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OBJECTIVE: Large language models such as ChatGPT have demonstrated significant potential in question-answering within ophthalmology, but there is a paucity of literature evaluating its ability to generate clinical assessments and discussions. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the accuracy of assessment and plans generated by ChatGPT and (2) evaluate ophthalmologists abilities to distinguish between responses generated by clinicians versus ChatGPT. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mixed-methods study. SUBJECTS: Sixteen ophthalmologists from a single academic center, of which 10 were board-eligible and 6 were board-certified, were recruited to participate in this study. METHODS: Prompt engineering was used to ensure ChatGPT output discussions in the style of the ophthalmologist author of the Medical College of Wisconsin Ophthalmic Case Studies. Cases where ChatGPT accurately identified the primary diagnoses were included and then paired. Masked human-generated and ChatGPT-generated discussions were sent to participating ophthalmologists to identify the author of the discussions. Response confidence was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale score, and subjective feedback was manually reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Accuracy of ophthalmologist identification of discussion author, as well as subjective perceptions of human-generated versus ChatGPT-generated discussions. RESULTS: Overall, ChatGPT correctly identified the primary diagnosis in 15 of 17 (88.2%) cases. Two cases were excluded from the paired comparison due to hallucinations or fabrications of nonuser-provided data. Ophthalmologists correctly identified the author in 77.9% ± 26.6% of the 13 included cases, with a mean Likert scale confidence rating of 3.6 ± 1.0. No significant differences in performance or confidence were found between board-certified and board-eligible ophthalmologists. Subjectively, ophthalmologists found that discussions written by ChatGPT tended to have more generic responses, irrelevant information, hallucinated more frequently, and had distinct syntactic patterns (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Large language models have the potential to synthesize clinical data and generate ophthalmic discussions. While these findings have exciting implications for artificial intelligence-assisted health care delivery, more rigorous real-world evaluation of these models is necessary before clinical deployment. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

AIM: To perform an independent validation of deep learning (DL) algorithms for automated scleral spur detection and measurement of scleral spur-based biometric parameters in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images. METHODS: Patients receiving routine eye care underwent AS-OCT imaging using the ANTERION OCT system (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Scleral spur locations were marked by three human graders (reference, expert and novice) and predicted using DL algorithms developed by Heidelberg Engineering that prioritise a false positive rate 95% (TPR95). Performance of human graders and DL algorithms were evaluated based on agreement of scleral spur locations and biometric measurements with the reference grader. RESULTS: 1308 AS-OCT images were obtained from 117 participants. Median differences in scleral spur locations from reference locations were significantly smaller (p

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with neurophysiologic changes, including cortical hyperexcitability and reduced long‐term potentiation (LTP)‐like plasticity, that can be investigated using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). AD is preceded by a preclinical phase of beta‐amyloid accumulation without clinical or cognitive symptoms. Our goal is to test the relationship of TMS‐based neurophysiologic markers against established cognitive and MRI‐based measures of preclinical AD. If neurophysiologic changes precede the clinical manifestation of AD, they could serve as prognostic markers and targets for therapeutic interventions to slow its progression. Method: Data was acquired from eight cognitively unimpaired older adults (three females, ages 65‐78 years) as part of an ongoing study (BrightFocus™ Foundation‐A2021288S, IRB#‐2020P000889). Cognition was evaluated with the 5‐item Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite (PACC5), which is sensitive to early AD‐associated decline. Global cortical atrophy was assessed from MRI as the mean thickness across the AD Cortical Signature Network (ACSN)—regions showing morphologic changes that precede the clinical manifestation of AD. Cortical excitability was assessed as the average amplitude of TMS‐evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) elicited from TMS to motor cortex, while LTP‐like cortical plasticity was assessed as the change in TEPs following intermittent theta‐burst stimulation (iTBS). The strength of associations between the neurophysiologic, imaging, and cognitive measures were performed using non‐parametric Spearman Rho coefficients. Result: Spearman coefficients revealed a large association between reduced cortical thickness (more atrophy) and worse cognition (Rho=0.71), as expected. Higher excitability (larger TEPs) showed a large association with worse cognition (Rho=‐0.54) and a small association with reduced cortical thickness (Rho=‐0.29). Lower cortical plasticity (smaller change in TEPs post‐iTBS) showed a medium association with worse cognition (Rho=0.46) and a large association with reduced cortical thickness (Rho=0.86). Conclusion: In cognitively unimpaired older adults, TMS‐EEG measures of cortical excitability and LTP‐like plasticity are strongly correlated, respectively, with cognitive and MRI‐based markers of Preclinical AD. These finding suggest cortical hyperexcitability and reduced LTP‐like plasticity, which are present in AD, may occur before its clinical manifestation. If these results are confirmed in a larger cohort with biomarker testing, these markers could help prognosticate the development of AD symptoms and serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Histórica (02528894) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This phenomenological study describes some risks and sources of resilience of students with hearing impairment in an inclusive school at Bengkala, Bali, Indonesia. The data were obtained from four students with hearing impairment, and some related key informants, through semi-structured in-depth interview and observation. The steps of analyses followed a phenomenological research approach. The result of the study shows that (1) there are three serious risk factors, namely family poverty, student’s difficulties in understanding verbal language and learning materials, and student’s emotional distortion; (2) there are five personal sources of resilience, they involve self-efficacy, cooperation skills, talents or special skills, gratitude, and positive hope; (3) there are four social support sources of resilience, they are family, school, peers, and community. This study also discussed an attempt to improve the success of children with hearing loss through developing psychological and social functioning, and enhancing achievement in inclusive schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Special Education is the property of Special Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Various policies and efforts have been made by the Indonesian government to help the community recover from the various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the recovery of psychological health disorders. It is necessary to study the condition of the community to formulate more appropriate policies. This study describes the mental health condition of the community during the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. Analysis of factors related to threats and obtaining psychological well-being is used to formulate future disaster mitigation policies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on communities in Bali, Indonesia. A total of 311 respondents (aged between 15 and 72 years) were involved in the survey through DASS-21, PGWBI-22, and CD RISC-25, from July to September 2021. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress is higher than previous research. The psychological well-being index is also high. Cultural and religious values are the key to people's resilience, which makes them grateful and prosperous despite high levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. Regression analysis confirms that resilience is an important factor in maintaining psychological happiness. The findings also noted that the Covid-19 vaccine was associated with less depression, anxiety, and stress. The results of this study contribute to disaster mitigation policies and mental health support interventions for the community during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. From this study, policies on disaster mitigation related to future pandemics are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation agriculture practices involving zero tillage and residue retention are promising nutrient management strategies for soil health restoration. Despite their potential positive impact on soil fertility, improved crop yields and increased revenues for smallholder farmers; their effect on nitrogen inputs and crop growth is not clearly understood. This may limit their potential as a nutrient management strategy that may remedy soil degradation and boost crop yields for farmers. This study investigated how different tillage practices, crop residues and inorganic nitrogen (N) options affect maize production, soil fertility and economics of smallholder farming systems. The study was conducted in a short-term (2 years) on-station trial, under randomized complete block design with three replications in a maize monocrop system. Six treatments, involving three different rates of maize stover residue (0, 3 and 5 t ha−1) and inorganic N (0, 3 and 5 t ha−1) inputs, respectively, were assessed under conventional and zero tillage systems. Mineral N and organic C were assessed at four depths (0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm) whereas soil aggregate distribution was assessed at 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–15 cm and 15–20 cm depths. Application of inorganic N as the only input increased (p ≤ 0.05) grain yield (with the yields doubling in the short rains (SR) of 2015 and increasing by 1.4 times in long rains (LR) of 2016) compared to unfertilized control treatment. Treatment, soil depth and the time of sampling significantly affected soil mineral N concentration (p ≤ 0.05). Soil organic C reduced significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with sampling depths, but no differences were observed across treatments. At 0–5 cm depth, the proportion of large macroaggregates in zero tillage increased (48%; p ≤ 0.05) after application of crop residues at 5 t ha−1 relative to 3 t ha−1. Zero tillage treatment with application of 5 t ha−1 of residue and 80 kg N ha−1 was the most dominant and most profitable compared to the other treatments. This treatment had a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.9 (in the short rains season of 2015) and 3.0 (long rains of 2016 seasons). Its marginal rate of return (MRR) was 368% (in the 2015 short rains season) and 416% (in the 2016 long rains season). This makes it a good nutrient management strategy with potential of optimizing maize yields.

Abstract: Objective: Recent studies have suggested that the brain circuitry mediating cue-induced desire for video games is similar to that elicited by cues related to drugs and alcohol. We hypothesized that desire for Internet video games during cue presentation would activate similar brain regions to those that have been linked with craving for drugs or pathologic gambling. Methods: This study involved the acquisition of diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 19 healthy male adults (age, 18-23 years) following training and a standardized 10-day period of game play with a specified novel Internet video game, “War Rock” (K2 Network, Irvine, CA). Using segments of videotape consisting of 5 contiguous 90-second segments of alternating resting, matched control, and video game-related scenes, desire to play the game was assessed using a 7-point visual analogue scale before and after presentation of the videotape. Results: In responding to Internet video game stimuli, compared with neutral control stimuli, significantly greater activity was identified in left inferior frontal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, right and left parietal lobe, right and left thalamus, and right cerebellum (false discovery rate <0.05, P < .009243). Self-reported desire was positively correlated with the β values of left inferior frontal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, and right and left thalamus. Compared with the general players, subjects who played more Internet video game showed significantly greater activity in right medial frontal lobe, right and left frontal precentral gyrus, right parietal postcentral gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, and left parietal precuneus gyrus. Controlling for total game time, reported desire for the Internet video game in the subjects who played more Internet video game was positively correlated with activation in right medial frontal lobe and right parahippocampal gyrus. Discussion: The present findings suggest that cue-induced activation to Internet video game stimuli may be similar to that observed during cue presentation in persons with substance dependence or pathologic gambling. In particular, cues appear to commonly elicit activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal, orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and thalamus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article discusses empirical challenges and opportunities for African countries in their quest to have sustainable mechanisms for funding research and innovation. Like elsewhere in different parts of the world, African countries have been exploring different approaches, institutional reforms, models and mechanisms towards more efficient and effective funding and financing of research and innovation to enhance their individual and collective economic development aspirations. This paper derives from a 2018 to 2019 study which used a combination of primary and secondary data sources to inform current debates and reviews on the re- organization of research and innovation funding in Africa. Attempts to copy experiences of high income economies in harnessing and deploying funding mechanisms into national research and innovation systems are not appropriate if not accompanied by adaptation to systemic and contextual aspects in receiving countries and sectors. This paper presents and analyses recent empirical evidence from 15 African countries to argue that successful adaptations are not just a matter of technological and innovation capabilities, timely and adequate resourcing, but are a function of decision-making and governance capabilities, which in turn arise from deliberate and interactive learning across the entire research and innovation system. This work contributes to some of the themes covered in this journal recently on the broad issue of resources for innovation, including financial and relational resources. • Besides the current COVID-19 pandemic, African countries have many economic development challenges and opportunities to deal with. • New knowledge from research and innovation seen as key drivers in these, but these drivers need resources. • Different ways of funding research and innovation have been deployed, but some shortcomings remain, with respect to, inter alia, consistency of the funding, sufficiency of the funding and relevance of the funding. • This paper presents and analyses recent empirical evidence from 15 African SGCI countries to argue that successful adaptations are not just a matter of timely and adequate resourcing, or technological and innovation capabilities. • Decision-making and governance capabilities, which arise from deliberate and interactive learning across entire research and innovation systems, are also key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]