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Background: The aim of this study was to compare omeprazole 10 mg o.m. (daily) with omeprazole 20 mg o.m. on Friday to Sunday inclusive (weekend) in the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse over a 6-month period., Methods: After an open healing phase (4 to 8 weeks) with omeprazole 20 mg o.m., 81 patients entered the follow-up phase. Forty-two were randomized in a double-blind double-dummy technique, to omeprazole 10 mg o.m., and 39 to omeprazole 20 mg at weekends. At 3 and 6 months or on symptomatic relapse the patients underwent endoscopy with gastric biopsies (quantitative assessment of argyrophilic and gastrin cells), symptom evaluation, and laboratory screening with fasting serum gastrin., Results: Five patients in the 10 mg group and four in the weekend group were lost to follow-up. The estimated relapse rates over six months in the two groups receiving 10 mg daily or 20 mg at weekends were 19% and 31%, respectively (95% CI of percentage difference: -33% to 8%: intention-to-treat analysis, P = N.S.). During the follow-up phase, symptoms tended to be milder in the omeprazole 10 mg daily group compared to the weekend group. Gastrin levels increased significantly during the healing phase but then stayed almost constant in the omeprazole 10 mg group, and significantly decreased with weekend treatment. The median number of argyrophilic cells showed a slight but statistically significant increase in the omeprazole 10 mg daily group, but did not change in the weekend group. Both the healing and long-term therapies were well tolerated., Conclusions: Our data do not show a clear difference between the two treatment regimens, but there was a tendency towards a lower recurrence rate with omeprazole 10 mg daily compared with 20 mg weekend therapy.