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Context: Volleyball and handball players have usually been studied collectively as "overhead athletes," since throwing present similarities in the proximal to distal movement sequencing and upper limb joints ranges of motion. However, each sport presents specificities in the objectives when accelerating the ball and a variety of possible throwing techniques. Therefore, it is expected there may be differences in the shoulder and upper body physical performance between sports. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in shoulder muscle strength and upper body field performance tests between volleyball and handball athletes. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Ninety-nine volleyball and handball female athletes aged between 13 and 20 years were evaluated for isometric shoulder abductor and rotator strength (handheld dynamometer) and upper body field performance tests: Y Balance Test--Upper Quarter, modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, and unilateral and bilateral Seated Medicine Ball Throw. Results: Handball athletes presented greater shoulder internal rotation strength (between-group difference: 2.84: effect size 0.70), higher medial (between-group difference: 9.54; effect size 0.90), superolateral (between-group differences: 8.9; effect size 0.68), and composite scores (between-group difference 5.7; effect size 0.75) of the K Balance Test--Upper Quarter and higher unilateral (between-group difference: 41.92; effect size 0.91) and bilateral (between-group difference: 46.11; effect size 0.83) Seated Medicine Ball Throw performance. Groups were not different for Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, external rotation, and abduction isometric strength. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that young female handball athletes present greater internal rotator strength and better performance in Y Balance Test--Upper Quarter and Seated Medicine Ball Throw compared to volleyball players. These differences may be related to the different demands required in the throwing movements performed in each sport and should be considered when assessing these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This literature review aimed to describe biomechanical aspects of classical ballet in relationship to injuries and balance. It was found that during the ballet practice, the forefoot region of the foot that receives more pressures. Moreover, due to the impacts of heavy overloads by the use of ballet shoes, there is the appearance of myo-bone-joint injuries, especially in the knee joint and in the region of the toes. The dancers have greater hip external rotation and less internal rotation of this joint. At the tip position, the ankle joint is subjected to a wide range of plantar flexion, so the dancers have a higher efficiency in the control of balance when compared to non-practicing of classical ballet. Studies which perform biomechanical analyzes of classical ballet extremely important to quantify the incidence of lesions in this kind of dance and can thus carry out an assessment of what types of therapeutic interventions are most suitable for these dancers, and create different structures of training to prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review aimed to describe biomechanical aspects of classical ballet in relationship to injuries and balance. It was found that during the ballet practice, the forefoot region of the foot that receives more pressures. Moreover, due to the impacts of heavy overloads by the use of ballet shoes, there is the appearance of myo-bone-joint injuries, especially in the knee joint and in the region of the toes. The dancers have greater hip external rotation and less internal rotation of this joint. At the tip position, the ankle joint is subjected to a wide range of plantar flexion, so the dancers have a higher efficiency in the control of balance when compared to non-practicing of classical ballet. Studies which perform biomechanical analyzes of classical ballet extremely important to quantify the incidence of lesions in this kind of dance and can thus carry out an assessment of what types of therapeutic interventions are most suitable for these dancers, and create different structures of training to prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stomatognathic system is intimately connected with the posture and with the musculoskeletal equilibrium. However this relation is little emphasized in the scientific literature. In the presence of this, the study tried to analyze the influences and the relations of the stomatognathic system dysfunctions with the posture and the musculoskeletal equilibrium of the individuals, through a review of literature. For this, it was realized a literature search data bank, books and in many scientific productions of the biomechanical and odontologic area. It was prioritized articles published in the last 10 years, thus obtaining 54 studies related to the subject and selecting the 36 most relevant studies. Results show that many posture modifications are influenced by the temporomandibular articulation and consequently, the posture and musculoskeletal equilibrium are altered, too. It is concluded that the specific relation between the stomatognathic system and the posture and balance has not been enough studied and there is still need to be better developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]