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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to comparatively investigate the correlation among body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and physical activity (PA) between young and middle-aged Korean adults. [Methods] A total of 53 [male n=23, female n=30] subjects were included in this study, among whom 34 subjects were healthy young adults [male n=18, female n=16] and 19 were middle-aged adults [male n=5, female n=14]. The body composition and RMR of all the participants were measured after overnight fasting (≥8 h). The Korean version of the WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to assess physical activity. [Results] Body composition was not significantly different between young adults and middle-aged adults. Whole-body bone mineral density and bone mineral contents (BMC) were significantly lower in middle-aged adults than in young adults. Total blood cholesterol (TC) and blood glucose levels were significantly higher in middle-aged adults (TC; 195.21 ± 43.34, glucose; 103.57 ± 12.61 mg/dL) than in young adults. RMR was significantly lower in middle-aged adults (1619.57 ± 290.28 kcal/day) than in young adults (1894.37 ± 405.00 kcal/day). In middle-aged adults physical activity (PA). PA (METs, min, EE) was inversely correlated with fat mass (FM, kg, and %) and blood triglyceride (TG) level in young adults. In middle-aged adults, PA showed a significant positive correlation with lean body mass (LBM), FM (%), and RMR. Furthermore, PA EE showed significant interrelatedness with BMC among middle-aged adults. [Conclusion] These results demonstrated that high PA levels enable LBM and RMR maintenance in middle- aged adults. Furthermore, in young adults, more PA is required to induce change in body composition.

The healthiness of bone is decided by organic as well as inorganic contents. Inappropriate proportions of organic (collagen) and inorganic (minerals) contents give rise to fractures and diseases like arthritis, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is a commonly used inorganic clinical indicator to determine the quality of bone. There are invasive methods like chemical quantitative analysis, and noninvasive methods include imaging techniques, to find the composition of bone. This paper is to review different medical imaging techniques like X-Ray, DEXA, SR µCT, Photo Acoustic Imaging, Quantitative Ultrasound to do bone mineral density analysis. The study concludes that the imaging technique Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) will be a more useful diagnostic modality for rapid investigation of bone health. It is a two-dimensional imaging tool that calculates a ratio of Bone Mineral Contents (BMC) with an area of bone is known as areal BMD. But the shortcoming of DEXA technique is that the bones of different lengths may produce the same BMD results by maintaining the equal ratio thereby indicating incorrect strength of bones. Hence along with the area, we have to take into account the thickness of the bone to predict BMD.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have evaluated the success of porous tantalum component in primary and revision cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) cases, few studies have reported the breakage of porous tantalum monoblock patella component (PTMP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the radiographic outcomes of breakage of PTMP at short-term follow up. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 49 consecutive knees in 43 patients who underwent TKA surgery between September 2012 and March 2014. Bone marrow contents/tissue volumes (BMC/TV. mg/cm(3)) were evaluated using 2-dimensional osteomorphometry software with 2D- multi-detector-row computed tomography (2D-MDCT) to measure fixation of the bone-prosthesis interface with patella at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Clinical follow up was obtained by reviewing each patient at orthopedic record. RESULTS: We experienced a case that resulted in breakage of PTMP without traumatic episode at 26 months after surgery. Relative changes of Bone Mineral Contents per Tissue Volume. (BMC/TV mg/cm(3)) at ROI. 1 (superior border of the patella) and ROI. 2 (peg of patella) were significantly higher than ROI.3 (inferior border of patella) at 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery (p

Objectives: Optimization of bone health is a very important concern now a day. Achievement of optimal peak bone mineral mass is the best means of preventing osteoporosis in adulthood. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has become the basis for the evaluation of skeletal health in all ages. The aim of the work: This work aims to assess bone parameters in Alhasa children, Saudi Arabia. Patient & methods: A Cross-sectional survey study involves 126 healthy children (83) boys & (43) girls. Their ages range from (3–15 years). Results: The mean of Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were (0.915 ± 0.34 & 0.795 ± 0.133) (43.93 ± 29.4 & 37.63 ± 11.2) in boys and in girls respectively. These values were lower than other areas in Saudi Arabia. BMD & BMC are statistically significant positive correlation with age in both sex, (r = 0.567 P = 0.000 & r = 0.57 P

This study compared nutritional intake, body composition, bone mineral density, and isokinetic strength by dance type in collegiate female dancers. The study subjects included Korean dancers (n=12), ballet dancers (n=13), contemporary dancers (n=8), and controls (n=12). Nutritional intake was estimated using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Body composition and bone mineral density were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Isokinetic knee joint strength was measured by Cybex 770-NORM. All statistical analyses were performed by SAS 9.2. Means and standard deviations were calculated using descriptive statistics. One-way analysis of variance was applied to evaluate nutritional intake, body composition, bone mineral density, and isokinetic strength differences. Duncan multiple range test was used for post hoc testing. A level of significance was set at P

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of cadmium supplementation (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) in the diet on performance, egg quality, tibia biomechanical properties and eggshell and bone mineral contents in laying quails. In this 10-week trial, a total of 96 laying quails, aged 21 weeks, were randomly distributed among six experimental groups. Each experimental group contained four replicates of four birds each. The performance parameters were adversely affected quadratically when cadmium was added to the diets in the concentrations of 20 mg/kg and above (P

Purpose: The aim of this study was to clarify osteological changes in the femoral epiphyseal region in ovariectomized rats with differing mineral consumptions. The bone tissues were assessed using 3-dimensional maps, bone mineral contents, and bone volume measurements. Data from microcomputed tomography with TRI / 3D-Bon BMD application software were also used. Methods: A total of 48 rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 16 per group). The control rats, in Group 1, were subjected to a sham operation when 20 weeks old and given a normal diet. The remaining 32 rats were subjected to bilateral ovarectomy at the same age and divided into Group 2, ovariectomized rats on normal diet, and Group 3, ovariectomized rats on low-mineral diet. Each group began eating its prescribed diet at 20 weeks. Observations were made at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks on the respective diets. Results: In the color scale 3-dimensional map of cancellous bone, high bone-mineral density was observed in sites found to be in contact with cortical bone, and middle and low bone-mineral density distributions were observed in the medullary cavity. Bone-mineral content of the cortical and cancellous bone was significantly decreased at 24 weeks in groups 2 and 3 compared to Group 1. Bone volume was signifi cantly lower at 24 weeks in groups 2 and 3

Operation of the Mayak plutonium production association resulted in radioactive contamination of a part of Chelyabinsk Region in the 1950–1960s. Significant gas-aerosol emission of 131I occurred since 1948; in 1957, a radiation accident resulted in 90Sr contamination of large territories. This paper presents comparison of the bone mineral density of persons who lived on territories with different levels of 90Sr-soil contamination with that of a control group. It was found that in 1970–1975, the bone mineral density, estimated from the mineral content in bone samples, in residents of contaminated areas born in 1936–1952 was significantly lower compared to the control group. For persons born in 1880–1935, such differences were not found. It was shown that the decrease in the bone mineral density was not related to 90Sr exposure of osteogenic cells in the dose range from 0.1 to 1300 mGy: the coefficient of correlation between individual 90Sr doses and bone mineral contents is not significant. The decrease in bone mineral density of persons born in 1936–1952 may be associated with exposure of the thyroid and parathyroid glands (systemic regulators of calcium metabolism) to 131I from gas-aerosol emissions from Mayak. The highest levels of gas-aerosol emissions occurred in 1948–1954 and coincided with the growth and development of the thyroid gland, characterized by intensive accumulation of 131I, and with the growth and maturation of the skeleton of persons born in the given calendar years.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of long-term administration of Saengshik on growth parameters of growing rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on AIN-93G basal diets for 12 weeks and assigned to the following groups: rats administrated orally with Saengshik at the dose of 1 g/㎏/day (1xJS), 2 g/㎏/day (2xJS), 4 g/㎏/day (4xJS) and distilled water (Control). Rats were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12 weeks after oral administration. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral contents (BMC) were measured by PIXImus densitometry and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration were determined by using EIA method. Body weight and food intake did not show significant changes within groups for 12 weeks. Physical longitudinal growth indexes, body length and femur length were significantly increased in Saengshik-administered groups at 12 weeks, in which BMD and BMC also significantly increased. Also, in blood IGF-1 level, Saengshik -administered groups were remarkedly higher than control group at 4 week (p＜0.001), in which significantly higher at 8 week and 12 week. These results suggest a close relation between administration of Saengshik and increment of longitudinal bone growth. Therefore, as the result of this study, it could be expected that the administration of Saengshik for 12 weeks is helpful to the increase of longitudinal growth and growth factors in rats. Furthermore, we propose that the consumption of Saengshik as dietary supplementation may promote to increase in longitudinal bone growth in growing children.

Background: We investigate the relationship between birth weight (BW) and bone mineral content (BMC) in Korean adolescents. Methods: Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2010. Baseline characteristics were compared according to age- and sex-specific BMC quartiles of total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine (LS) and femur neck (FN) in 10- to 18-year-old adolescents (male = 474, female = 394). Results: BW showed a positive correlation with current weight-SDS (p = 0.006 in males, p = 0.008 in females). BW according to TBLH-BMC quartile groups (p for trend 16-year-old adolescents) and FN-BMC (OR = 2.62 in males, OR = 3.06 in >16-year-old adolescents) after adjusting for age, height, smoking, drinking, metabolic equivalent of task, and gestational age. Conclusion: BW might be one of the determinant factors of BMC in Korean adolescents.

The characteristics of the mandible bone were compared through DXA methods between two major substrains of F344 rats, F344/DuCrlCrlj and F344/NSlc at around 60 days of age. Since these two substrains are clearly different in survival and mandible morphology, some genetic differences are supposed to exist. In contrast to a previous microsatellite analysis, clear and significant differences were detected in the body and mandible weights, the mandible bone mineral contents (BMC), bone area (AREA), bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral ratio (BMR), between F344/DuCrlCrlj and F344/NSlc, with the mandible molar teeth intact in the bone. Thus, care is needed in the experimental use of these substrains, as results may differ between them. The newly proposed parameter, BMR, may especially contribute to the comparison of bone characteristics among species.

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to study the eiect of dietary protein, microbial phytase and citric acid on intestinal digesta pH, bone ash and bone mineral contents in Labeo rohita juveniles. Eight experimental diets were prepared in 2 � 2 � 2 factorial arrangement with crude protein levels (25% and 35%), microbial phytase (0 and 500 U kg � 1 ), and citric acid (0 and 3%). The 25% crude protein level feed was supplemented with phytase (U kg � 1 )a nd citric acid (%) at the level of 0,0 (C25); 500,0 (T1); 0,3 (T2); 500,3 (T3), and 35% crude protein level feed at 0.0 (C 35); 500,0 (T4); 0,3 (T5) and 500,3(T6 )r espectively. One hundred and twenty juveniles of L. rohita (av. wt. 12.61^13.72 g) were distributed randomly in eight treatments, each of with three replicates. Addition of citric acid in the 25% crude protein feed significantly decreased (Po0.001) feed pH with concurrent decrease in intestinal digesta pH (Po0.001) and increased the bone ash content (Po0.05) by 4.6%. An interaction between citric acid and phytase (Po0.05) was also observed for bone ash content. Increasing the dietary protein content from 25% to 35% signi¢cantly decreased (Po0.01) bone Zn content by14.9%, which was more prominent with the addition of citric acid, resulting in signi¢cant interaction between protein and citric acid (Po0.05), but the bone Cu content was signi¢cantly increased (Po0.01) with increasing dietary protein content. Dietary supplementation of microbial phytase (500 U kg � 1 ) signi¢cantly increased (Po0.05) bone Na, Ca, K, P and Fe contents by 15%, 12.1%, 17.4%, 9.2% and 40.7%, respectively, whereas bone P and Mn content was signi¢cantly increased (Po0.05) by addition of citric acid (3%). Addition of phytase to plant-based diets increased the bioavailability of minerals, thereby increasing bone mineralization. The eiect of phytase was increased because of addition of citric acid (3%).

Objective: The aim of this work was to analyse the influence of dietetic and anthropometric data, as well as the sport practised, on the bone density of different groups of sportswomen. Subjects and methods: Dietetic, anthropometric and bone density data were collected from 74 women who practised different sports (15 skiers, 26 basketball players and 33 ballet dancers), and compared to those of 90 women who led sedentary lifestyles. Results: The sportswomen had higher bone mineral contents and bone densities than controls. However, the dancers showed similar spinal and hip values as those of controls, and lower forearm values. Low body weight and body mass index, and insufficient energy intake–characteristic of the dancers–were associated with poorer bone mineralisation status. Increased energy, protein, vitamin D, calcium, zinc and magnesium intakes were associated with greater bone density and mineral content at different sites. Conclusions: The worst bone density status was that of the dancers, who, as a group, displayed characteristics that have negative impacts in this respect (low energy intakes and low body weight). Dancers should therefore take steps to avoid suffering fractures and skeleto-muscular lesions which could negatively influence their health and physical performance. The greater consumption of milk products and calcium and better Ca/P ratio seen in the dancers could help this group to avoid bone deterioration. Sponsorship: This research was supported by the Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, Instituto de la Mujer, III Plan de Investigacion Cientifica y Desarrollo Tecnologico.

A limitação principal do uso de fosfatos naturais na alimentação de suínos é a presença de flúor que pode ser tóxico quando ingerido por longos períodos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os eventuais efeitos deletérios dos fosfatos Monocálcico (MP) e Tapira (TP), sobre porcas e suas proles alimentadas com esses fosfatos durante quatro ciclos reprodutivos consecutivos, comparativamente com o tradicional fosfato bicálcico (DP). Foram usadas 13 porcas alimentadas com FB (testemunha) 16 com MP e 13 com TP. As leitegadas oriundas de cada ciclo também foram alimentados com os respectivos fosfatos até a idade de abate. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: lesões macroscópicas nos dentes das porcas, alterações histológicas no tecido ósseo e nas glândulas tireóide e paratireóide, conteúdo de minerais no tecido ósseo e características morfométricas do osso. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o uso de TP por 4 ciclos reprodutivos, na alimentação de suínos, provocou lesões de fluorose crônica nos dentes e tecido ósseo das porcas. As leitegadas alimentadas com este fosfato também apresentaram discretas lesões de fluorose, mas somente evidentes no 4º ciclo reprodutivo. Somente algumas alterações inespecíficas ocorreram nos ossos das porcas que receberam o MP.O DP não provocou alterações patológicas no tecido ósseo, tanto nas porcas como nas suas leitegadas. The main limitation in the use of rock phosphate in swine diets is the fluorine content that may be toxic when used for long periods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monocalcium phosphate (MP) and Tapira phosphate (TP) to sows and their offspring when fed during four reproductive cycles, as compared to the traditional use of dicalcium phosphate (DP). The study involved 13, 16 and 13 sows for DP, MP and TP phosphates, respectively. The litters were also fed with the same respective phosphate treatments until they reached 95 kg of body weight. The variables analyzed were: macroscopic tooth lesions score in sows, histological evaluation of bone tissue, the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and the evaluation of bone mineral contents and bone morphometrical characteristics. The results showed that TP is toxic for sows when used continuously during 4 reproductive cycles and causes lesions of chronic fluorosis in the teeth and bone tissue. TP also affected the litters with some minor lesions of fluorosis in bone tissue at the 4th reproductive cycle. MP induced some minor inespecific lesions only in bone tissue of the sows. No deleterious effects were observed in sows and litters fed DP.

Previous studies have revealed that magnesium (Mg) plays a significant role in bone health; however, few studies have investigated the effects of Mg supplementation in diets with different calcium (Ca) levels on the bone status and bone metabolism in a growing stage. In this present study, we tested the effects of Mg supplementation on bone status in growing female rats, relative to Ca intake levels. A total of 40 Sprague–Dawley female rats aged 6 weeks were divided into the following four groups and fed for 12 weeks as indicated: (1) LCaAMg: low Ca (Ca, 0.1 % of total diet) and adequate Mg (Mg, 0.05 % of total diet), (2) LCaHMg: low Ca and high Mg ( Mg, 0.1 % of total diet), (3) ACaAMg: adequate Ca (Ca, 0.5 % of total diet) and adequate Mg, and (4) ACaHMg: adequate Ca and high Mg. Our results showed that Mg supplementation with the adequate Ca diet significantly increased the bone mineral contents, bone size (bone area and bone thickness), and bone mineral density of femur or tibia by improving bone metabolism without changing Ca absorption. Mg supplementation significantly increased the serum osteocalcin in the adequate-Ca-diet group (p

This study aimed to analyze growth changes in mandibular body morphology and quantitative bone mineral content (QBMC) with eruption of mandibular third molars (M3s) and the relationship between those variables and posterior mandibular body length. Linear and angular measurements were conducted using standard lateral radiographs of 37 dried mandibles in Hellman's dental developmental stages IVA (14 specimens) to VA (23 specimens). Cortical and trabecular basal bone mineral contents (CBMC and TBMC) in the mandible were expressed in millimeter titanium equivalent values using a titanium step wedge. The largest significant change in the mandibular body morphology was an increase in the horizontal dimension (M2DP'-Go': 7.59mm), followed by vertical dimension - total height of the mandibular body (THOMB: 4.96mm) and mandibular cortical width (MCW: 1.22mm). The gonial angle (GA) decreased significantly by 6.72° between stages IVA and VA. The mandibular cortical index (MCI) was classified only as C1 or C2 in each stage. Among 4 types of line profile, types 1 and 2 were most commonly observed in both stages. Mean values for CBMC and TBMC increased significantly between stages IVA and VA. Posterior mandibular body length (MeF'-Go') correlated positively with M2DP'-Go', THOM, MCW, and CBMC (r=0.816, 0.698, 0.595, and 0.507), respectively and negatively with GA (r=-0.582). These results demonstrated that the morphological changes in the posterior mandibular body and the QBMC increased significantly with M3 eruption, while the GA became significantly smaller. The posterior mandibular body length had a linear correlation with these variables.

The increase of bone mass by therapeutics does not always mean the enhancement of bone quality. The purpose of this study is to clarify the changes of osteonal remodeling and the mechanical properties of femoral cortex in rabbits treated with 24 R, 25 (OH)2D3. Fifteen NZW rabbits (3 kg B.W.) were divided into three groups of 5 animals each. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were given vehicle, 10 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg 24R,25(OH)2D3, respectively, daily for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the left femur was removed and bone mineral content (BMC) was measured with single photon absorptiometry. Serum 24,25(OH)2D concentrations reached levels of approximately 15 and 200 times that of the controls in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Neither 25(OH)D nor 1,25(OH)2D level showed any significant change in either group. Group 3 showed significant increase in mineral content and density in the epimetaphyseal regions, but the increase at the diaphyseal region did not reach a statistically significant level. Mechanical test for torsion was conducted for mid-cortical regions. After the test, bone pieces were bonded together with adhesive to reconstruct the original form, and undecalcified cross-sectional sections were made at the diaphyses. Fluorescent microscopy disclosed a marked reduction of remodeling in secondary osteonal bone area. The numbers for double-labeled osteons for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 2.47±0.819, 1.14±1.02* and 0.137±0.307* N/mm2, respectively, and the numbers for osteons with resorption lacunae were 1.37±0.721, 0.412±0.370* and 0.268±0.339** N/mm2, respectively. However, neither structural stiffness nor strength correlated with the indices of osteonal remodeling; instead, they were significantly correlated with bone mineral contents. Normalized mechanical parameters for torsion were almost the same for all three groups. This study clearly demonstrated that reduced osteonal remodeling by 24R,25(OD)2D3 does not affect the mechanical properties of the cortex, and the increase in bone density by the agent is considered to be accompanied by an increase in its mechanical strength (*P< 0.05, **P< 0.01).

We established reference values for total body bone mineral of normal Japanese subjects utilizing dual photon absorptiometry. The index of measurement, total body bone mineral content (TBBM) divided by lean body mass (LBM), might be suitable for the evaluation of total body bone mineral. TBBM/LBM did not correlate with age in male subjects; however, reduced bone mineral was noted in female subjects after fifth decade. The rate of change in bone after the fifth decade was 0.82% per year. The bone mineral density (BMD) of each region including total body also showed a significant decrease with aging in women after the age of 40. Again no significant age-related changes were obtained in male BMD of any region (head, trunk, pelvis, legs, arms). The annual loss in women after the bone loss began was 0.72% in total body BMD. The rate of BMD change in each region of bone after 40 years of age ranged from 0.91% (trunk) to 0.51% (arms) per year. The bone mineral content (BMC) in “trunk” portion of TBBM decreased significantly with aging, while BMC of other portions did not show a significant age-related change. These results differ slightly from results which we have already reported for lumbar spine BMD, in which case average annual rates of bone loss once begun, were 0.32% for male and 0.97% for female.

Quantitive Computed Tomography (QCT) is one of the most successful method in determining bone mineral content of the spine.Lumbar mineral contents of one hundred patients (thirty-one males and sixty-nine females) were determined by the QCT method.Following results were obtained.1) In the female patients, bone mineral content of the lumbar spine severely decreased to marginal value of abnormality, boundary of their anomeria.2) Bone mineral contents of the cases of trochanteric fractures were less than the cases of femoral neck fracture.3) The results of QCT method were related to the classification system on plain x-ray photographs.

Quantitative CT of the spine has been used to predict and to identify a population at increased risk for fracture. This effort has been limited, in part, by the considerable range in normal values of mineral content. We studied the mineral contents of individual vertebral bodies to evaluate our empirical observation that mineral content changes from one vertebral body to the next and to assess the effect of this variability upon mineral content determination. Fifty-nine patients referred for the evaluation of osteoporosis were studied by single energy and dual energy quantitative CT. Variability among patients and fluctuations in the CT machine were corrected by a bone density phantom. Measured bone mineral contents were normalized by taking these variations into account. Analysis of covariance and t-tests indicated significant differences in the measured mineral contents from the T12 to the L3 vertebral bodies. Mean mineral contents for different vertebra were significantly different for both the single energy and dual energy methods, decreasing from T12 to L3. The measured mineral contents of the vertebral bodies within a given patient were highly correlated. The high correlation of the mineral contents of the vertebral bodies within a given patient strengthens the conclusions that individual vertebral content measurement is a valid predictor for the mineral content of vertebrae. The current method of averaging several vertebral bodies improves the reliability of an overall measurement of mineral content.

We measured bone mineral contents of lumbar vertebrae (L1, L2, L3, L4) in 58 post-menopausal female volunteers (49-76 years old), using a quantitative computed-tomography method. We investigated age-related changes of bone mineral content, and analyzed the relation of bone mineral content to vertebral deformity and to physical characteristics. The following results were obtained: (1) There were highly significant correlations and some significant differences among bone mineral contents of L1, L2, L3 and L4. (2) Bone mineral content showed an apparently linear decline with age. (3) A significant negative correlation was observed between bone mineral content and the central deformity index of the vertebral body, but not for the anterio-posterior deformity index. (4) It was difficult to verify an association of bone mineral content with physical characteristics, such as height, weight, and body mass index.

BLACK, EVA, LISELOTTE PETERSEN, MARTIN KREUTZER, SOREN TOUBRO, THORKILD I. A. SORENSEN, OLUF PEDERSEN, AND ARNE ASTRUP. Fat mass measured by DXA varies with scan velocity. Obes Res. 2002;10:69 –77. Objective: To study the influence of scan velocities of DXA on the measured size of fat mass, lean body mass, bone mineral content and density, and total body weight. Research Methods and Procedures: The subjects were 71 healthy white adults, 38 women and 33 men. The mean age was 41.7 13.5 years and body mass index was 28.6 5.6 kg/m 2 . The subjects were scanned consecutively in slow, medium, and fast scan mode by a Lunar DPX-IQ DXA scanner. Results: Throughout the body mass index and sagittal height ranges, scanned lean body mass significantly decreased with higher scan velocity and lean body mass was 2.7% lower in fast than in medium mode (p 0.0001). In contrast, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and bone mineral contents were higher with increasing scan velocity. Areas not analyzed by the scanner, so called blue spots, increased with scan velocity and sagittal height, and their presence significantly enhanced the error. Body weight estimated by DXA in slow mode was0.8% lower than scale weight in the women (p 0.001) and 0.2% in men (not significant), and the difference was greater with increasing scan velocity. Discussion: Scan velocity significantly influences the measured fat mass size, lean body mass, bone mineral content, and body weight. To obtain the most accurate results, slow mode is preferable and fast scans should be avoided. Future studies should report and take scan velocity into consideration.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of blood concentrations of bone metabolic markers, bone mineral density, and body composition after different exercise training in 70's elderly women. Methods: Subjects were divided into three groups, yoga group (N = 11), strength training with theraband group (N = 10), and silver dance group (N = 12). The responses of blood concentrations of bone metabolic markers, bone mineral density, and body composition were compared between the groups after 12 weeks of each exercise training. Results: After the 12 weeks exercise training program, body weight and body mass index (BMI) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the silver dance group and yoga group, whereas skinfold thickness showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the silver dance group. Silver dance group showed the highest response in body composition among the three groups. Silver dance exercise or strength training with theraband for 12 weeks showed positive effects on bone mineral contents in 70's elderly women. Conclusion: Therefore, both silver dance exercise and strength training with theraband may be effective exercise programs for improving bone metabolic markers and body composition in 70's elderly women.

Serum calcium, phosphale and alcaline phosphatases with its bone fraction were measured in ten 28 lo 30 week geslalional age preterm newborn infants. All these measurement were repeated at 32, 36 and 44 weeks of postconceplional age. Bone mineral content was also determined at 36 and 44 week's postconceplional age by dual photon absorptiomefry. Results were matched with those from a control group of ten 36 to 37 week's geslalion newborn infants. Serum calcium and phosphale levels were similar in both groups, while alcaline phosphatase activities at 32, 36 and 44 weeks were significantly higher in premature infants than in controls |p < 0.0001). Lower bone mineral contents were asocialed to higher alcaline phosphatase activity [r « 0.77f p < 0.0001) which was almost completely given by the bone fraction isoenzime. No abnormalities were detected oy x-ray bone studies among preterm infants. The usefulness of serum alcaline phosphatase measurement as well as the limilalions of bone radiographs in the clinical approach of osteopenia ol premalury were thus highlighted.

We report twin preterm infants with the twin to twin transfusion syndrome, exhibiting grossly different bone densities on chest radiographs. Photonabsorptiometry showed the polycythaemic twin was osteopenic and the anaemic twin osteosclerotic; bone mineral contents were 0.028 g/cm and 0.074 g/cm respectively (normal mean (SD) 0.041 (0.006) g/cm. We speculate that alterations in macrophage derived osteoclastic activity contribute to these previously unreported findings.

Ca代謝, 糖代謝, 腎機能および骨塩含量に異常を認めない75例の正常老年女性においてCa代謝調節ホルモン値および左橈骨骨塩含量を測定し以下の結論を得た.老年者女性のCa代謝調節ホルモンの正常値はPTH値が0.16～0.55ng/ml, 25-OHD値が13～39ng/ml, 24,25(OH)2D値が1.0～3.3ng/ml, 1,25(OH)2D値が11～55pg/mlであると考えられた.血中PTH値は25-OHD, 24,25(OH)2Dと有意の負相関を示し年齢とは有意の正相関を示した. 血清Ca値は25-OHD, 24,25(OH)2D, 1,25(OH)2DおよびRMCと有意の正相関を示した. RMC値は25-OHD, 24,25(OH)2DおよびCa値とそれぞれ有意の正相関を示し年齢と負相関を示した. これらの結果から, 老年者女性にあっては, 骨塩含量及び血清Ca値の維持にビタミンD代謝産物が極めて重要な意義を有していると考えられた.

老年者の骨塩量に対する栄養素摂取及び日常身体活動の影響について検討した. 対象は東京都老人ホーム健康寮に在住する老人85名 (男性39名, 女性46名) で, その年齢範囲は65歳から96歳, 平均77.8±6.0歳である. 骨塩量測定にはMD法を用い, 骨密度 (GSmin.) と骨皮質幅 (MCI) を測定した. 3日間の全給食残量を秤り, カルシウム, リン, 蛋白質および脂肪の1日当たり摂取量を算出した. 身体活動状況は生活習慣, 歩行動作等について聞取り調査を行い, 身体活動スコアを求めた.年齢で補正したカルシウム摂取量と GSmin. の関係は男女ともに有意な正相関がみられ, MCIについては男性に有意な関連が見られた. 牛乳摂取群における GSmin. 平均値は非摂取群のそれに比し高値を示した. リン, 蛋白質, 脂肪の各摂取量が増加すると骨塩量も高値を示す傾向が見られたが, これは偏相関係数による分析により, これらの栄養素を含む食品中にはカルシウムが豊富に含まれ, そのカルシウムの影響であると示唆された. 日常身体活動と骨塩量間に有意な正相関が認められ, 老年者においては, 軽い運動は骨代謝のバミランスを維持するよう作用し, さらに身体活動を高めることにより体力, 食事量を増し, 結果的に体重, 筋力を介して骨塩量に好影響を及ぼすものと推察された. この種の調査にあってはいずれが原因でいずれが結果であると論じ難い面があるが, 老年者の骨塩量減少防止には, カルシウムを多く含む食物の摂取と日常の適度な運動が重要であると考えられた.