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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. It is endemic in South East Asian countries and North Australia. Sporadic cases of melioidosis have been reported from several parts of South India. Melioidosis may manifest as chronic pneumonia mimicking tuberculosis and generally be seen as a single entity. We report the first case of melioidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis co-infection in a diabetic patient. The causative agents were identified using standard methods and the patient recovered after completion of the recommended antibiotic therapy. Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease in India. Though melioidosis and tuberculosis present with similar clinical picture, co-infections are rare. Hence, increased awareness among clinicians and microbiologists can help in diagnosing the disease even when there is no clinical suspicion.

Background and Aims: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to monitor the trend of the demographical details, comorbid conditions, bacterial etiological agents, and their antibiogram causing VAP in adults in the year 2008, 2013 and 2018., Material and Methods: A retrospective study conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Hospital Infection control and Quality Control at a tertiary care teaching hospital. All the adult patients with more than 48 h of the mechanical ventilator with endotracheal intubation with Clinical Pulmonary infection Score >6 with suspicion of VAP were included in the study at a difference of 5 years, i.e., 2008, 2013, and 2018., Results: A total of 338 patients were included in the study, of which males accounted for more than two-third of the patients studied. Nearly 45% of the patients belonged to geriatric (>60 years) age group. The most common comorbid conditions were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Among the gram-negative isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common. There is an emergence of resistance to most commonly administered antimicrobial agents like aminoglycosides, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactum, and carbapenems during the study period., Conclusion: This is a ten-year study on the antibiotic resistance pattern of organisms causing VAP. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study addressing the pattern of change in drug resistance in the organisms causing VAP over a decade. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) MDR pathogens, especially in intensive care unit (ICU), is a great concern for the intensivist and infection control physicians. Preventive measures need to be undertaken to control the spread of these pathogens to the patients in the ICU., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology.)

Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettu Background  Surgical site infections (SSIs) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients can significantly affect the outcome of the surgery. Appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis is needed for prevention of SSI. Aim  To study the causative agents causing SSI among the HNC patients and their drug resistance pattern. Materials and Methods  This was a retrospective study. The antibiotic suspectibility pattern of the aerobic bacteria isolated from the wound infection in the patients underwent surgery for head and neck cancer, admitted from January 2015 to December 2016 were added in the study. The demographic details of patients, pathogens isolated, and their antimicrobial susceptibility were collected, entered into Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was done as per percentage of isolates and drug resistance. Results  A total of 130 culture-positive pus samples were included in the study. The majority of the samples were from males (71.5%), one-third of the patients belonged to the sixth decade of their life. Buccal mucosa and tongue were the common cancer in the head and neck region. The common gram-negative pathogens were Klebsiella sp. and Acinetobacter sp. and Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. among the gram-positive bacteria. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolation rate was noted to be as high as 64.28%. High levels of resistance to aminopenicillins, third generation cephalosporins, co-trimoxazole and fluoroquinolones among the gram-negative pathogens. Anti-MRSA drugs such as vancomycin, linezolid, and teicoplanin resistance was not seen among S. aureus . Conclusion  The resistance pattern among the pathogens isolated from SSI in HNC patients is alarming. So, implementation of strict infection control practices to prevent SSI rather than treating them with high end antimicrobials is the best option., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None declared., (MedIntel Services Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer and the commonest opportunistic infection (OI) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals with 0.3 million deaths in 2017. When HIV and TB co-infection occurs, they form a deadly combination with each accelerating the progression of the other, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality., Aim and Objectives: To study the demographic pattern, clinical presentation, opportunistic infections, radiological and laboratory profile, management, and outcome of HIV-TB coinfected individuals., Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on confirmed HIV cases already diagnosed with TB and those newly detected with TB after admission, where diagnosis was carried out following standard operative procedures., Results: In our study of 58 HIV-TB co-infected individuals, 40-50 years was the most common age group affected. Males were affected more with majority being married. The most common presentation was fever (67%) followed by gastrointestinal symptoms. Majority of TB cases were newly diagnosed (65.5%), with predominance of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) ( n = 35) followed by those having only extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) ( n = 12) and both ( n = 11). TB was diagnosed by microscopy in 32.7%, while radiologically, chest X-ray was most common (36.2%). Also, 50% were infected with other OIs where oral candidiasis was the most common (37.93%). The overall mean CD4 count was 220 cells/μL and those with EPTB had lesser CD4 counts than those with PTB. All were on DOTS regimen and majority showed improvement., Conclusion: In a country like India where both these diseases are rampant, we recommend better information, education, understanding and awareness for prevention, care, early diagnosis, and treatment of these two notorious infectious diseases with prevention of relapse and default of TB cases in HIV-TB co-infected individuals a priority., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the Genus Lentiviruses and is made up of two main types HIV-1 and HIV-2 which are the causative agents of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is well documented that HIV-1 infection is predominantly found, but HIV-2 infection has also been detected occasionally now and then., Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of HIV-2 and dual infection in HIV-infected individuals along with the clinical presentation, co-infections, laboratory profile, and outcome of these patients., Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital for 2 years from August 2013 to July 2015, after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients confirmed having HIV infection, as per the National AIDS Control Organization guidelines were included in the study. The sociodemographic pattern along with clinico-laboratory details and outcome were noted., Results and Discussion: In the present study, out of a total of 214 confirmed HIV-infected individuals, 2.8% (n = 6) were HIV-2 and 1.4% (n = 3) were dual infected where 40-50 years age group were most commonly affected. Males were more commonly affected than females in a ratio of 8:1. The most common presentation was fever (n = 5) followed by gastrointestinal (n = 5) symptoms. The most common opportunistic infection (OI) was tuberculosis (TB) (n = 4) followed by oral candidiasis (n = 2). Majority had anemia (n = 5) with raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Furthermore, majority (n = 7) showed improvement on discharge, whereas two (n = 2) left against medical advice and outcome is unknown., Conclusion: We conclude that the incidence of HIV-2 and dual infection does occur in our setup with males of older age group being more commonly affected where TB is the most common OI. Hence, clinicians should keep in mind that HIV-2 infection does occur and differentiating as HIV-1, HIV-2, or dual infection is important, to provide appropriate treatment which will result in decreased morbidity and mortality rates., Competing Interests: None

Introduction: Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) pulmonary disease manifesting as bronchiolitis and pneumonia continues to play a major role in the childhood mortality and morbidity. Hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of RSV among hospitalized children presenting with Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARTI) and its correlation with risk factors., Aim: To determine the occurrence of RSV related respiratory tract infection in paediatric patients and to access the risk factors and clinical features associated., Materials and Methods: RSV antigen detection was performed by Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) staining on 100 nasopharyngeal aspirate collected from hospitalized children below 5 years of age with a diagnosis of ARTI., Results: Out of the 100 samples tested for RSV with DFA, 22 (22%) were found RSV positive with a mean age of 12 months and a male to female ratio of (1.75:1). Clinical features significantly associated with RSV were wheezing and breathlessness. Congenital heart disease (CHD) and prematurity were the risk factors significantly associated with RSV infection., Conclusion: RSV infection is a significant cause of morbidity among children presenting with ARTI. In resource limited countries DFA can be used as an important tool for rapid detection of RSV and can potentially eliminate prolonged hospitalization and unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is a significant opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients, particularly in cystic fibrosis. It is widely distributed in natural habitats such as soil and water and frequently encountered in nosocomial outbreaks due to contaminated disinfectants and medical devices. However reports on outbreaks due to this organism are lacking from the Indian subcontinent. We report here a sporadic outbreak due to BCC which occurred in the pediatric Intensive Care Unit of our institute, the probable source being contaminated distilled water. The isolate from three babies and environmental sources including distilled water were identical and confirmed as BCC. Strict infection control measures were instituted to prevent the spread of infection. This report highlights the potential role of B.cepacia in causing sporadic outbreaks especially in ICUs, associated with water.

Introduction: The study was intended to analyse the burden of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) and associated intestinal pathogens from children with diarrhoea who were hospitalized in a tertiary care teaching hospital of South India., Materials and Methods: Stool samples from 138 children with diarrhoea belonging to the age group 0-14 years were analysed by semi quantitative culture, latex agglutination and enzyme immunoassay for C. difficile. The associated intestinal pathogens were also detected from the specimens by standard procedures., Results: Stool samples of 138 children were tested during the period; 21 (15.22%) samples were culture positive for C. difficile and the isolates were confirmed by biochemical reactions. 9(6.52%) were positive by latex agglutination. EIA for C. difficile toxins A and B was done on all the stool specimens and 15 were found to be positive (10.87 %). According to the reference standard method employed in our study, 4 toxigenic C. difficile isolates (2.90%) were obtained from 138 specimens. Among the other intestinal pathogens, Escherichia coli predominated (22.46%). Rota virus was detected in 7.27% stool samples of children under the age of five years., Conclusion: The study shows the prevalence of C. difficile in hospitalized children in our locality which highlights the importance of judicious use of antibiotics and strict infection control measures.

Dengue is one of the arthropod-borne (arbo) viral diseases transmitted by female mosquito Aedes aegypti. Dengue fever has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from flu-like illness to severe complicated stage of dengue hemorrhagic fever leading to mortality. This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Coastal Karnataka, South India, to know the correlation between the clinical presentation and haematological parameters in the paediatric cases presented with dengue symptoms. A total of 163 paediatric cases who presented fever and dengue-like illness were included in the study. Of which, 69 were confirmed dengue patients. Critical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the haematological parameters like total leucocyte count, percent differential leucocyte count, and platelets count, in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.05 to 0.0001). Additionally, when compared to nondengue patients, even the liver function and renal function parameters were significantly deranged (P < 0.05 to 0.0001). Stratification based on NS1, IgG, and IgM showed significant alterations in the haematological, hepatic, and renal parameters. With respect to the treatment a small percentage of patients, that is, 8% (4 patients), required platelet transfusion as their counts went below 20,000/μL. Two patients succumbed to their illness while three required ICU stay.

Background: Dermatophytoses refer to superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissues caused by keratinophilic dermatophytes. According to observations worldwide, dermatophytoses are the most common of the superficial fungal infections. It is common in tropics and may present in epidemic proportions in areas with high rates of humidity. Although common, the precise size of the problem defies measurement., Aims: The present study was undertaken to assess the clinical profile of dermatophytic infection and to identify the species of fungi that are prevalent in this region., Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients clinically suspected for dermatophytoses were selected for the study. Direct microscopy in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and culture was done in each case., Results: Out of 100 patients, the maximum were seen in the age groups of 16-30 years. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type (44.3%) followed by tinea cruris (38.2%). Overall positivity by culture was 39% and by direct microscopy 96%., Conclusion: Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant species isolated (67.5%) in all clinical types followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Culturing the fungus may identify the species, but it is not essential for the diagnosis as it is not a sensitive test.

Background: Enteric fever is caused by the serotypes Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella Paratyphi C. After emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonellae Ciprofloxacin, a fluorquinolone antibiotic was the first-line therapy. Treatment failure was observed with Ciprofloxacin soon and such strains showed in-vitro resistance to Nalidixic acid. Recent reports suggest re-emergence of Chloramphenicol sensitive strains and increasing Nalidixic acid resistance. This study is aimed at detecting the current trend in the antibiogram of Salmonella isolates from blood culture in coastal Karnataka, with an emphasis on antibiotic susceptibility of Nalidixic acid and Chloramphenicol and evaluate, if there is a need to modify the strategies in the antibiotic therapy for enteric fever., Materials and Methods: Blood samples received for culture in the laboratory between June 2009 and August 2011 was cultured in Brain Heart infusion broth, bile broth or in a commercial BACTEC culture media. The growth from blood cultures were processed for identification and antibiotic susceptibility as per standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility for Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Nalidixic acid were noted., Results: Out of 9053 blood culture specimens received, Salmonella was isolated from 103 specimens. There were 85 Salmonella Typhi isolates, 16 Salmonella Paratyphi A and two Salmonella Paratyphi B. Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A showed the highest resistance to Nalidixic acid. Salmonella Typhi showed highest susceptibility to Ceftriaxone and Salmonella Paratyphi A to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. Two isolates were multidrug resistant. One Salmonella Paratyphi A was resistant to Ceftriaxone., Conclusion: Routine screening of Nalidixic acid susceptibility is practical to predict fluorquinolone resistance in Salmonella and preventing therapeutic failure while treating with it. It is worthwhile to consider replacing fluorquinolones with Chloramphenicol or Ceftriaxone as the first line of therapy for enteric fever. Periodic analysis of Salmonella antibiogram should be done to formulate the best possible treatment strategies.

Background and Objectives: Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy, better supportive care modalities and use of a wide range of preventive measures, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care unit (ICU). VAP requires a rapid diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment, to prevent mortality and morbidity. Inappropriate and inadequate antibiotic treatment causes emergence of drug resistance in pathogens and poor prognosis in patients. Early detection of pathogens causing VAP helps to control their spread by administration of suitable antibiotics and proper infection control measures. The study was conducted to know the pathogens causing VAP in Fr. Muller Medical College Hospital, Mangalore, and their susceptibility pattern., Methods: A total of 100 patients, on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h, who were suspected to have VAP were included in the study between December 2008 and November 2009. Their endotracheal aspirates (ETAs) were collected and processed. From 100 ETA, 138 isolates of count > 10(5) CFU/ mL were characterized and antibiogram was determined using standard antibiotics regime., Results: Incidence of VAP was found to be 44.2% among the mechanically ventilated patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae (34%) was the most common pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%). Among them, most of the K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones was observed but were sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactum, cefaperazone/sulbactum, and carbapenems. All isolates were sensitive to amikacin., Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study shows prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms in the study region. Klebsiella species was the most common pathogen isolated in ETA. Acinetobacter species were the most resistant pathogens prevailing in our ICU setup, leading to the increased mortality in the ventilated patients. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the most common predisposing factor for VAP in the study group.

Melioidosis is an emerging infection in India. Seventeen cases of culture proven melioidosis are reported in this study. The isolation rate was high during the rainy season. Except one case, all the patients had diabetes mellitus as an underlying disease. Eleven patients improved with ceftazidime or combination therapy and maintenance therapy with doxycycline and Cotrimoxazole. The high prevalence of B. pseudomallei in this region is a matter for serious concern.