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Climate change mainly affects production and consumption systems, such as: food, livelihoods, production (e.g., reduced milk production), water, and land use. The role of local knowledge has been recognized as important for decision-making under changing circumstances. This study was conducted in the northern part of the Ecuadorian Andes using a sample of 170 dairy-cattle-producing households. The objectives were: i) to characterize the rural livelihoods of dairy cattle farmers, ii) to evaluate access to climate information and perceptions of climate change, and iii) to determine the relationship between livelihoods and perceptions of climate change. Significant differences were identified between the groups evaluated in relation to the dairy farmers’ livelihoods. In addition, 85.29% of the respondents mentioned that climate information is important, but 67.83% do not trust the sources of information. It was found that there is a significant relationship between the level of education and age with the variables of climate change perceptions. This combined knowledge allows people to promote agri-environmental and educational policies to achieve climate literacy at a rural level.

The aim of this study was to evaluate variation in the soil physical and chemical properties in a small-scale elevation gradient at 601 to 1000 m above sea level (m.a.s.l) in an Evergreen Andean-Amazonian forest. The soil sampling was divided into four elevation zones, establishing five permanent monitoring plots (PMP) for each one, where soil physical and chemical properties were determined at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm. For the altitudinal soil-gradient relationship analysis, multivariate statistical methods were used. The results suggest that some soil properties - such as bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), total porosity (TP), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K+) and exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) were significantly affected by altitude. Soil pH, Al3+ and exchangeable acidity did not follow any defined pattern with respect to the altitudinal gradients. SOM, TN, Ca2+, Ksat, TP and retention porosity (RP) exhibited an increase according to altitudinal gradient, whereas soil bulk density, K+ and P showed an inverse behavior, with higher values at the lower elevation gradient. The principal components analysis (PCA) and the redundancy component analysis (RDA) also revealed a clear separation of soil properties among altitudinal gradient and confirmed that these variables were necessary in order to explain variation in the soil physical and chemical properties as an elevation gradient function.

Se evaluó la biomasa aérea acumulada en lo concerniente a familias botánicas en un bosque siempreverde piemontano sometido a diferentes grados de intervención en la zona alta de la microcuenca del río Puyo. En cinco transectos de 0.1 ha se registraron las especies con DAP ≥ 10 cm. Se encontró menor número de familias en sitios con alto grado de perturbación. La biomasa aérea varió de 161.84 a 339.70 Mg.ha-1, presentándose mayor acumulación en individuos de menor clase diamétrica. Las familias con mayor índice de valor de importancia de biomasa fueron Moraceae, Arecaceae y Euphorbiaceae, reconocidas por su potencial en cuanto a estructura y carbono. El análisis de correspondencia canónica sin tendencia (DCA) indicó variación en la contribución de biomasa para cada sitio, existiendo un pequeño número de familias para mantener las reservas de carbono. Los resultados de este estudio brindan información relevante que facilita la toma de decisiones con respecto la restauración de sitios perturbados.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2015 identify poverty, growth, and inequality as three key areas of intervention towards the UN 2030 Agenda for human well-being and sustainability. Herein, the predominant objectives are: (a) To determine the poverty groups by quintiles through the cattle income in households of small milk producers; (b) To characterize rural livelihoods by using capital theory; and (c) To assess the perception of climate change (CC) and the willingness to accept adaptation as well as mitigation measures. The current study was performed in communities that are located in the Ecuadorian Andes, where some 178 surveys were conducted with indigenous Kichwa and mestizo heads of households. From the total net income determined, five groups were organized. The Lorenz curve was applied as a general indicator of the relative inequality, as well as the Gini coefficient (G). On the basis of the theory of capital, the human, social, natural, physical, and financial characteristics were determined, and seven variables were considered to evaluate the perception and willingness to accept mitigation and adaptation actions of the given quintiles. The result of the Gini coefficient was 0.52, which indicates that the poorest 20% of the population only receives 3.40% of the income, while the richest 20% of the quintile obtain about 54% of the total income. It is evident that most producers know little about CC, but that they are willing to receive strengthening programs. Therefore, it is essential to establish strategic guidelines from public policy in order to reduce inequality and to improve the social welfare of producers, with a transversal axis in the strengthening of the capacities on the impact, mitigation, and adaptation to CC, as well as the provision of several tools, such as access to climate information.

LA INVESTIGACIÓN ACADÉMICA DESDE UNA VISIÓN INTERNACIONAL COLECCIÓN CIENTÍFICA EDUCACIÓN, EMPRESA Y SOCIEDAD Primera Edición 2022 Vol. 14 Editorial EIDEC Sello Editorial EIDEC (978-958-53018) NIT 900583173-1 ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 Formato: Digital PDF (Portable Document Format) DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21 Publicación: Colombia Fecha Publicación: 2022-02-22 Coordinación Editorial Escuela Internacional de Negocios y Desarrollo Empresarial de Colombia – EIDEC Centro de Investigación Científica, Empresarial y Tecnológica de Colombia – CEINCET Red de Investigación en Educación, Empresa y Sociedad – REDIEES Revisión y pares evaluadores Centro de Investigación Científica, Empresarial y Tecnológica de Colombia – CEINCET Red de Investigación en Educación, Empresa y Sociedad – REDIEESCONTENIDO 1. ANÁLISIS EXISTENCIAL A TRAVÉS DE LA LOGOTERAPIA EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS ..............................................................................13 JULIO CESAR SUAREZ LUNA, MICCY LISSETHE BONILLA BANDA..........................13 2. ANÁLISIS FÍSICO-QUÍMICO DE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES EMITIDOS AL MAR DESDE LA ZONA INDUSTRIAL DE PARAMONGA...........36 MIGUEL CASTILLO, CLAUDIA FELLES, PASCUAL SARMIENTO, NADIA REA, ANA CONTRERAS .......................................................................................................................36 3. APLICACIÓN MÓVIL DE TERAPIAS LOGOPEDICAS DEL HABLA A NIÑOS CON SÍNDROME DE DOWN ............................................................................56 MARIANA LOBATO BÁEZ, LUIS ALBERTO MORALES ROSALES, DULCE MARÍA MARTÍNEZ ANGELES, ELMAR MONTIEL JIMÉNEZ, MARÍA DEL PILAR GARCÍA BARRERA..56 4. APRECIACIÓN MUSICAL EN ESTUDIANTES CON DISCAPACIDAD AUDITIVA, APROXIMACIONES DESDE LA PRÁCTICA EDUCATIVA..............70 MARÍA CECILIA TAMAYO BUITRAGO, MELISSA MONCADA VEGA, MARTHA LUCIA GAZON OSORIO..................................................................................................................70 5. AUDITORÍA DE DESEMPEÑO Y GESTIÓN EN EL SECTOR PÚBLICO ...........................................................................................................................93 LEIDY FABIOLA MORALES HERNÁNDEZ , ZOILA ROSA LIRA CAMARGO , EDWARD IVÁN TERRONES GÁLVEZ , JORGE LIRA CAMARGO , STEFANY VIVIANA MORALES HERNÁNDEZ.......................................................................................................................93 6. AULA VIRTUAL PARA EL APRENDIZAJE DE LAS MATEMÁTICAS: ÁLGEBRA LINEAL........................................................................................................119 MARTHA IRENE BELLO RAMÍREZ, MARIANA LOBATO BÁEZ, JONATHAN BELÉN RODRÍGUEZ ,JUAN CARLOS ROSALES ESPINOZA ............................................................119 6 La Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21 7. COMPETENCIAS COMUNICATIVAS ESCRITAS, CON LA FUSIÓN METODOLÓGICA DEL ABP 4X4 Y EL DESIGN THINKING ...............................131 JULISA YRELSA CHÁVEZ GUILLÉN, GILBER CHURA QUISPE, LADY ANTUANETTE LEYVA ATO .....................................................................................................................131 8. CONCEPTO DE BIODIVERSIDAD PARA EDUCADORES..................155 ISRAEL BARRUTIA BARRETO, GIL GUMERCINDO QUILLAMA VIRTO, SILVIA CRISTINA CAMPOS QUISPE...............................................................................................155 9. CONCIENCIA DE LOS CIUDADANOS DEL CUIDADO DEL SISTEMA RESPIRATORIO ANTE PANDEMIA COVID-19.......................................................181 MARIANA LOBATO BÁEZ, LUIS ALBERTO MORALES ROSALES, ANGELINA LEAL ALVARADO, GUILLERMO CÓRDOVA MORALES, MARTA IRENE BELLO RAMÍREZ............181 10. DIAGNÓSTICO DEL EMPRENDIMIENTO SOCIAL EN COMUNIDADES RURALES DEL MUNICIPIO DE ESCÁRCEGA........................194 JOSÉ ALBERTO SÁNCHEZ LÓPEZ, DULCE MARÍA DE JESÚS DELGADO CIH, SAGRARIO MARÍA QUIJANO GUTIÉRREZ,GEIDY DE LOS ÁNGELES GÓMEZ XUL................................194 11. EL PLAGIO ACADÉMICO Y LAS ESTRATEGIAS PARA EVITARLO EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES............................................................................................212 MANUEL ANTONIO CARDOZA SERNAQUÉ, OMAR BELLIDO VALDIVIEZO, HENRY ALBERTO CHERO VALDIVIESO, JUAN PABLO MORENO MURO, LUIS ALEXANDER PULIDO JOO ..................................................................................................................................212 12. ESTUDIO SOBRE LA HIGIENE DE MANOS DE JÓVENES EN PLENA PANDEMIA DEL COVID 19, EN EL 2021, PROVINCIA DE HUANTA, AYACUCHO, PERÚ........................................................................................................228 MG. VÍCTOR RAÚL APOLAYA SARMIENTO, DR. CASZELY ORLANDO RIVERA HUARANCCA, MG. CARLOS HUMBERTO ALFARO RODRÍGUEZ, MG.JULIO TORRES GUZMÁN, MIGUEL ANTONY CURO QUISPE......................................................................................228 7 La Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21 13. EVALUACIÓN DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD EN UNA COMUNIDAD RURAL AGRÍCOLA.......................................................................................................250 DIANA VALENCIA, JAVIER RIVERA MÁRQUEZ, ALFREDO GUZMÁN, JOSÉ MUÑOZ, MARÍA JOSÉ IBARROLA....................................................................................................250 14. FACTORES DE ESTABILIDAD EMPRESARIAL EN EL MUNICIPIO DE NEIVA ................................................................................................274 DIEGO OMAR GUEVARA , WILINGTON FERNEY ROJAS, YEYMY LIZETH ESTRADA, SHYRLEY ROCÍO VARGAS, DIANA KATERINE ROJAS.......................................................274 15. FACTORES PERCEPTIBLES DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DOCENTE EN EL AULA UNIVERSITARIA...................................................................................296 HENRI EMMANUEL LOPEZ GOMEZ, JUAN MANUEL SANCHEZ SOTO, LUIS ANTONIO VISURRAGA CAMARGO, VICTOR ALFONSO LANDEO JULCARIMA ....................................296 16. GENEALOGÍA, REFORMA AGRARIA Y HACIENDA “CHIMÁN”: UNA RELACIÓN PERENNE.........................................................................................316 FELIPE LOZANO RODRÍGUEZ, CRISTIAN FERNAN MUÑOZ MUÑOZ.......................316 17. GENERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA CON SISTEMA PIEZOELÉCTRICO PEATONAL PARA LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA. ICA-PERÚ.......................................................................................339 JOSÉ CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ CHACÓN, PATRICIA PAULINA HUARANCCA CONTRERAS, HENRY GENARO GUEVARA GARIBAY , EDUARDO ANTONIO NAVARRETE SENDA , PAULINA ELIADES YARASCA CARLOS ............................................................................................339 18. GEOGEBRA COMO HERRAMIENTA TECNOLÓGICA PARA LA ENSEÑANZA EN LA EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA EN EL CONTEXTO PANDÉMICO ...................................................................................................................362 JOEL ELVYS ALANYA BELTRAN, FRANS RAMIRO CÁRDENAS PALOMINO, LUIS FERNANDO VELARDE VELA, FREDDY ANTONIO OCHOA TATAJE, SARA EDITH CASTILLO OLSSON............................................................................................................................362 8 La Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21 19. IMPACTO DE LA EDUCACIÓN VIRTUAL EN EL APRENDIZAJE DE ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS EN TIEMPOS DE PANDEMIA.....................376 ISRAEL BARRUTIA BARRETO, OLGA ISABEL CARBAJAL GUERRERO, FELIX ALBERTO CAYCHO VALENCIA, REYNA OLANO DEL CASTILLO .......................................................376 20. INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL Y EL LIDERAZGO EN LA GESTIÓN ESCOLAR EN EL PERÚ ................................................................................................394 ELISA CANDIDA GARAVITO CHECALLA, VIDNAY NOEL VALERO ANCCO, MARCIAL GUEVARA MAMANI, WILLIAM ELBIS HILASACA YUJRA..................................................394 21. INVESTIGACIÓN FORMATIVA EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS ........................................................................................................412 DAMIANA FLORES MAMANI, RONNY ELIBERTO PONGO YUCRA ........................412 22. INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE EL SENTIDO DE VIDA EN EL HOMBRE DEL SIGLO XXI..............................................................................................................425 JULIO CESAR SUAREZ LUNA , MICCY LISSETHE BONILLA BANDA , ANGEL JOHEL CENTURIÓN-LARREA ......................................................................................................425 23. LA EDUCACIÓN: UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE EL PENSAMIENTO COMPLEJO Y LA INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL EN TIEMPOS DE COVID-19.............................................................................................438 MELANY AMANDRA BUSTOS CARPIO ..................................................................438 24. LA EVALUACIÓN FORMATIVA: UNA ESTRATEGIA JUSTA EN LA ENSEÑANZA....................................................................................................................452 PEDRO LEÓN PÉREZ CURCHO...............................................................................452 25. MODELADO DE UN PÉNDULO INVERTIDO MÓVIL, USANDO HARDWARE Y SOFTWARE LIBRE...........................................................................478 JORGE LUIS APAZA CRUZ, MARY LUZ LIMACHI FLORES, MARCO ANTONIO QUISPE BARRA, DELGADO HUAYTA IVÁN,JAMES ROLANDO ARREDONDO MAMANI ..................478 9 La Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21 26. PERCEPCIÓN DE LAS INSTITUCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN DE POSGRADO ACERCA DE SU INCORPORACIÓN AL SNP-CONACYT EN MORELOS, MÉXICO.....................................................................................................509 FERNANDO ROMERO TORRES, AUGUSTO RENATO PÉREZ MAYO, MARISA DEL ROSARIO ESTRADA CARRILLO, ARELY RUELAS ANGULO Y NOHEMÍ ROQUE NIETO .......509 27. REALIDAD AUMENTADA PARA EL APRENDIZAJE DEL SISTEMA RESPIRATORIO ANTE PANDEMIA COVID-19.......................................................532 MARIANA LOBATO BÁEZ, LUIS ALBERTO MORALES ROSALES, IGNACIO ALGREDO BADILLO, MARÍA DEL ROSARIO HERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA, JOSÉ LUIS TREJO MIRÓN............532 28. REFLEXIONES DE LA PRÁCTICA PEDAGÓGICA EN TIEMPO DE PANDEMIA............................................................................................................... 546 ANDRÉS JULIÁN GUZMÁN SIERRA, LAURA MARCELA JIMÉNEZ VEGA.................546 29. SITUACIÓN DE LOS ESTÁNDARES DE LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL UNIVERSITARIA EN UNA UNIVERSIDAD PÚBLICA DEL CENTRO DEL PERÚ........................................................................580 GUSTAVO ALBERTO REYNA ARAUCO, MARISOL CONDORI APAZA .....................580 30. TECNOLOGÍA IOT USANDO ESP32 ....................................................606 NELLY KARINA ESPARZA CRUZ, MARÍA ISABEL GONZALES VALERO, ANA DEL ROCIO FERNANDEZ TORRES, NARCISA MARÍA CRESPO TORRES ......................................606 31. TECNOLOGÍAS DE TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS PARA SU REUTILIZACIÓN O PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOENERGÉTICOS ............634 ISRAEL BARRUTIA BARRETO, RENZO SEMINARIO CÓRDOVA, JOSÉ LISBINIO CRUZ GUIMARAES, VANESSA MARTÍNEZ ROJAS .......................................................................634 10 La Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec2132. INVOLUCRAMIENTO DE DIRECTIVOS PERUANOS EN EL CONTROL Y LAS DECISIONES GERENCIALES PARA UNA BUENA GESTIÓN ESCOLAR......................................................................................................661 MILAGROS MACEDO CIEZA , MANUEL ARANCIBIA FIGUEROA, VÍCTOR GERMAN AGUILAR DE LA CRUZ, MARISOL FUSTAMANTE VASQUEZ, HAROLD ANTONY DAVILA VILLALOBOS, ANGEL JOHEL CENTURIÓN-LARREA..........................................................661 33. TURISMO CIENTÍFICO COMUNITARIO: POTENCIAL PARA EL LOGRO DE LOS ODS EN LA AMAZONÍA ECUATORIANA.................................682 ALEXANDRA TORRES NAVARRETE, GABRIELA IZURIETA ROMERO, MARCOS OVIEDO RODRÍGUEZ, PATRICIA RAMIREZ, BOLIER TORRES..........................................................682 34. VIDA ADULTA E INDEPENDIENTE EN CONDICIONES DE INCLUSIÓN PARA PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD. RETOS Y DESAFÍOS EN EL SIGLO XXI.................................................................................................................715 KAREL LLOPIZ GUERRA, DANTE PEDRO DE LA CRUZ CÁMACO,JOHNNY DE LA CRUZ CÁMACO, LUIS MIGUEL ROJAS ZUÑIGA, CARLOS ALBERTO VALDERRAMA ZAPATA ......715 35. LA INNOVACIÓN EN LAS MIPYMES POR MEDIO DE REDES COLABORATIVAS.........................................................................................................741 CESAR AUGUSTO SILVA GIRALDO , YOHANNA MILENA RUEDA MAHECHA, ANGÉLICA MARÍA MORENO ............................................................................................741 La Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21

TURISMO CIENTÍFICO COMUNITARIO: POTENCIAL PARA EL LOGRO DE LOS ODS EN LA AMAZONÍA ECUATORIANA350 Alexandra Torres Navarrete351, Gabriela Izurieta Romero352, Marcos Oviedo Rodríguez353, Patricia Ramirez354, Bolier Torres355 RESUMEN El presente trabajo analiza el turismo científico en la comunidad San José de Payamino como potencial para lograr los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). El estudio se realizó en la comunidad kichwa San José de Payamino ubicado en el cantón Loreto, provincia de Orellana, con una extensión de 17.000 hectáreas, formando parte de la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo Galeras (PNSNG) y la Reserva de Biosfera Sumaco (RBS). Se aplicó una encuesta a 62 hogares utilizando un cuestionario estructurado, así como talleres y entrevistas con la participación de actores claves involucrados. Para analizar las formas del Turismo científico TCi y los elementos de la cosmovisión indígena para lograr los ODS, se realizó una matriz de ponderación, donde se clasifican las formas de TCi y su relación con seis elementos de la cosmovisión indígena. Los resultados muestran que las actividades principales en los hogares se orientan a la cría de animales (pollos, gallinas, cerdos) específicamente para la alimentación y los cultivos cacao, café, naranjilla para la generación de ingresos monetario. Se determinó que las cuatro formas del TCi tienen afinidad con los seis elementos de la cosmovisión kichwa evaluados, y contribuyen al menos a 11 de los 17 ODS en la comunidad. Finalmente, estos resultados 350 Derivado del proyecto de investigación: Uso del suelo y turismo científico en la comunidad quechwa San José de Payamino. Amazonia Ecuatoriana. 351 Ingeniera en Administración de Empresas Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo-Ecuador., Master en Administración de Empresas, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo-Ecuador., Doctora de investigación en Economía, Universidad Degli Study D`Ferrara-Italia., Docente Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, rtorresm@utb.edu.ec 352 Ingeniera en Empresas Ecoturísticas y de Hospitalidad, Escuela Superior Politécnica Ecológica Amazónica., Magister en gestión del Turismo, Universidad Estatal Amazónica. Consultora, DSC, gaby.izurieta19@gmail.com 353 Ingeniero Comercial, Universidad de Guayaquil; Master en Administración de Empresas de la Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo- Ecuador; Doctor en Ciencias de la Universidad de Matanzas- Cuba. moviedo@utb.edu.ec 354 Ingeniera en Administración de Empresas Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo-Ecuador., Magister en Costos y Administración Financiera, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo-Ecuador., Docente, Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, pramirez@utb.edu.ec 355 Ingeniero en Administración de Empresas Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo-Ecuador., Master en Ciencias Forestales y Ecología Forestal, Universidad de Georg August de Gotinga, Alemania., Doctor en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Munchen-Alemania, Docente, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, btorres@uea.edu.ecLa Investigación Académica desde una Visión Internacional ISBN: 978-958-53770-9-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34893/9v73-ec21

espanolEl presente documento analiza los beneficios delturismo cientifico (TCi) a nivel comunitario, desde lospuntos de vista, social, economico, ambiental y cultural,realizado por la Estacion Biologica Timburi Cocha(EBTC) en la comunidad Kichwa San Jose de Payamino.La EBTC se localiza en la zona de amortiguamiento delParque Nacional Sumaco Napo Galeras (PN-SNG) en laReserva de Biosfera Sumaco (RBS), formando parte delhotspot Biodiversidad (Andino-Amazonico). Se utilizo lametodologia de observacion cientifica, encuestas a nivelde hogares y entrevistas a nivel de los lideres comunitariosy dirigentes de entidades academicas involucradas con laEBTC. Los resultados muestran que las actividades delTCi realizado en la EBTC ha contribuido a la comunidadSan Jose de Payamino en un promedio anual que van desdelos USD 3474 a 5000 en los ultimos ocho anos, ademasde otros beneficios economicos, sociales, ambientalesy culturales como producto del involucramiento de losmiembros de la comunidad en las diferentes actividades querealizan la EBTC. Los “Lideres Comunitarios” revelaronponderaciones de “alta” a los temas relacionados con: a)respeto al conocimiento ancestral; b) respeto y conservaciona los RRNN; c) empoderamiento o respeto a la identidadcultural; d) respeto a la lengua kichwa y; d) participacionde miembros de la comunidad en las actividades realizadasen la EBTC, mientras que; e) aprendizaje mutuo obtuvouna ponderacion de “media”. Finalmente, el documentopresenta recomendaciones para mejorar los beneficios delas actividades del TCi realizados en la EBTC, asi comotambien para contribuir con el desarrollo sostenible y laconservacion de los recursos naturales de la comunidad EnglishThis document analyses the benefits of scientifictourism (ScT) at a community level from a social,economic, environmental and cultural points of view. Theresearch was carried out at the Timburi Cocha BiologicalStation (TCBS) within the Kichwa community of San Josede Payamino, located in the buffer zone of the SumacoNapo Galeras National Park (SNG-NP) in the SumacoBiosphere Reserve (SBR) and is part of one of the world’sAndean-Amazonian biodiversity hotspots. We employedthe methodology of scientific observation, householdsurvey and interviewing community leaders and leaders ofthe two main academic entities involved with the TCBS.The results show that the activities of ScT has contributedto the San Jose de Payamino community with an annualaverage ranging from 3474 to 5000 USD in the last eightyears. In addition to other economic, social, environmentaland cultural benefits as a result of the involvement ofcommunity members in the different activities carriedout by the EBTC. The “Community Leaders” revealed“high” weights on issues related to: a) respect for ancestralknowledge; b) respect and conservation of NRNs; c)empowerment or respect for cultural identity; d) respect forthe Kichwa language and; d) participation of communitymembers in the activities carried out in the EBTC, while; e)mutual learning obtained a “medium” weighting. Finally,the document presents recommendations to improve thebenefits of the TCi activities carried out in the EBTC, aswell as to contribute to the sustainable development andconservation of the community’s natural resources.

The increase in livestock production in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region has caused an increase in deforestation and the advance of the agricultural frontier. The aim of the current study was to conduct a socioeconomic and productive characterization in Andean-Amazonian livestock systems in Ecuador. The study area was part of the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR) and three other zones: low (400 to 700 masl), middle (701 to 1600 masl), and high (701 to 1600 masl). Data were collected from 167 ranching households. There are significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in the results. It was identified that 56.1% of the producers in the middle zone are indigenous (Kichwa). The largest (p ≤ 0.01) average household size (6.7 household members) and the highest level of household heads without schooling (16%) were found in the same area. Heads of households over 54 years of age were reported throughout the gradient. The largest farms were also found in the middle zone, with an average of 62.3 ha, of which an average of 32.9 ha is native forest, 2.1 ha is agricultural land, and 27.2 ha is cattle pasture. The household economy is driven by a greater investment in livestock in the upper area, and therefore their annual gross income has a high impact on their economy. With these results, this study presents recommendations to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

Land use and land cover change (LULC) is an essential component for the monitoring environmental change and managing natural resources in areas of high natural and cultural biodiversity, such as the Amazon biome. This study was conducted in in the northern Amazon of Ecuador, specifically in the Diversity and Life Zone (DLZ) of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR). The general aim was to investigate the territorial dynamics of land use/land cover changes to support policies for environmental and sociocultural protection in the DLZ. Specific objectives included (i) mapping LULC spatial and temporal dynamics in the DLZ in the period from 1999 to 2018, (ii) identifying sensitive LULC hotspots within the DLZ, and (iii) defining the possible policy implications for sustainable land use in the DLZ. Multitemporal satellite imagery from the Landsat series was used to map changes in LULC, which were divided into three-time stages (1999–2009, 2009–2018, 1999–2018). We adopted open-access Landsat images downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The processes for assessing LULC in the DLZ included (1) data collection and analysis, (2) data processing for remote sensing, (3) thematic land cover, and (4) homogenization and vectorization of images. The results showed that in the period 1999–2018, most of the uses and land cover were transformed into pastures in the DLZ. Therefore, it is important to improve territorial planning, to avoid conflicts between indigenous populations, migrant settlers, and uncontacted indigenous populations that live in the DLZ, within the YBR.

Silvopastoral system (SPS) has been considered as a sustainable management system contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, among other benefits compared with open pasture. However, little research has been conducted on the soil and tree biomass carbon stored in traditional pasture with dispersed trees (PWT) compared with pasture in monoculture (PM). The present study was conducted in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region (EAR), along an elevational gradient from 400 to 2000 masl., within the buffer and transition zone of the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve (SBR), using 71 temporary circular plots of 2826 m2, where 26 plots were stablished in PWT and 45 plots in PM. The main results in PWT show significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) between aboveground carbon biomass (AGCtrees) from 41.1 (lowlands), 26.5 (Middle hills) and 16.7 (high mountains) Mg ha−1 respectively, with an average of 31.0 Mg ha−1 in the whole study area. The total carbon pool along the altitudinal gradient in five components: (AGCtrees), belowground carbon (BGCtrees), pasture carbon (AGClitter+pasture) and carbon in soil components (0–10 and 10–30 cm) for PWT ranged from 112.80 (lowlands) to 91.34 (high mountains) Mg ha−1; while for the PM systems assessing three components (AGClitter+pasture) and carbon in soil components (0–10 and 10–30 cm) ranged from 52.5 (lowlands) to 77.8 (middle zone) Mg ha−1. Finally, the paper shows the main dominant tree species in pasture systems that contribute to carbon storage along elevational gradient and concludes with recommendations for decision-making aimed at improving cattle ranching systems through a silvopastoral approach to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Este estudio analiza la percepci��n del turismo cient��fico (TCi) realizado la Estaci��n Biol��gica Timburi Cocha (EBTC) y su contribuci��n a la conservaci��n del patrimonio natural y cultural entre los principales actores implicados en la investigaci��n cient��fica, la conservaci��n de los bosques y el desarrollo comunitario en la comunidad kichwa San Jos�� de Payamino, localizada en una zona de alta biodiversidad en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sumaco (RBS), cant��n Loreto, Amazonia ecuatoriana. Se realizaron entrevistas a los actores claves interesados en las actividades de TCi y a los l��deres de la comunidad. Los resultados mostraron que tanto la poblaci��n local comunitaria como los actores claves percibieron que las actividades llevadas a cabo por la EBTC contribuyeron al empoderamiento de la comunidad, especialmente mediante el reconocimiento de sus valores culturales y ancestrales. Esto apoy�� el desarrollo sostenible y la bioeconom��a de la comunidad, la EBTC aport�� a la comunidad un promedio anual de 5.000 d��lares en los ��ltimos ocho a��os, adem��s de otros beneficios sociales y culturales proporcionados por las diferentes actividades llevadas a cabo por la EBTC.

The purpose of this study was to examine how tree diversity, richness, and structural characteristics as well as above-ground biomass varies along a small-scale elevation gradient from 601 to 1000 m above sea level (m.a.s.l.) in an Evergreen Andean Amazon forest and their implications in terms of carbon storage. Trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were surveyed in 20 permanent 0.1 ha plots, five at each elevation site. We determined species richness, density, basal area, aerial biomass and calculated a biomass importance value (BIV). The 1378 trees surveyed were mainly contained in the families Moraceae (17 species) Fabaceae (16) and Meliaceae (10). Species richness significantly increased (P 0.579). At the highest tree density, the highest BIV of Iriartea deltoidea was found at 601–900 m.a.s.l. The disproportionate contribution of a few species, some being the least abundant but with high AGB in our surveys (e.g., Sterculia sp., Nectandra sp., Ficus sp., and Inga sp.) to carbon stocks is important to consider in furture research on carbon sequestration. As the production of above-ground biomass was concentrated in a few species, some uncommon, decision making in reforestation programs and how species should be selected may have implications when measuring and promoting carbon storage.

The Imbabura Geopark, like many other geoparks around the world, has an alliance between population growth factors, the development of agricultural, industrial and tourist activities, and the need for these activities to be sustainable for the conservation of the geopark. The use of information systems to identify the factors to be addressed is a fundamental aspect of decision-making by stakeholders. The aim of this research was to identify the attributes of the SAFA and Geogebra systems to support decision-making in terms of the sustainability of growing strawberries, one of the crops produced within the Imbabura Geopark. The combined use of the two systems allowed us to answer the question: “Are the systems used to support decision-making in terms of sustainable agricultural production?” And it was identified that computer tools play a fundamental role in decision-making.

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from livestock raise the increase of temperature worldwide. They contribute 14.5% of global emissions while enteric fermentation is the largest contributor (39.1%). The main objectives of the current study were: a) to determine the socio-productive characteristics at the household/farm level and b) to estimate the GHG emissions of dairy farms. This study was conducted in the Andes of northern Ecuador. Sociodemographic information and characteristics of the farms were obtained through field surveys. In order to estimate GHG emissions, the Cool Farm Tool program (version 0.11.36) was used. The probabilistic technique of cluster sampling was performed, with the support of a key informant, while the survey lasted some 45 min each. Hereby, we surveyed 73 mestizo people, being 54.79% male and 45.21% female, with an average experience in milk production of 23 years, distributed in 20 homes in 15 communities. The average values have been of pastures with 3.1 ha in 5.07 ha of farm, with a herd of seven animals, a milk production of 33 l/day and a price of 0.37 dollars/liter. The estimate of GHG emissions indicated that 81% of livestock emissions derived from enteric digestion. Methane from enteric digestion is higher for some species (ruminants) than others, demonstrating that changes in diet potentially improve such scenario. Most of the emissions originated from the management of pasture residues, occupying 82% of the total. These may be compensated by directly incorporating such residues or its compost and using it in soil.

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is one of the main sources of pollution globally. While a significant body of research has focused on analyzing the socioeconomic drivers of deforestation in the Amazon basin, far less attention has been paid to explaining why Amazonian people use chemicals in agricultural production. Using data from a household survey, this paper aims at analyzing the drivers of expenditure on chemical fertilizers and pesticides among Kichwa and mestizo colonist populations in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon. The results show that most households in the research area use chemicals, which seems to be related to most households engaged in the production of naranjilla, a citrus fruit that requires high amounts of pesticides to prosper in the Amazon. Expenditure on chemicals is principally driven by wealth, access to credit and land use patterns, with households with more land in crops spending more on fertilizers and pesticides. An important finding is that households receiving money from government social programs spend more on both chemical fertilizers and pesticides than non-recipient households. Ethnicity does not play any role in shaping expenditures on both chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Our results reflect that clear, consistent and coordinated policies are necessary to reconcile conservation and rural development in the Amazon, since, at present, ambiguous and even contradictory policies are not effective in achieving that goal.

Deforestation is a severe threat to diversity in the Ecuadorian Amazon Region (EAR). To mitigate deforestation, it is necessary to know the relevant stakeholders’ roles and interactions and deepen our knowledge of the local livelihoods, objectives, potentials, limitations, and “rights of being” among farms, as well as the best management practices (BMPs). In this study, our aim was to identify and assess livestock BMPs along an elevational gradient to foster sustainable production and reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). This approach could be environmentally and economically beneficial. Data were collected from 167 households along three elevational gradients, as well as from 15 interviews held among a multidisciplinary panel of key stakeholders and researchers in the EAR. The results showed that most of the Kichwa population lives in the medium zone, which features a larger agricultural and forest surface. Conversely, in the lower and upper areas, livestock predominates, where the upper area is specialized in milk production and the lower area in dual-purpose cattle (meat and dairy). The stakeholder assessment provided several key results: (a) social, structural, and technical factors have complementary effects on BMP adoption, (b) the sixteen assessed BMPs facilitated the implementation of existing financial incentive programs and enabled public–private partnerships to develop REDD+ projects. The policy implications of implementing these approaches are also discussed.

Although urban areas in Latin America are not major GHG emitters, they play crucial, little-studied roles in the field of climate change. In Ecuador, there are 21 intermediate cities, which include at least 7 border cities. Intermediate cities are key to achieving sustainable urban development, merged with rural networks and environmental systems. The present work aims to conduct a sociodemographic characterization of intermediate and border cities of Ecuador and to develop a mapping of climate change actors. Three intermediate and border cities (Esmeraldas, Loja and Nueva Loja), belonging to the country's regions: Coast, Highlands and Amazonian Lowland, respectively, were analyzed. The methodology was proposed from a qualitative-quantitative approach, with two stages: 1) Identification of the sociodemographic structure and distribution through the survey of secondary sources; and 2) Development of a mapping of actors based on a given methodology, which groups four steps: a) Clarify the objectives of the mapping, b) Define the variables and design the scheme, c) Collect the information, and d) Analyze the mapping of actors. The results contrast the social characteristics and demographic indicators between these cities and the climate governance instruments. Based on these data, a dynamic graphic mapping was developed that identifies the active strategic actors of climate change at the national, provincial and cantonal levels, determining the National Government as the leading actor of climate governance, and the absence of key actors such as media, journalists and private companies.

In the Amazon, the Yasun&iacute, Biosphere Reserve (YBR) is considered a natural and cultural diversity hotspot. It is populated by several indigenous groups, including the Kichwa, who are characterized by their traditional systems of production, which are a means of subsistence and socio-ecological integration. The objective of this research was to evaluate the sustainability of small farmers who use a traditional agroforestry system (chakra) within the buffer, transition, and core zones of the YBR. We conducted 133 interviews with Kichwa heads of households. The socio-demographic structure and distribution were identified, and the response-inducing sustainability evaluation (RISE) methodology was used to evaluate chakra sustainability according to social, economic, and ecological dimensions, expressed using 10 indicators from 50 parameters, valued from 0 (worst case) to 100 (best case). The results are expressed in a polygon, defined by the areas: (1) good performance, (2) medium performance, and (3) poor performance. We employed the multivariate classification hierarchical cluster technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify dissimilarities between groups of chakras and the existence of statistical differences, respectively. Among the studied indigenous Kichwas, a pyramidal structure progressive type was identified, which is characteristic of young populations and the nonexistence of significant differences between the RISE indicators and chakras. The lowest-scoring indicators using the RISE guidelines were: use of materials and environmental protection, animal production, economic viability and chakra administration. We provide suggestions for decision makers who support Kichwa populations in socio-productive management with sustainability goals. We to taking actions on the indicators identified with high priority to improve the sustainability in the chakras and sociodemographic dynamics.

The evergreen forests of the Ecuadorian Amazon Region are altered by anthropogenic and natural factors. This provokes the need to look for tools that facilitate decision-making in support of restoration. We characterized the ecological structure and distribution of an evergreen Amazonian-Andean forest in the upper Puyo River micro-basin as a base for establishing an ecological quality index. The inventory was assessed using transects 0.1 ha (10 m × 100 m), registering the species with diameters at 1.30 m height ≥10 cm. We encountered a high degree of richness (30 families, 65 species and 322 individuals). The structural parameters indicated the predominance of a heterogeneous forest, with characteristics belonging to disturbed forests. A non-continuous vertical distribution pattern was found, determined by 78% of the species in a single stratum. The mixing ratio resulted in a higher proportion (1:5) for the lower class. The species Wettinia maynensis, Alchornea glandulosa, Miconia splendens, Piptocoma discolor and Inga velutina had the highest ecological value. The principal components analysis distinguished the abundance of species that had a high correlation with the sites and a distinct pattern was found in transect three. We developed the Structural Ecological Quality Index, which considers the social position of various species as well as their ecological importance, to reflect alterations in structural parameters. Abundance was concentrated in the 10–20 m strata (10–20 cm diameter class), which showed the presence of disturbance indicator species and a low ecological value. This indicated the real value of the historical succession of the forest, thus we recommend carrying out a restoration of this important reservoir., Amazonian forests; Micro-basin; Structural ecological quality index; Species of ecological importance; Heterogeneity patterns, Agroforestry; Applied ecology; Ecological restoration; Flora; Forestry, Environmental science, Ecology

The balance between the supply of multiple ecosystem services (ES) and the fulfillment of society demands is a challenge, especially in the tropics where different land use transition phases emerge. These phases are characterized by either a decline (from intact old-growth to logged forests) or a recovery of ES (successional forests, plantations, and agroforestry systems). This highlights the importance of ecosystem service multifunctionality (M) assessments across these land use transition phases as a basis for forest management and conservation. We analyzed synergies and trade-offs of ES to identify potential umbrella ES. We also evaluated the impact of logging activities in the decline of ES and M, and the influence of three recovery phases in the supply of ES and M. We installed 156 inventory plots (1600 m2) in the Ecuadorian Central Amazon and the Chocó. We estimated indicators for provisioning, regulating, supporting services and biodiversity. M indicator was estimated using the multifunctional average approach. Our results show that above-ground carbon stocks can be considered as an umbrella service as it presented high synergetic relations with M and various ES. We observed that logging activities caused a decline of 16–18% on M, with high impacts for timber volume and above-ground carbon stocks, calling for more sustainable practices with stricter post-harvesting control to avoid a higher depletion of ES and M. From the recovery phases it is evident that, successional forests offer the highest level of M, evidencing high potential to recover multiple ES after human disturbance.

La evaluación del análisis de las tasas de crecimiento de las especies forestales Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms (Bálsamo) y Minquartia guianensis Aubl. (Guayacán negro) y Otoba parvifolia (Doncel) establecidas en rodales de investigación en la Estación Científica Jatun Sacha (ECJS), con una edad de 20 años, fue el motivo principal de esta investigación. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos se encontró que el Bálsamo necesita 59 años para alcanzar los 60 centímetros de Diámetro Mínimo de Corta (DMC), que está determinado por el Acuerdo Ministerial 039 del Ministerio del Ambiente, el Guayacán negro Huambula, necesita 69 años para llegar a los 40 centímetros de diámetro, mientras que el Doncel necesita 27 años para obtener 50 cm de diámetro.