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The depressed river mussel Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmässler, 1835) is an endangered freshwater bivalve with sparse distribution across Europe. Despite its high conservation priority, available data on the current population genetics and biogeography of P. complanata are very limited. In this paper, we studied the genetic diversity and differentiation of P. complanata based on newly sequenced COI and ND1 gene fragments, and on available sequences from the NCBI GenBank. We discovered a localized and highly divergent lineage in the Don River basin and a widespread but low diversified lineage distributed from the Volga River basin to the Oise River in France. A star-like haplotype network, results of mismatch analysis, and significant negative values of neutrality tests reveal that the pan-European lineage went through a bottleneck event. The discovery of the separate lineage in the Don River basin is and additional evidence of the existence of Pleistocene glacial refugia in the south of the Russian Plain. Moreover, this finding confirms the significance of the Azov Sea drainage as a freshwater biodiversity hotspot of great conservation importance.

The thesis describes and analyses the problem of the global financial and economic crisis and its influence on the Russian economy. It constitutes a synthesis of main approaches to the crisis' examination from the years 2008-2011 and develops its own theoretical model for explaining the crisis' emergence and spreading in an open economy, and also analyses in detail the state of the Russian economy and anti-crisis measures. The thesis is based on assumptions that the crisis could have been explained and foreseen theoretically with the help of macroeconomic models, that the anti-crisis policy was in majority of cases inefficient, and that the problems of the Russian economy were caused not only by the global recession, but also by its internal imbalances. On the methodological side, the thesis is based on the ideas of the Austrian and Keynesian economics (the Austrian business cycle model and post- and neo-Keynesian branches) and the financial crises economics and partly on selected thoughts of the Marxian economics, and is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, the attention is given to the four main heterodox theoretical approaches to explaining financial and economic crises and to the development of a synthetic model. In the second chapter, the reasons, course and main previsions of the U.S. and global crisis are examined and the synthetic model from the first chapter is empirically tested. In the third chapter, the degree of the crisis' influence on different groups of countries is estimated, followed by a description of its main transmission channels and an analysis of anti-crisis measures at the global level. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the specifics of the Russian economy, its development during the crisis and to the anti-crisis policy of the Russian government and of the Central Bank of Russia. The thesis attempts to fill the gap in the existing economic literature by presenting new findings in the above-mentioned areas.

Due to important differences and risks in international trade, firms pay due attention to the legal background of their contractual relationships. To do this, they use a variety of contracts, the most important of which is the contract of sale. In this paper I will analyse two requisites of a contract of sale: the price and the terms of payment. The first part of the paper deals with the examination of the regulation of these requisites in the law of five selected countries and in the international law (the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods). In the second part I will compare two concrete contracts of sale and assess their quality. The last part is then devoted to the definition of the main problems of the examined regulation and to the search of their possible solutions.

Smlouva v mezinárodních obchodních operacích hraje opravdu důležitou roli. Slouží totiž jako svérázný můstek mezi právními přístupy jednotlivých zemí, který překonává překážky mezinárodního prostředí, a zároveň je zdrojem výkladu práv a povinností smluvních stran u soudního, rozhodčího a jiných řízení. Základem mezinárodního obchodního závazkového vztahu je potom kontrakt neboli kupní smlouva. V této práci je rozebrána existující právní úprava mezinárodního kontraktu a provedena analýza konkrétního případu. Zároveň byly zdůrazněny skutečnosti, které ovlivnily ujednání zkoumané kupní smlouvy, a stanoveny jejich příčiny.

The industrial revolution made great industrial powers out of North America and Western Europe. Hundred years after, ICT revolution and offshoring of production processes paved the way for intense economic growth of the developing countries. Following breakdown of the Soviet Bloc, market oriented reforms in China together with other circumstances have gradually changed balance of powers in favour of the developing world. However, developed economies have been keeping a competitive advantage consisting in activities associated with creativity and know-how, while the newly industrialized countries have been using mainly extensive growth model based on cheap labour and repetitive activities. These processes have been taking place across highly advanced and sophisticated global value chains. Our goal is to look deeply into the impact of the smiling curve and the evolution of the shares of value added for both developing and developed countries, before and after the Great Recession, across three industries: textile, electronics and automotive, and find out, whether developing countries are situated in a so-called low value added trap, in other words their shares for a longer period have either been stagnating or declining, while shares of developed countries have been constantly growing.

Since 2008 the business world, politics, economy and public has been affected by the financial crisis. A financial crisis is generally defined as a broad range of disturbances that affect real economy (negative impacts on employment, production, purchasing power, insolvency and many others). The aim of the thesis is an analysis of approaches to explanation of the global financial crisis in terms of selected economic theories. The hypothesis (there is a state of knowledge that the global crisis could be predicted) is confirmed in this thesis. At the same time, proposals for predicting financial crises are elaborated. For the comparison a multi-criteria decision method is used. As the input criteria the individual causes of the financial crises that are defined in the first part of the thesis are chosen. The criteria are used to evaluate selected variants; the variants represent the real causes of the global financial crisis of 2008.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse international trade of the Czech Republic with the Russian Federation. There were important trade and historical connections between those two countries in the past. Since the new century, the trade balance of the Czech Republic and Russia had been growing and the breaking point came in 2008, when the economic crisis stroke and continued with the imposition of sanctions on the international trade of the Russian Federation. The evolution of both countries till 1990s is characterized in the introductory part. The next part describes the evolution of the last ten years. The third chapter concentrates specifically on sanctions, their cause and their impact on the Russian economy. The last chapter contains the prediction of future economic progress and the impact on the progress not only of those two nations.

The thesis deals with evaluation of ant-money laundering effectiveness. In theoretical part money laundering, FATF (Financial Ask Task Force) and AML(anti-money laundering) are defined. Practical part concentrates on the biggest scandals of the latest years and assessment of AML effectiveness. Based on this evaluation, weak places in AML mechanisms were identified. Additionally, tools of AML improvement were determined.

This bachelor thesis deals with the analysis of the impact of the economic sanctions imposed against Russia on the development of domestic production of the country. The aim of this work is to identify the causes and nature of sanctions against Russia and to determine their impact on the economy and production of Russia in particular sectors. The bachelor thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter presents the assumptions and causes of the sanction against Russia. The second chapter describes the impact of the sanctions on the Russian's economy and on the countries that imposed the sanctions, and describes the success of the sectoral import substitution. The last chapter is practical and focuses on detecting the impact of sanctions and import substitution on Russian companies.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is economic description of Czech Republic and United Kingdom and estimation of their future development after UK leaves European Union. This thesis also describes the impact of Brexit on Czech British relationship. In the first part are described macroeconomical determinants of Czech Republic and United Kingdom, as well as their mutual trade. In the second part, the autor analyzes the established relations between these two countries and the last part of the thesis is dedicated to the Brexit itself and the estimate of potentional impact on Czech British relations.

Since 2014 Russia has been tackling with the sanctions imposed by western countries. The sanctions were imposed due to the Russian invasion of Crimea. The economic sanctions are targeting specific sectors of its economy and are supposed to cause high costs for government and worsen the economical situation. This paper analyses the influence of the sanctions on Russian economy and summarizes the factors which caused current Russian crisis. As Russia is heavily dependent on oil exports, the drop of oil prices is a significant factor contributing to this situation.

This Thesis contains the following information about the EAEU: - Historical reference - Description of national economies - Analysis of major industries in the member-states - Future economic impact on the member-states - Description of the EAEU functioning system - Existing problems for the year 2017 - Possible solutions on these problems - Description of future projects - Comparison with the other integrations - Bilateral agreements by the year 2017

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe the present global honey market and to summarize characteristics of its development during the 21st century. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part focuses on honey - on its types and specifications in trade. The description of the world honey market and analysis of positions of individual producers, exporters and importers are presented in the second part, which also includes the summary of the most important problems and trends of the market. The third part of the thesis is aimed at the honey market in the Czech Republic and at its specific features. In the end the last part of the thesis evaluates the role of the Czech Republic on the world honey market.

The thesis deals with the quality of business environment of the Czech Republic, nevertheless, the main goal of the thesis is to evaluate the current system of the export support. Firstly, the opening chapter attempts to define the term business environment theoretically, after that it puts forward the possibilities of quantifying the quality of this indicator and then summarizes its evolution specifically in the Czech Republic. The second chapter is particularly devoted to the system of economic diplomacy in the Czech Republic and concentrates primarily on the support of export as a part of national business support programs. In this context, the thesis analyses in full detail the Export Strategy of the Czech Republic for the period 2012-2020, its updated version of 2016 and also how defined goals are met on an ongoing basis. The final part provides the export survey carried out within small and medium-sized enterprises. This survey evaluates whether the system of the state export support is generally known and used within this segment.

The main aim of this thesis is to describe development of economic relations between Russian Federation and India. The theoretical part is focused on the historical development of economic and politic relations between Russia and India since the beginnig of 20th century. The practical part contains structural analysis of international trade in goods and services from 2003 to 2015.

This master thesis deals with the comparison of startup ecosystems in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The goal is to discover which of these two countries has more developed startup ecosystem. The first chapter aims to define startup and illustrates its importance and development in both countries. The second chapter analyzes the characteristic of startup ecosystem, startup financing and supporting institutions in the 2 countries. The final chapter contains a comparison of the startup ecosystems in both countries based on my research.

This thesis aims to set a complex view on the economy of the Russian Federation and evaluate its current state in the context of the ongoing Ukrainian crisis which started in 2014. During this period significantly changed the situation on the oil market and at the same time there were introduced sanctions against Russia because of its involvement in the conflict. Therefore, Russia introduced its own sanctions in return. What is the cause of the current Russian economic crisis will try to uncover this thesis in three chapters. First chapter is dedicated to the Ukrainian crisis and to the role of Russia within the conflict. Second part analysis the Russian economy, its specifics and efficiency. Last chapter examines the impacts of the sanction regime, decrease of oil prices and the related lack of diversification and dependency on export of the recourses in the context of the monetary and fiscal policy and the impact on the selected sectors of the economy and international trade.

The aim of this Bachelor thesis is to analyse in detail the contribution of the Catalan economy to the whole Spanish economy. Currently, separatist tendencies are on the rise throughout Europe. In Spain, these tendencies are present in Catalonia - one of its richest and most industrialized regions.

This bachelor thesis analyzes economic relations between the USA and China. The aim of this thesis is to analyze economic relations between the USA and China with a focus on foreign trade. The thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to trade policy and its instruments, furthermore there is an introduction to the World Trade Organization. In the second chapter, the economies of the USA and China are introduced using the development of different macroeconomic indicators since the beginning of the millennium. The third chapter is about the roles of the USA and China in international trade and their commodity and territorial structures of foreign trade are compared. The fourth chapter is about economic relations between the USA and China. Trade related problems, channels of cooperation and the trade deficit that the USA has with China are described in this chapter. This is followed by information about the US presidential election in 2016 and the estimate of future developments in US-China trade relations.

The aim of this thesis is based on historical and political context evaluate the impact of the Chechen conflict on the economy of the North Caucasian Federal District and Russian federation and analyze its development after 22 years from the beginning of the First Chechen War. The first and second parts of the thesis include the characteristics and significance of the North Caucasian Federal District, analysis of analyzed ethnic and social structure of the population of the studied region and the historical and political context of the war. The following chapter deals with the core of the bachelor thesis, the impact of the conflict and the social and economic spheres. The last part is SWOT analysis of general and economic factors of the district

The goal of my project is to figure out strengths and weaknesses of doing business in Russia and thus, overview economy of the country as a whole. Explore possible ways of development of the Russian Federation and conditions for healthy functioning of the economy. From my bachelor thesis I found out that doing business in Russia has improved over the recent years, but the economy still has a number of disadvantages and structural reforms are needed to overcome these problems and promote economic growth in the country

The thesis describes Fairtrade and the international trade with tea and shows both on the example of the Kenyan economy. All three topics are introduced separately first, then connected amongst each other and all are put together in the third chapter. The aim of this thesis is to describe Fairtrade and the international trade with tea so that the reader is able to imagine the conditions of the international tea market and to form an opinion on how Fairtrade is involved, if it is actually helping and what influence does it have.

This diploma thesis focuses on trade environment in Mexico with special focus on practical example of a particular trade operation. The aim is to analyze trade environment in Mexico on an example of particular trade operation. The first part focuses on main attributes, characteristics and structural problems of the Mexican economy. The second part describes more in detail the country's business environment and customs procedures. The last chapter analyzes the selected trade operation of export of goods to Kuwait performed by small Mexican trade company. Based on the analysis of the operation are identified several recommendations for potential improvement of the exporter's activities. Methods of interview, description, analysis and comparison are used. The bibliography cites printed resources, books and articles, as well as electronic resources, statistical databases and legal rules. The practical part was elaborated with support of the exporter's and freight forwarder's experts, who provided access to information and documentation needed.

This work illustrates view of relations between the Czech Republic and selected countries of Latin America, specifically Chile and Argentina. The aim of the study is to determine when mutual relationships were established, how they have evolved and what kind of contracts are based on. Another object of examination are kinds of exported and imported commodities by Czech Republic. After the analysis of collected data take place comparison of trade between the Czech Republic and Chile, and between the Czech Republic and Argentina.

The diploma thesis deals with the analysis of outward foreign direct investment of the People´s Republic of China with a focus on the United States of America. The initial chapter introduces the concept of foreign direct investment. The purpose of the second chapter is to analyse outward foreign direct investment of China in general. It also gives an overview of the China investment policy, main motives of Chinese investor's decision and specific features of Chinese FDI. Last chapter focuses on the analogous analysis of Chinese FDI in the United States. The work also assesses the investment attractiveness of the country and aims to describe its stance towards Chinese FDI.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the influence of the automotive industry on the economy of zhe UK at present and in the past. Using observation and induction methods, the work aims to bring the UK automotive industry closer to reader. The results of this work enable the reader to create a coherent picture of the development of the UK automotive industry and its impact on the economy of the country.

The goal of the thesis is to examine the business environment in Spain, to trace how the economy was changing from the times of autarky until the current time. In addition, to find out what were the causes of the crisis and what Spain did in order to recover from it, to look at the legal framework of doing business in Spain

The aim of this thesis is to analyse important aspects of separatism in Catalonia. Thesis is comprised of three chapters and conclusion. The first chapter addresses the historical origins of Catalan attempts to gain independence, legal and political issues and further examines current situation in the autonomous community. The second chapter analyses the problem from economic point of view. Spanish and Catalan economies will be examined alongside with their economic relationship. The third chapter is relevant factors that might play an important role in cause of eventual separation: the form of gaining an independence, viability of a new Catalan economy and possible scenarios of relationships between Catalonia, Spain and the European union. In the end author summarizes the problem and provides conclusions.

This thesis occupies with the analysis of the causes and consequences of the ongoing economic crisis in the Russian Federation. The thesis summarizes the historical aspects that preceded and led to the current economic situation. In the next section, the impacts have been evaluated in detail and have had fatal consequences both in terms of economic cooperation and political relations at international level. In the practical part, the thesis focuses on the comparison of the situation before and after the crisis in terms of several selected key areas of industry in the Russian economy in order to map the real impacts of the economic crisis. The last part summarizes the measures taken by the empowered state authorities to eliminate the undesirable effects of changes in the market situation.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to characterize Russia-Ukraine mutual relations and to evaluate the impact of Ukraine crisis on mutual trade between two historically and culturally close countries-Ukraine and Russian Federation. The work examines both Ukrainian and Russian evolution of the economy with emphasis on the foreign trade and also captures main changes which occurred in their foreign trade after Ukraine crisis in 2014. The work in chronological order describes course of events that happened during the Ukrainian crisis. The ending of bachelor thesis studies the impact of Ukrainian crisis on trade between Russia and Ukraine. In the end of thesis possible scenarios of future development of crisis are outlined.

This bachelor's thesis describes and analyses the evolution of trade relations between MERCOSUR and the European Union and its major objective is to present not only the historical background of their bilateral relations but also a complete overview of the ongoing negotiations focusing on the most recent status of the Association agreement. The thesis first deals with the comparison of both parts based on several indicators before moving to the analysis of trade flows between both blocks. The third part then focuses on their bilateral relations and negotiations of the Association agreement. The last part concludes with stating the major obstacle preventing reaching the agreement and presents several world affairs that could have a great influence on the negotiations.

The bachelor thesis is dealing with the current economic crisis in the context of its impact on the economy of the Slovak Republic. Considering the methodology, the thesis is based on synthesis of different approaches and theoretical knowledges in order to systemize the course of crisis and to describe development of Slovak economy through the times of changing geopolitical organization of the world. The goal is to map the impact of the current economic and financial crisis on Slovak economic development in the time of pre-recession and post-recession with regard to the integration to the EU. The first chapter is focused on defining the key concepts complemented with the stances and thoughts of internal and external authors. The second chapter pays attention to the development of Slovak economy from its establishment oriented towards economic policy, macroeconomic indicators of internal and external balance during the economic transformation and integration to the international organizations. The final chapter is concentrating on specifics of Slovak economy during the crisis as well as on analysis of its impacts on economic policy, anti-crisis measures and macroeconomic indicators in comparison to the pre-recession status. At the same time, the theoretical knowledges in the first chapter are being confirmed. Bachelor thesis should provide coherent perspective on Slovak economy so as to better understanding of its governance in the times of forming a significant economic turning points.

The main aim of this bachelor thesis is to make the reader aware of the history, culture, and economy of the three countries: Russia, China, and Saudi Arabia. The thesis is divided into three parts, dedicated to the topics mentioned above. There is a conclusion presented at the end of each chapter that explains and compares the three countries. Before entering a foreign market, one must learn and become aware of these three main areas, as it (the knowledge) can be used as a helpful and informative aid when doing business in these countries that have a very high potential, interesting history, complex culture, and economy.

The aim of the master's thesis is to find out the position of the Russsian Federation in the Eurasian Economic Union. The first chapter focuses on theoretical definition of the integration process, history of the Eurasian Economic Union, and theoretical definition of analysis which is used in the second part of the thesis. The second chapter researches the position of the Russian Federation in the Eurasian Economic Union. The objective of the third chapter is point out chosen characteristics of the Russian economy.

This diploma thesis is centred on the importance of State support for exports. It defines the international rules which must be respected by State export policies, and deals with the basic principles and activities of institutions which together form the integrated system of State support for exports in the Czech Republic. Within this overall context, the practical component of this diploma thesis examines the work of the Czech State Export Credit Agency (EGAP), and describes their newly created Export Promotion Effectiveness methodology (EPE) which aims to evaluate the economic risk-benefit of a each business case. It goes on to describe the phases and steps of the underwriting process which every business case must go through. The underwriting process is illustrated with the help of a process map, and defines points at which the EPE model can be used. An important part of this diploma thesis represents a case study which demonstrates the application of the EPE model to a real business case.

I have written my bachelors thesis on International trade of uranium and its impact on world politics. The main goal is to analyze the evolution of international trade of uranium together with its impact on world events. Statistical and non-statistical data I have mainly taken from the official website of World Nuclear Organization and from statistical outlines made by OECD and IAEA. Based on the research, I have analyzed the Supply and Demand on the international market of uranium together with stating the main areas of extraction. Uranium is due to its importance in the energy and military industry very important strategic raw material that had great significance in the field of international relations in the past. The international trade of uranium is naturally connected with regulatory restrictions that are enforced by international nuclear organizations. The view of this work is the analysis of the impact of uranium on the world events in the last 50 years together with the prediction of the evolution of the international trade of uranium into the future. Although uranium is becoming more and more important source of energy in the future, it is still a subject of many controversial discussions.