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13. Biogenic particles formed in the Himalaya as an important source of free tropospheric aerosols

Author

Bianchi, F., Junninen, H., Bigi, A., Sinclair, V. A., Dada, L., Hoyle, C. R., Zha, Q., Yao, L., Ahonen, L. R., Bonasoni, P., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Hutterli, M., Laj, P., Lehtipalo, K., Kangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Kontkanen, J., Marinoni, A., Mirme, S., Molteni, U., Petäjä, T., Riva, M., Rose, C., Sellegri, K., Yan, C., Worsnop, D. R., Kulmala, M., Baltensperger, U., and Dommen, J.

Published
2021
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14. Estimates of European emissions of methyl chloroform using a Bayesian inversion method

Author

Maione, M, Graziosi, F, Arduini, J, Furlani, F, Giostra, U, Blake, DR, Bonasoni, P, Fang, X, Montzka, SA, O'Doherty, SJ, Reimann, S, Stohl, A, and Vollmer, MK

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Methyl chloroform (MCF) is a man-made chlorinated solvent contributing to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is controlled under the "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" and its amendments, which called for its phase-out in 1996 in developed countries and 2015 in developing countries. Long-term, high-frequency observations of MCF carried out at three European sites show a constant decline in the background mixing ratios of MCF. However, we observe persistent non-negligible mixing ratio enhancements of MCF in pollution episodes, suggesting unexpectedly high ongoing emissions in Europe. In order to identify the source regions and to give an estimate of the magnitude of such emissions, we have used a Bayesian inversion method and a point source analysis, based on high-frequency long-term observations at the three European sites. The inversion identified southeastern France (SEF) as a region with enhanced MCF emissions. This estimate was confirmed by the point source analysis. We performed this analysis using an 11-year data set, from January 2002 to December 2012. Overall, emissions estimated for the European study domain decreased nearly exponentially from 1.1 Gg yrg'1 in 2002 to 0.32 Gg yrg'1 in 2012, of which the estimated emissions from the SEF region accounted for 0.49 Gg yrg'1 in 2002 and 0.20 Gg yrg'1 in 2012. The European estimates are a significant fraction of the total semi-hemisphere (30-90° N) emissions, contributing a minimum of 9.8% in 2004 and a maximum of 33.7% in 2011, of which on average 50% are from the SEF region. On the global scale, the SEF region is thus responsible for a minimum of 2.6% (in 2003) and a maximum of 10.3% (in 2009) of the global MCF emissions.

Published
2014

31. Crystal structure determination of a lifelong biopersistent asbestos fibre using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction

Author

Giacobbe, C., Di Giuseppe, D., Zoboli, A., Gualtieri, M. L., Bonasoni, P., Moliterni, A., Corriero, N., Altomare, A., Wright, J., and Gualtieri, A. F.

Subjects
macromolecular substances, respiratory system, asbestos, Research Papers, structure determination, respiratory tract diseases, fibres, Asbestos, Fibres, Lung diseases, Micro-diffraction, Structure determination, Synchrotrons, micro-diffraction, synchrotrons, biological sciences, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, lung diseases
Abstract

The in vivo lifelong stability of an amphibole asbestos fibre extracted from a lung of a patient affected by malignant mesothelioma has been verified using synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction., The six natural silicates known as asbestos may induce fatal lung diseases via inhalation, with a latency period of decades. The five amphibole asbestos species are assumed to be biopersistent in the lungs, and for this reason they are considered much more toxic than serpentine asbestos (chrysotile). Here, we refined the atomic structure of an amosite amphibole asbestos fibre that had remained in a human lung for ∼40 years, in order to verify the stability in vivo. The subject was originally exposed to a blend of chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite, which remained in his parietal pleura for ∼40 years. We found a few relicts of chrysotile fibres that were amorphous and magnesium depleted. Amphibole fibres that were recovered were undamaged and suitable for synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction experiments. Our crystal structure refinement from a recovered amosite fibre demonstrates that the original atomic distribution in the crystal is intact and, consequently, that the atomic structure of amphibole asbestos fibres remains stable in the lungs for a lifetime; during which time they can cause chronic inflammation and other adverse effects that are responsible for carcinogenesis. The amosite fibres are not iron depleted proving that the iron pool for the formation of the asbestos bodies is biological (haemoglobin/plasma derived) and that it does not come from the asbestos fibres themselves.

Published
2021
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42. Biogenic particles formed in the Himalaya as an important source of free tropospheric aerosols

Author

Bianchi, F., Junninen, H., Bigi, A., Sinclair, V., Dada, L., Hoyle, C., Zha, Q., Yao, L., Ahonen, L., Bonasoni, P., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Hutterli, M., Laj, P., Lehtipalo, K., Kangasluoma, J., Kerminen, V.-M., Kontkanen, J., Marinoni, A., Mirme, S., Molteni, U., Petäjä, T., Riva, M., Rose, Clémence, Sellegri, K., Yan, C., Worsnop, D., Kulmala, M., Baltensperger, U., Dommen, J., Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Tofwerk AG, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of Tartu, IRCELYON-Catalytic and Atmospheric Reactivity for the Environment (CARE), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aerodyne Research Inc., Beijing University of Chemical Technology, University of Helsinki, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Polar and arctic atmospheric research (PANDA), INAR Physics, Air quality research group, and Global Atmosphere-Earth surface feedbacks

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, respiratory system, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 114 Physical sciences, complex mixtures
Abstract

Aerosols of biogenic and anthropogenic origin affect the total radiative forcing of global climate. Poor knowledge of the pre-industrial aerosol concentration and composition, in particular of particles formed directly in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors, constitutes a large uncertainty in the anthropogenic radiative forcing. Investigations of new particle formation at pre-industrial-like conditions can contribute to the reduction of this uncertainty. Here we present observations taken at the remote Nepal Climate Observatory Pyramid station at 5,079 m above sea level, a few kilometres from the summit of Everest. We show that up-valley winds funnel gaseous aerosol precursors to higher altitudes. During this transport, these are oxidized into compounds of very low volatility, which rapidly form a large number of aerosol particles. These are then transported into the free troposphere, which suggests that the whole Himalayan region may act as an 'aerosol factory' and contribute substantially to the free tropospheric aerosol population. Aerosol production in this region occurs mainly via organic precursors of biogenic origin with little evidence of the involvement of anthropogenic pollutants. This process is therefore likely to be essentially unchanged since the pre-industrial period, and may have been one of the major sources that contributes to the upper tropospheric aerosol population during that time. Newly formed biogenic particles in the Himalaya increase free-tropospheric background aerosol concentration by a factor of up to two.

Published
2020
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45. SIMPSON-GOLABI-BEHMEL syndrome type 1: How placental immunohistochemistry can rapidly Predict the diagnosis.

Author

Fiandrino, Giacomo, Arossa, Alessia, Ghirardello, Stefano, Kalantari, Silvia, Rossi, Chiara, Bonasoni, Maria Paola, Cesari, Stefania, Rizzuti, Tommaso, Giorgio, Elisa, Bassanese, Francesco, Scatigno, Annachiara Licia, Meroni, Anna, Melito, Chiara, Feltri, Monica, Longo, Stefania, Figar, Tiziana Angelica, Andorno, Annalisa, Gelli, Maria Carolina, Bertozzi, Mirko, and Spinillo, Arsenio

Abstract

Introduction: Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an oncofetal protein involved in cellular signaling, strongly expressed in the placenta, absent or diminished in postnatal life, but often increased in human malignancies. Germline loss-of-function variants of GPC3 gene are associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 1 (SGBS1), a rare recessive X-linked overgrowth disease characterized by typical facial features, congenital abnormalities, and an increased risk of developing childhood cancers.Methods: A clinical suspicion of SGBS1 was postulated for a newborn with prenatal history of overgrowth and polyhydramnios, presenting with neonatal weight and length >99th percentile, coarse facies, iris and retinal coloboma, supernumerary nipples, and splenomegaly. While waiting for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) results, we investigated placental GPC3 immunohistochemical expression in the proband, in three additional cases of SGBS1, and disorders commonly associated with fetal macrosomia and/or placentomegaly.Results: WGS in the proband identified a likely pathogenic maternally inherited missense variant in GPC3: c.1645A > G, (p.Ile549Val), and GPC3 immunohistochemistry demonstrated full-thickness loss of stain of the placental parenchyma. The same pattern ("null") was also present in the placentas of three additional cases of SGBS1, but not in those of unaffected controls.Discussion: Immunohistochemical expression of GPC3 in the placenta is highly reproducible. Our findings showed that a "null pattern" of staining is predictive of SGBS1 and represents a valuable aid in the differential diagnosis of fetal macrosomias, allowing targeted genetic testing and earlier diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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49. Preliminary Estimation of Black Carbon Deposition from Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid Data and Its Possible Impact on Snow Albedo Changes Over Himalayan Glaciers During the Pre-Monsoon Season

Author

Yasunari, T. J, Bonasoni, P, Laj, P, Fujita, K, Vuillermoz, E, Marinoni, A, Cristofanelli, P, Duchi, R, Tartari, G, and Lau, K.-M

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

The possible minimal range of reduction in snow surface albedo due to dry deposition of black carbon (BC) in the pre-monsoon period (March-May) was estimated as a lower bound together with the estimation of its accuracy, based on atmospheric observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) sited at 5079 m a.s.l. in the Himalayan region. We estimated a total BC deposition rate of 2.89 g m-2 day-1 providing a total deposition of 266 micrograms/ square m for March-May at the site, based on a calculation with a minimal deposition velocity of 1.0 10(exp -4) m/s with atmospheric data of equivalent BC concentration. Main BC size at NCO-P site was determined as 103.1-669.8 nm by correlation analysis between equivalent BC concentration and particulate size distribution in the atmosphere. We also estimated BC deposition from the size distribution data and found that 8.7% of the estimated dry deposition corresponds to the estimated BC deposition from equivalent BC concentration data. If all the BC is deposited uniformly on the top 2-cm pure snow, the corresponding BC concentration is 26.0-68.2 microgram/kg assuming snow density variations of 195-512 kg/ cubic m of Yala Glacier close to NCO-P site. Such a concentration of BC in snow could result in 2.0-5.2% albedo reductions. From a simple numerical calculations and if assuming these albedo reductions continue throughout the year, this would lead to a runoff increases of 70-204 mm of water drainage equivalent of 11.6-33.9% of the annual discharge of a typical Tibetan glacier. Our estimates of BC concentration in snow surface for pre-monsoon season can be considered comparable to those at similar altitude in the Himalayan region, where glaciers and perpetual snow region starts in the vicinity of NCO-P. Our estimates from only BC are likely to represent a lower bound for snow albedo reductions, since a fixed slower deposition velocity was used and atmospheric wind and turbulence effects, snow aging, dust deposition, and snow albedo feedbacks were not considered. This study represents the first investigation about BC deposition on snow from atmospheric aerosol data in Himalayas and related albedo effect is especially the first track at the southern slope of Himalayas.

Published
2010

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