal nature of the reported episodes, the histologic results reported in the present case series illustrate the highly biocompatible and bioactive nature of the tricalcium silicate-based materials used in treating these cases.

Introduction: patients with craniofacial deformities resulting from trauma, infection, tumors and congenital defects usually require skeletal expansion. Tradition treatment methods, involve autogenous bone grafting, which often results in problems including graft resorption, infection and donor site morbidity. Distraction osteogenesis has been adopted more and can help overcome these problems. Aim of the work: the purpose of this study was to compare histologically the effect of bilateral distraction osteogenesis of the mandibular body at different rates on the integrity of the condylar cartilage in rabbits. Material and Methods: This study was performed on 2 groups of twelve healthy rabbits (adult male) : (group 1 and group 2) each group (n=6 rabbits, and 12 joints). Two rabbits (4 joints) in each subgroup according to the post distraction period (1, 2, and 4 weeks). In group 1, the distraction was performed daily at rate of 1 mm for 5 days. In group 2, the distraction was performed twice daily at rate of 1.5 mm (3 mm per day) for 5 days.Results: Animals in both groups (1 and 2) showed changes in condylar head, which seemed to be reversible according to the post distraction period. After the first week, condylar layers were decreased in thickness with irregular fibrous outline, bone trabeculae were decreased in number and invaded by large number of osteoclasts. After the second week, the condylar head showed evidence of regeneration of all layers including the disc. After the fourth week, the subchondral area started to be refilled with new bone with numerous osteoblast. Group 2 (3 mm per day) showed more bone and collagen formation.Conclusion: this experimental study reported that distraction rates of 1 mm per day and 3 mm per day showed degenerative change in the TMJ condylar cartilage in the first post distraction week. At the second week, all the condyles showed adaptive and remodeling signs. Regeneration to the normal histological structure appeared in the fourth post distraction weeks, in group 2 (3 mm per day) more than in group 1 (1 mm per day).

Aim The purpose of this research was to survey the effect of low-level laser irradiation time on socket healing in rats. Materials and methods This randomized nonblinded animal study was done on 24 male rats that were divided into four groups. First maxillary molars of rats were extracted through general anesthesia, and laser was used in all four groups: first group with zero radiation time, second group with 3 minutes, third group with 5 minutes, and fourth group with 10 minutes of radiation by the diode laser (power: 100 mW, wavelength: 980 nm). Half of the rats (three rats) were sacrificed on the 3rd day and another half of rats were sacrificed on the 7th day. Then, the presence of angiogenesis, bone trabeculae, fibroblasts, neutrophil cells, macrophage cells, and lymphocyte cells was assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 21) using parametric tests. Results Among 24 rats, on the 3rd day, the percentage of macrophage and bone trabecula increased significantly in the 5 minute group (p = 0.041 and p 0.05). Conclusion Low-level laser radiation can accelerate the process of tooth socket healing, which was particularly noticeable in the 5 minute radiation over 3 days. Clinical significance Using a low-level laser can be helpful in accelerating the healing of the tooth socket and reduce the complications after tooth extraction.

Osseous metaplasia of the breast is considered to be one of the rare breast conditions. It is characterized by the presence of normal bone tissue within the breast. We report a case of benign osseous metaplasia in a 58-year-old woman presenting with mastalgia and mass in the right breast. A lumpectomy was performed. On the pathological examination, the mass was composed completely of benign bone trabeculae with no epithelial component which was confirmed by negativity of immunohistochemistry.

Background. Osteoporosis is a progressive systemic bone disease that results in decreased bone mineral density and, as a result, increases the risk of bone fractures. Changes that occur in the subchondral bone in osteoporosis or because of hormones can cause degenerative changes in the articular cartilage that underlie osteoarthritis. Objective. The aim of the study was to identify and compare morphological changes that occur in the subchondral bone in experimental simulations of osteoporosis and in adult rats that were born from females that were exposed to glucocorticoid solution administration in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Methods. Tibias of 26 white mature laboratory rats were studied. In serial sections, the relative areas occupied by bone trabeculae and lacunae were calculated. Results. The relative area involving the bone trabeculae (23,2 ± 3,70%) statistically significantly decreased at 21 day in the group of animals that undergone a simulation of osteoporosis in comparison with the control group. Similar changes are observed in the group of experimental animals that were born from females that were exposed to glucocorticoid solution administration in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion. Thus, the results of the study demonstrate the similarity of morphological changes occurring in the subchondral bone in rats that undergone a simulation of osteoporosis and rats that were born from females that were exposed to glucocorticoid solution administration in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy., Актуальность. Остеопороз представляет собой прогрессирующее системное заболевание костей, которое приводит к снижению минеральной плотности кости, и как следствие приводит к увеличению риска возникновения переломов костей. Изменения, которые возникают в субхондральной кости при остеопорозе или вследствие действия гормонов могут вызвать дегенеративные изменения со стороны суставного хряща, лежащие в основе остеоартроза. Цель исследования – установить и сравнить морфологические изменения, возникающие в субхондральной кости при экспериментальном моделировании остеопороза и у половозрелых крыс, родившихся от самок, которым вводили глюкокортикоид в 3м триместре беременности. Методы. В работе исследовали большеберцовую кость 26 белых половозрелых лабораторных крыс. В серийных срезах подсчитывали относительную площадь, которую занимают костные трабекулы и лакуны. Результаты. У животных после экспериментального моделирования остеопороза на 21 сутки установлено статистически значимое уменьшение относительной площади, занимаемой костными трабекулами (23,2 ± 3,70%) по сравнению с контролем. Похожие изменения отмечаются в группе половозрелых экспериментальных животных, рожденных от самок, которым в 3-м триместре беременности вводили суспензию гидрокортизона. Выводы. Таким образом результаты исследования демонстрируют сходство морфологических изменений, возникающих в субхондральной кости у крыс с экспериментальным остеопорозом и крыс, родившихся от самок, которым в третьем триместре беременности вводили глюкокортикоид., Актуальність. Остеопороз являє собою прогресуюче системне захворювання кісток, що приводить до зниження мінеральної щільності кістки, та як наслідок приводить до збільшення ризику виникнення переломів кісток. Зміни, які виникають в субхондральній кістці при остеопорозі або в наслідок дії гормонів можуть викликати дегенеративні зміни з боку суглобового хряща, що лежать в основі остеоартрозу. Мета дослідження - встановити та порівняти морфологічні зміни, що виникають в субхондральній кістці при експериментальному моделюванні остеопорозу та у статевозрілих щурів, народжених від самиць, яким вводили розчин глюкокортикоїду в 3 триместрі вагітності. Методи. В роботі досліджено великогомілкову кістку 26 білих статевозрілих лабораторних щурів. В серійних зрізах підраховували відносну площу, яку займають кісткові трабекули та лакуни. Результати. У тварин після експериментального моделювання остеопорозу на 21 добу встановлено статистично значиме зменшення відносної площі яку займають кісткові трабекули (23,2±3,70%) у порівнянні з контролем. Схожі зміни відмічаються в групі статевозрілих експериментальних тварин, народжених від самиць, яким у 3 триместрі вагітності вводили суспензію гідрокортизону. Висновки. Таким чином результати дослідження демонструють схожість морфологічих змін, що виникають в субхондральній кістці у щурів з експериментальним остепорозом та щурів, народжених від самиць, яким у третьому триместрі вагітності вводили глюкокортикоїд.

The objective of this study was to combine bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9), a protein with good osteogenic and angiogenic activities, with deproteinized osteoarticulation (DPOA). Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) loaded with BMP-9 was coated on the surface and partially filled in the intramedullary cavity of DPOA. A canine femoral condylar defect model was established and implanted with DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 material. DPOA preserved the shape of the femoral condyle and the three-dimensional reticular bone matrix structure. CPC/BMP-9 persistently and slowly released BMP-9. The DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 group was superior to the DPOA/BMP-9 and DPOA groups in the number and maturity of newly formed blood vessels, the number and maturity of bone trabecular structures, and the integrated optical density of the type I collagen-positive area. At 16 weeks after the operation, the newly formed bone trabeculae in the DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 group were well shaped and orderly, forming a lamellar woven bone structure that was tightly connected to the boundary of the host bone, resulting in excellent osteoarticular repair. As a novel compound osteoarticular repair material, DPOA/CPC/BMP-9 has excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and angiogenicity, and it is expected to become an excellent alternative repair material for bone tissue engineering.

Extrapulmonary complications of different organ systems have been increasingly recognized in patients with severe or chronic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, limited information on the skeletal complications of COVID-19 is known, even though inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract have been known to perturb bone metabolism and cause pathological bone loss. In this study, we characterized the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on bone metabolism in an established golden Syrian hamster model for COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 causes significant multifocal loss of bone trabeculae in the long bones and lumbar vertebrae of all infected hamsters. The bone loss progressively worsens from the acute phase to the post-recovery phase. Mechanistically, the bone loss was associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine dysregulation which upregulates osteoclastic differentiation of monocyte-macrophage lineage. The pro-inflammatory cytokines further trigger a second wave of cytokine storm in the skeletal tissues to augment their pro-osteoclastogenesis effect. Our findings in this established hamster model suggest that pathological bone loss may be a neglected complication which warrants more extensive investigations during the long-term follow-up of COVID-19 patients. The benefits of potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against pathological bone loss should be further evaluated. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=188 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/463665v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (81K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ada9b8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1617fcaorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@cdcd3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@75a0ab_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Graphical abstractSARS-CoV-2 infection causes pathological bone loss in golden Syrian hamsters through induction of cytokine storm and inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis.

This study investigates the effect of Ubiquinone and/or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on bone mineral density (BMD) in rabbits at the healing site in mandibular bone postoperatively. Sixty healthy white male New Zealand rabbits (almost the same age [5-6 months], weight [2.0±0.25 kg] and circumstance) were used in this study. The heavy-duty dental engine drilled a mandibular groove of 2mm diameter and 6mm length in all animals. Post-surgery, the rabbits were randomly divided into six groups (10 each) according to the treatment. According to the evaluation period, each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (5 rabbits each); 15 and 30 days. The groups included; control group (the groove was not filled by anything) and treated groups which included five groups as follows: group I (in which the groove was filled with Ubiquinone), group II (groove was filled with CaCO3), group III (groove was filled with CaCO3: Ubiquinone as a ratio [1:1]), group IV ( groove was filled with CaCO3: Ubiquinone as a ratio [1:2]) and group V (groove was filled with CaCO3: Ubiquinone as a ratio [2:1]). The BMD was measured using Densitometry after 15 and 30 days. Statistical analysis showed significant differences at p≤0.05 in bone mineral density (BMD) between the control group (92±0.15) and all other treated groups except group III (125±3.54) and group IV (126±5.13) showed no significant differences at follow-up times at 15 days. Also, in the present study, we found there is a significant difference in bone mineral density among the control group (109±1.25), group I (144±3.45), group II (153±6.24) and group V (182±12.56) groups respectively. ANOVA test showed no significant difference in group III (160±8.94) and group IV (165±9.11) at follow-up times at 30 days. Adding the Ubiquinone and/or CaCO3 showed a significant increase in BMD manifested by bone healing like space-filling, newly formed bone trabeculae and a high number of lacunas compared with the control group. It can be concluded that, the Addition of Ubiquinone and/or CaCO3 to the mandibular fracture has a favourable effect on BMD and enhance bone healing in rabbits.

Background: The etiology and natural history of Kienböck’s disease remain unclear. Traditionally it has been defined as avascular necrosis of the lunate. The authors tried to demonstrate different tissue distribution, the area ratio of necrotic tissue and vessel counts inside the whole Kienböck lunate to reveal a dynamic process of the lunate collapse. Methods: Five lunates from patients with stage III Kienböck’s disease and one cadaveric lunate not involved by Kienböck’s disease were sampled. They were sectioned, H&E stained, and evaluated. The thickness of trabecular bone and the area of necrotic tissue were measured with Image-Pro Plus. The number of vessels was counted manually. Results: In the normal lunate, the bone trabeculae showed a uniform distribution with fatty marrow filled the interspace between the trabeculae. In the lunates with Kienböck disease, the trabeculae fracture and necrosis located in the central part with massive fibrous granular tissue proliferation. There were also some chondroid metaplasia at the palmar and dorsal ends. The trabeculae of the lunates of the Kienböck’s disease [0.188 mm (0.153 mm, 0.236 mm)] was significantly thicker than the normal lunates [0.146 mm (0.124 mm, 0.164 mm)]. The necrosis was localized around the fracture sites instead of the whole lunate. The mean necrosis area only accounts for 16.3% ± 8.9% of the whole section. Such kind of focal necrosis is quite similar to those around the traumatic fracture ends of other bones. Even in stage III Kienböck lunates, the vessels are quite abundant (221 ± 42 in one sagittal section), while the vessels inside the normal lunate were 352 ± 28. Conclusions: There is neither massive nor obvious generalized avascular bone necrosis in our histopathology observations. The focal necrosis and vessel damage were more likely associated with the broken trabeculae inside the lunate. Based on our histopathology observations, we suggested that the progressive process of Kienböck’s disease could be described as lunate nonunion advanced collapse instead of avascular necrosis.

Bone tissue engineering strategy involves the 3D scaffolds and appropriate cell types promoting the replacement of the damaged area. In this work, we aimed to develop a fast and reliable clinically relevant protocol for engineering viable bone grafts, using cryopreserved adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and composite 3D collagen-nano-hydroxyapatite (nanoHA) scaffolds. Xeno- and DMSO-free cryopreserved MSCs were perfusion-seeded into the biomimetic collagen/nanoHA scaffolds manufactured by cryotropic gelation and their osteoregenerative potential was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Cryopreserved MSCs retained the ability to homogenously repopulate the whole volume of the scaffolds during 7 days of post-thaw culture. Moreover, the scaffold provided a suitable microenvironment for induced osteogenic differentiation of cells, confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. Implantation of collagen-nanoHA cryogels with cryopreserved MSCs accelerated woven bone tissue formation, maturation of bone trabeculae, and vascularization of femur defects in immunosuppressed rats compared to cell-free collagen-nanoHA scaffolds. The established combination of xeno-free cell culture and cryopreservation techniques together with an appropriate scaffold design and cell repopulation approach accelerated the generation of viable bone grafts.

Back ground: Synthetic bone substitutes have been advanced, and researches are developed to more effective biomaterials with promising ability to reconstruct lost bone structure. Tricalcium phosphate biomaterials and white Portland cement are among them. The aim of the current study is to assess the effect of β-tricalcium phosphate versus white Portland cement in surgically mandibular bone defect dogs.Material and methods: Six adult dogs were used. The anaesthesia was conducted by iv injection of thiopental sodium 20mg/kg.b.wt. and maintained using (atropine 0.04 mg/kg b.wt., xylazine 1mg/kg.b.wt. and diazepam 1mg/kg.b.wt.in saline iv drop by drop infusion ), three critical size defects were designed at the buccal side of the mandible. The defects were 5 cm apart from each other. One defects filled with sterile white Portland cement, the middle defect filled with β-tricalcium phosphate and the later one was left empty. The dogs were euthanized at the end of 1 and 8 week postoperatively respectively. The specimens were prepared for light microscope using H&E and Masson Tri-chrome staining.Results: The experimental sides of all periods revealed increasing the amount of new bone trabeculae extended from original bone towards the center of the defect with both white Portland cement & β-tricalcium phosphate. While, the control sides displayed few new bone trabeculae at central area and the lateral wall of the bony defects. The amount of new bone trabeculae confirmed the histological results. Conclusion: White Portland cement is a biocompatible osteoconductive economically affordable graft material and it id more efficient than β-tricalcium phosphate.

We carried out a differential diagnosis of a large frontoparietal lesion on a human skull from a Late Bronze Age archaeological site located on the Central Plain of China, dating to between 771 and 476 BC. The head of this individual was covered in cinnabar, a mercury-based pigment that later was used for medicinal purposes in China. The lesion was well-circumscribed and involved the outer and inner tables of the skull, slight diploë thickening, and coarsening of bone trabeculae with expansion of intertrabecular spaces. We show that the observed changes are most consistent with cavernous hemangioma of the skull, a benign vascular malformation that preferentially affects older adults. Hemangiomas are often neglected in the paleopathological literature because of their benign nature - they tend to be asymptomatic and do not affect quality of life to a significant degree. Nevertheless, they produce characteristic lesions that can be confused with several other conditions with unrelated etiologies, including congenital hemoglabinopathies, traumas, malignant or benign neoplasms, and Paget's disease. We outline the diagnostic criteria that distinguish cavernous hemangioma from other conditions affecting the skull.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive intervention widely used for relief of pain caused by osteoporotic, traumatic, or neoplastic vertebral fractures. During PVP, polymethyl methacrylate (bone cement) is injected directly into the vertebral body via a vertebral pedicle to partially restore the vertebral body height, to stabilize bone trabeculae and to alleviate pain. Though the procedure is minimally invasive, complications are not rare; however, mostly, they are not clinically significant. Potentially serious complications of PVP include pulmonary embolism with polymethyl methacrylate with variety of manifestations ranging from asymptomatic postoperative x-ray findings to life-threatening extravasation (cement "leakage") which is quite rare and fatal. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and radiological signs of pulmonary embolism in PVP and approaches to treatment are discussed in this review of literature. The article also describes two clinical cases of pulmonary embolism in patients underwent PVP for hemangioma of the vertebral body with severe pain syndrome are also described.

A new alloplastic high-permeable material based on tricalcium phosphate with Kelvin architectonics created by stereolithographic 3D-printing was studied in vivo. A monocortical defect of the femur was modeled in rats and the material was implanted into the defect area. In 24 weeks, the animals were euthanized and histological examination of the defect area was performed. One femur fracture with fixator migration was recorded after implantation of the studied material and the reference chronOS synthetic material. The studied material demonstrated better osteoconductive properties then traditional osteoplastic material, which was seen from greater number of bone trabeculae and their area in the defect area.

Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hematopoietic growth factor stimulating the formation of red blood cells. EPO is notoriously known as a doping substance in high-performance sports, and in cycling in particular. In recent years, the non-hematopoietic functions of EPO, also known as pleiotropic functions which include osteogenic and angiogenic potencies have been intensively investigated.Aim of study: The objectives of the present study were to address and investigate the efficacy of EPO in regenerating bone and facilitating bone healing by using a single local dose of 1ml EPO 4000 IU per animal to augments bony ingrowth in rabbit calvarial bony defect.Material and methods: 12 New Zealand White rabbits received a calvarial defect. Absorbable oxidized cellulose was soaked with 1ml EPO 4000 IU (local treatment group) were implanted into the gap, the other side used as (control group). Histological analysis was performed 7, 14 and 30 days postoperatively. Vascularization was evaluated histologically. Results: Histopathological findings of bone gap after 30 days of surgery, untreated animals showed granulation tissue which invaded numerous number of inflammatory cells mainly macrophages. Bony gap showed more fibrous tissue than fibrocartilage. In treated animals group, the periosteal cells proximal to the fracture gap developed into osteoblasts. The animals group, fracture induced gap was filled with well-organized bone trabeculae. The healed bone gap revealed numerous number of proliferative osteocytes .

Osteopontin (OPN) is the most abundant non-collagen protein in the bone matrix, where it fulfils the function of cellular adhesion and biomineralization. In the present work, the authors report the temporal and spatial localization of OPN during the repair of experimental orthopaedic bone defects treated with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) processed by the authors. 30 rabbits were used, which were given an orthopaedic bone defect of critical size in one of the radiuses, which was filled with DBM. The rabbits were euthanized in groups of 5 individuals at days 7, 15, 21, 30, 60 and 150. Histological cuts were immunomarked to establish the spatial and temporal immunomarcation of OPN. The histological cuts were observed with an optic microscope with which histological images were captured and analysed with the ImageJ software. The image analysis allowed the authors to establish the optic density (OD) and the integrated optic density (IOD). The data was analysed with the ANOVA and Fischer LSD tests. At day 7, the presence of OPN was observed only in the DBM particles, where the OD was 0.08 and the IOD was 1.64; at day 15, OPN marked different sites of collagen condensations and cells contained in the interior of the matrix. In this period the OD was 0.096 and the IOD, 9.26. At days 21 and 30, the OPN immunosignalled osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes in the bone trabeculae adjacent to the ossification zones. At day 21 the OD was 0.17 and IOD 6.22. At day 30, the OD was 0.14 and the IOD 2.52. At days 60 and 150, OPN was evenly distributed in the new bone matrix with an OD: 0.10 and IOD: 0.48, and OD: 0.35 and IOD: 3.80, respectively. The OD and IOD showed significant differences (p

Three outbreaks of osseous malformation in claves born of cows fed apple pomace throughout pregnancy are described. This study was carried out from historical surveys on properties where apple pomace was used in cattle feeding. The outbreaks occurred in the municipalities of Lages, Santa Catarina state, from 2007 to 2012, and Ipê, Rio Grande do Sul state, from 2011 to 2012. These calves presented bone deformity characterized mainly by arthrogryposis and chondrodysplasia of the anterior limbs. At necropsy, the observed changes were restricted to bending and thickening of the anterior limbs and skull. Microscopically, a disorganized, irregular, misaligned hypertrophic zone was observed in the humeral-radio-ulnar joints, in addition to absence of growth zone, thin bone trabeculae, and closed epiphyseal growth plate. RESUMO: Descrevem-se 3 surtos de malformações ósseas em bezerros, nascidos de vacas prenhes alimentadas com bagaço de maçã. Estudos foram realizados a partir de levantamento de históricos em propriedades onde bagaço de maçã foi utilizado na alimentação de bovinos. Os surtos ocorreram nos municípios de Lages em Santa Catarina, de 2007 a 2012, e Ipê em Rio Grande do Sul, de 2011 a 2012. Dentre 20 e 69,2% dos bezerros apresentavam deformidade de membros, caracterizada principalmente por membros anteriores curvos e curtos. Na necropsia as alterações observadas restringiam-se ao encurvamento e engrossamento dos membros e do crânio. Microscopicamente nas articulações úmero-radio-ulnar, foi observado zona hipertrófica desorganizada, irregular e sem alinhamento, além de ausência da zona de crescimento e trabéculas ósseas finas e placa epifisária fechada.

Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a benign lesion which affects the jaw bones. It is a frequent incidental finding but no aggressive therapy is necessary. However, it may be confused with more aggressive entities, such as ossifying and cementifying fibroma, which do require treatment. There are no clear-cut histopathological criteria to differentiate between these entities. We present a case of a 13-year old boy who underwent a biopsy of a clinically undiagnosed maxillary lesion. Histopathological analysis revealed moderately cellular fibrous tissue with bone trabeculae with no osteoblastic rimming and clusters of intensely basophilic material corresponding to cementum. The final diagnosis was cemento-osseus dysplasia. The main histopathological features important in the distinction of these entities are discussed.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in RUNX2. Affected individuals exhibit delayed maturation or hypoplasia in various bones, mainly including those formed by intramembranous ossification. Although several reports described deformation of the sphenoid bone in CCD patients, details of the associated changes have not been well documented. Most parts of the sphenoid bone are formed by endochondral ossification; however, the medial pterygoid process is formed by intramembranous ossification associated with secondary cartilage. We first investigated histological changes in the medial pterygoid process during different developmental stages in Runx2+/+ and Runx2+/- mice, finding that mesenchymal cell condensation of the anlage of this structure was delayed in Runx2+/- mice as compared with that in Runx2+/+ mice. Additionally, in Runx2+/+ mice, Osterix-positive osteoblastic cells appeared at the upper region of the anlage of the medial pterygoid process, and bone trabeculae appeared to associate with subsequent secondary cartilage formation. By contrast, few Osterix-positive osteoblastic cells appeared at the upper region of the anlage of the medial pterygoid process, and no bone trabeculae appeared thereafter in Runx2+/- mice. At more advanced embryonic stages, endochondral ossification occurred at the lower part of the medial pterygoid process in both Runx2+/+ and Runx2+/- mice. After birth, well-developed bone trabeculae occupied two-thirds of the cranial side of the medial pterygoid process, and cartilage appeared beneath these bones in Runx2+/+ mice, whereas thin trabecular bone appeared at the center of the cartilage of the medial pterygoid process in Runx2+/- mice. In adult mice, the body and medial pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone comprised mature bones in both Runx2+/+ and Runx2+/- mice, although the axial length of the medial pterygoid processes was apparently lower in Runx2+/-mice as compared with that in Runx2+/+mice based on histological and micro-computed tomography (CT) examinations. Moreover, medical-CT examination revealed that in CCD patients, the medial pterygoid process of sphenoid bone was significantly shorter relative to that in healthy young adults. These results demonstrated that the medial pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone specifically exhibited hypoplasia in CCD.

The physicochemical properties and structure of the bone matrix are studied in a case of simulated tuberculous osteitis without treatment and after a full course of specific antibacterial therapy. Using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, we revealed that tuberculous osteitis causes fine disintegration of the bone matrix due to an increase in nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite, formation of amorphous calcium phosphates, and a decrease of the organic phase, which is accompanied by embrittlement of the bone matrix. Excessive growth of carbonate-hydroxyapatite crystals of a mixed AB substitution type leads to excessive osteogenesis, accompanied by the uncontrolled growth of bone trabeculae. The presence of “liming” regions in the crystal lattice of hydroxyapatite increases the “binding” properties of the bone matrix in which mycobacteria are immobilized and removed in the composition of detritus.

Background: The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is the regeneration of tissues destroyed by periodontal disease Fibronectin belongs to a group of high molecular weight glycoproteins that exist on cell surfaces. It is known to play a role in cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion, as well as an essential role in osseointegration due to its capacity to make osteoblasts attach to the extracellular matrix(ECM) components. Combination of Fibronectin and commercially available bone grafts may hold a promising potential of enhanced bone regeneration.Objective: Comparison of the effect of fibronectin, Bovine-Derived Xenograft (BDX)and their combination for socket preservation through histologic and histomorphometric analysis.Material and Method: Thirty six clinically healthy adult New Zealand white male rabbits, were used in this study. The animals were equally divided into three groups; I-control group (defect was left empty as control), II- bio group (bio- oss was applied on the socket ) and III-( Bio Fibro group) bone and fibronectin group( socket was filled with Bovine-Derived Xenograft Bio-Oss® with fibronectin). At 4 and eight weeks the animals were sacrificed. Bone regeneration among the three groups was evaluated through histologic and histomorphometric analysis.Results: The most significant value of area percent of newly formed bone was observed in the (bone and fibronectin) group, then the fibronectin group, with the least amount recorded in the control group. The difference was extremely statistically significant (p

The paper reviews the literature on the morphology of bone tissue when using nanomaterials for the purposes of reparative regeneration. Non-biodegradable and biodegradable materials are characterized regarding their benefits and drawbacks in further practical application. Biodegradable nanomaterials reducing the risk of complications as well as bone repair time are currently studied and used in combination with donor cells, bioactive substances, or specialized nanoparticles for drug delivery and cell labeling. The trend is scheduled to replace the cast implant materials on the porous three-dimensional (3D) matrices. Pores of a certain size provide osteoconductivity of the material, which is mandatory for vascular growth and ingrowth of osteogenic cells inside the implant. Nanostructured materials contribute to the uniform distribution of osteoblasts around developing bone trabeculae thereby increasing the volume of restoring bone tissue. Keywords: nanomaterials, nanoparticles, bones, bone tissue, regeneration.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of inferior alveolar nerve on new bone formation in rabbit mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Methods: 20 New Zealand White rabbits underwent bilateral distraction osteogenesis with a rate of 1 mm/day. The inferior alveolar nerve of one side was resected under the surgical microscope, with the inferior alveolar vascular intact. The contralateral side received sham operation. The rabbits were sacrificed at consolidation time of 28 days. The regenerate callus underwent radiograph examination, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, haematoxylin and eosin staining and histomorphometric analysis. A paired t-test was performed using SPSS 16.0 software package. Results: The BMD of the new bone in the distraction gap on the denervation side of mandibular was significantly lower (P

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease that results in the loss of bone mass and impared bone structure. Animal models for osteoporosis are generated by ovariectomy. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, bilateral ovariectomy and bilateral ovariectomy and subcutaneous nicotine administered (received nicotine sulphate, 2 mg/kg) groups, daily for 28 days. At the end of the period, rats were sacrified under anesthesia blood samples were taken and femoral tissues were dissected. Estrogen, calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured. Tissue samples were prepared for histopathogical examination. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and examined under light microcope. Biochemical parameters were decreased depending on the overiectomy, also decrement was notable with nicotine intake. In the ovariectomy group; increased inflammatory cells with degenerative changes around the femoral compact bone and dilatation of osteon structures in bone trabeculae and apoptotic changes in osteocyte cells in bone lacuna were apparent. In the ovariectomy with nicotine administration group, excessive dilatation of the havers lamellae in the compact bone region, increased osteoclastic activity, picnosis and apoptotic nucleus of the osteoclastic cells located in the lacuna, and increased collagen fibers in the matrix were observed. We suggest that ovariectomy and nicotine administration together effect estrogen and calcium metabolism negatively, stimulate alterations in the structural properties of bone matrix, also affect osteocyte development and bone lamellar structure that may accelerate osteoporosis development.

Objective: Diabetes Mellitus is well known to be associated with several oral complications. Thus, this study investigated the effect of diabetes on the cementum-periodontal interface by light and scanning electron microscopy. Methodology: This investigation was carried out on twenty eight male albino rats weighing from 200 to 220 gm; rats were divided into two groups: group I (control): fourteen animals received intraperitoneal single dose of 1 ml Citrate buffer, group II (diabetic): fourteen animals that were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal single dose of streptozotocin 40 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1 ml Citrate buffer and sacrificed 3 weeks after detection of diabetes. Plasma glucose level >300 mg/dl confirmed diabetes after 3 days. Half of lower jaws specimens were processed for H&E examination by light microscopy of cementum-periodontal interface. From the other half of specimens; extracted mandibular first molars were examined by SEM for changes of cementum surfaces. Results: Comparing to control group, diabetic rats showed periodontal fibers disorganization and degeneration with loss of Sharpey's fibers attachments. Increased cementoid, resorptive areas of both cementum surface and alveolar bone were evident in addition to the alterations of bone trabeculae. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus was associated with variable deleterious effects on periodontium. The histological and scanning electron microscopy changes were most obviously on PDL and least on cementum. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Cementum, Rat, Alveolar bone, Periodontal ligament, Streptozotocin

Placement of occlusive barrier membranes in guided tissue regeneration procedures is thought to deprive the wound area from the regenerative capacity of periosteal and gingival mesenchymal stem cells. The current study was performed to determine the effect of perforated collagen membranes in enhancing periodontal tissue regeneration when compared to conventional occlusive barriers. Sixteen critical-sized dehiscence defects (4 × 5 mm) were surgically created in the mandibular canine teeth of eight dogs, bilaterally. Eight defects were managed by β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) alloplast and modified perforated collagen membrane, the contra lateral defects were managed by β-TCP alloplast and occlusive collagen membrane. Dogs were sacrificed after one and two months. Defect sites were dissected, fixed and processed for histologic examination. Both test and control groups resulted in complete periodontal regeneration including; alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament. However thicker, denser and more organized bone trabeculae with higher maturation rate and significantly higher bone surface area were noted in the perforated membrane group. Hence it was concluded that perforated membranes enhance periodontal regeneration probably by allowing periosteal and gingival mesenchymal stem cells to participate in the regenerative procedure. Keywords: Collagen membrane, Dehiscence defects, Guided tissue regeneration periodontal regeneration, Perforated membrane

Background We report a case of osteitis fibrosa cystica, a rare benign resorptive bone lesion caused by hyperparathyroidism, that presented on imaging as an aggressive bone tumor. Case presentation The patient is a 51-year-old male complaining of severe sustained pain of the right hip region. Imaging studies were suspicious for a malignant tumor of the right iliac bone. Biopsy under CT guidance was performed and showed remodeled bone trabeculae with numerous osteoclasts, excluding bone tumor and raising the possibility of osteitis fibrosa cystica. Complementary tests disclosed elevated blood level of parathyroid hormone and a partially cystic enlarged left inferior parathyroid gland consistent with adenoma. After parathyroidectomy, the clinical symptoms were relieved and the radiological findings were significantly improved, which confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusions Metabolic diseases-associated bone lesions should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone tumors, to avoid unnecessary surgeries and treatments.

Background The fibula is only indirectly involved in the composition of the human knee joint and has therefore been neglected in the research on knee osteoarthritis. Nonuniform settlement of the proximal tibia plateau is clinically defined as when the height of the medial tibial plateau is lower than that of the lateral side in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The non-uniform settlement of the proximal tibia plateau may be caused by fibular support on the lateral side. Orthopedic surgeons practice partial fibulectomy based on the clinical manifestation of nonuniform settlement, and this technique has been shown to reduce pain and improve function in patients with medial compartment KOA. However, this hypothesis of the mechanism of nonuniform settlement lacks an anatomical basis. Methods The P45 polyester plastination technique was used to prepare sections of the proximal tibiofibular joint to investigate the distribution of the bone trabeculae in the region of the lateral tibial plateau. Results There was uneven distribution of trabeculae in the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head and neck of the fibula. The fibula and the posterolateral cortex of the shaft of the tibia united to form an arch beam via the tibiofibular joint. Many thick, dense trabeculae were present in a longitudinal direction above the tibiofibular arch. Conclusions The fibula supports the lateral tibial plateau, and the trabeculae were concentrated above the tibiofibular arch.