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During the first shockwave of the Covid-19 pandemic, the risk of infection was inaccurately touted as "the great equaliser". However, the virus' rapid spread and the state of emergency accelerated the magnitude of pre-existing inequalities by taking a heavy toll on already marginalised, exploited and extremely poor segments of societies. Focussing on sub-national contexts in Bulgaria and Kosovo, this article demonstrates how Bulgarian Roma and Kosovo Serbs were not only hit the hardest by the introduction of ad hoc lockdowns and curfews, respectively, but also how disciplinary mechanisms of control and surveillance were embedded in public methods and cultural policies of scapegoating and ascribing images of societal irresponsibility and backwardness upon these two minority groups. Med prvim valom pandemije Covid-19 je bilo tveganje okužbe napačno predstavljano kot "veliki izenačevalec". Vendar sta hitro širjenje virusa in izredno stanje povečala visoko stopnjo že obstoječih neenakosti, saj so najvišjo ceno plačali tisti segmenti družb, ki so bili že prej na obrobju, izkoriščani in skrajno revni. V članku se osredotočimo na podnacionalna konteksta v Bolgariji in na Kosovu in prikažemo, kako sta bolgarske Rome in kosovske Srbe ne le najtežje prizadeli vpeljava ad hoc splošnih karanten v prvem primeru in policijskih ur v drugem, temveč tudi, kako so tema manjšinskima skupnostma pripisovali podobe družbene neodgovornosti in zaostalosti z disciplinskimi mehanizmi nadzorovanja in opazovanja, umeščenimi v javne metode in kulturne politike iskanja grešnih kozlov.

The Paper, based on primary sources, examines the discussions of the Yugoslavian and the Bulgarian leaders concerning the Macedonian question. The Bulgarian position is reorganization of the existence of the Macedonian People's Republic and the formation of a Macedonian self-conscience. The viewpoint is an support of a similar Macedonian self-conscience in the Pirin region. Those position led to the understanding that the Macedonian question should not blow up the process of the bilateral relations between the two communist governments., Prispevek temelji na primarnih virih, izjavah jugoslovanskih in bolgarskih voditeljev o makedonskem vprašanju. Bolgarsko stališče je bilo sprememba obstoja Ljudske republike Makedonije in ureditev makedonske samozavesti. Stališče je bila podpora podobne makedonske samozavesti v Pirinski Makedoniji (v okviru Ljudske republike Bolgarije). Ta položaj je vodil k razumevanju, da ne bi makedonsko vprašanje pomenilo razpoke v bilateralnih odnosih med dvema komunističima vodstvoma.

Diplomsko delo se osredotoča na nastanek in razvoj bogomilske herezije v srednjeveški Bolgariji in Bizantinskem cesarstvu kot tudi vprašuje organizacijsko strukturo in resnične razsežnosti družbenega vpliva, ki ga je to gibanje imelo na lokalno prebivalstvo teh področij. V historiografiji se je namreč zakoreninila tendenca zapolnjevati luknje okoli pomanjkljivih in nasprotujočih si virov, kar je pripeljalo do vprašljivih interpretacij te asketsko-samostanske dualistične herezije, ki je bila šele v drugi polovici dvajsetega stoletja postavljena pod vprašaj. V prvi vrsti gre tukaj za pripisovanje družbeno subverzivnega značaja hereziji, kot tudi umeščanje le-te v narodno-graditeljsko tradicijo bolgarskega naroda, medtem ko se po tehtnem pregledu lastnosti te herezije bolj realistično zdi, da je zavzemala manjšo, bolj trivialno vlogo. Kot bomo videli, so lahko nedoslednosti virov posledica ali nepoučenosti ali negativno nastrojene narave njihovih stvariteljev – večinoma pravoslavnega duhovništva – proti bogomilom. Obenem je zgodnje zgodovinopisje bogomilsko herezijo dojemalo kot statičen pojav, medtem ko je bila v resnici ta zelo upogljiva in je zato skozi stoletja menjala svoj značaj, kar je na koncu pripeljalo tudi do moralne degeneracije in razpada herezije. Ustrezno je torej treba vire ločevati glede na območje in čas nastanka. The following thesis focusses on the emergence, development and disintegration of the Bogomil heresy movement in Medieval Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, as well as questions the organizational structure and the actual extent of the social influence that the movement exerted upon the local populace. Because of often lacking and incongruous sources, a tendency to fill in the blanks developed in historiography, which led to dubious interpretations of this ascetic-monastic dualist heresy which has only been put under question in the second half of the twentieth century. These interpretations foremost pinned a wide socio-subversive aspect onto the heresy, as well as credited it as one of the central nation-building blocks of the Bulgarian nation, while, after considering its characteristics, it seems more realistic to ascribe to it a minor, more trivial role. As will be shown, the inconsistencies of the sources were a result of either misinformation or the negative predisposition of their creators – most of whom were Orthodox clergymen – against the Bogomils. Additionally, early historiography dealing with the heresy perceived it as a static phenomenon, whereas it has later been proven that it was in fact a very pliable movement, changing its face throughout the centuries, which ultimately brought about its downfall. The sources must therefore be read in their historical and spatial context.

Motivi za izbor teme izhajajo iz krize, v kateri se trenutno nahaja celotna Evropska Unija ter v zvezi s tem problemom imigrantska politika moje države - Bolgarije. Aktualnost teme je utemeljena na podlagi v zadnjih letih (zlasti v letih 2015 in 2016) povečanega migracijskega toka, ki postavlja na preizkušnjo vrednote evropske civilizacije (njeno humanost in solidarnost) ter dosežke prava Evropske Unije (enotni notranji trg s prostim gibanjem oseb, skupna imigrantska politika ob upoštevanju načel nevračanja in posredovanja ustrezne zaščite) in dosežke Šengenskega območja (ukinjanje mejne kontrole oseb, prevoznih sredstev in blaga).

We tested for the significance of macroeconomic variables that condition non-performing loan ratios. Our estimates for Bulgaria and Romania support the hypothesis that the growth of available finance might harm banking performance and deteriorate NPL dynamics, most probably due to the overheatingof economies. Since we confirmed that the dynamics of net exports of these economies deteriorated the NPL ratio, the weakening of growth in export-oriented industries could lead to economic contraction with a direct impact on the sustainability of banking-sector results in these countries. Large current account deficits are typical for emerging markets and do not pose a problem as long as they are caused by the importing of capital goods, and, if future export growth is strong enough to reimburse foreign debt. Structural dependence on external financing - which is in part a by-product of the effect of low levels of internal saving - have led to large current account deficits and financial instability.

Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Problematik der Migration in der zeitgenössischen österreichischen Literatur. Migration ist das zentrale Thema in den Erzählungen Wechselbäder und Spas schläft von Dimitre Dinev. Das Ziel der Diplomarbeit ist, eine Analyse auf der motivisch-thematischen Ebene mit Hilfe der Konzeptologie der Migration durchzuführen und Gründe einer Migration und deren Auswirkung auf die Identität eines Menschen festzustellen. Im theoretischen Teil ist die Migrationsliteratur vorgestellt. Im Fokus ist die Entwicklung der Migrationsliteratur in Österreich seit den neunziger Jahren. Es werden Konzepte der Kultur vorgestellt, wobei Transkulturalität, Multikulturalität und Hybridität präsentiert werden. Wichtiges Element ist auch die Fremdheit bzw. das Fremdheitserleben und dessen Wirkung auf die Identität der MigrantInnen. In der Diplomarbeit wird auch auf das Leben des Autors Dimitre Dinev eingegangen. Er migriert aus Bulgarien in den neunziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts und ist einer der bekanntesten Migrationsautoren in der zeitgenössischen österreichischen Literatur. Der folgende empirische Teil umfasst die Analyse der Erzählungen Wechselbäder und Spas schläft. Der Fokus der Analyse liegt auf der Darstellung des Lebens der MigrantInnen im neuen kulturellen Umfeld. In der Erzählung Wechselbäder konnte ich die wichtigsten Merkmale einer illegalen Migration feststellen. Wegen schwerer Umstände in Bulgarien sind Migranten gezwungen zu migrieren. Mit illegalem Grenzübertritt kommen sie nach Österreich, wo sie kriminell tätig sind. Nach Ortfrieds Schäffter Modi des Fremderlebens ist das Dritte Modi zu erkennen. Stojan Wetrev ist ein Migrant, der ständig Namen, Orte und Frauen wechselt. Die ständige Abwechslung des Migranten erfüllt seine Wünsche, doch durch die Faszination verliert das Individuum die Orientierung und dadurch entwickelt sich der Verlust von Selbst. Die Erzählung Spas schläft präsentiert die Arbeitsmigration. MigrantInnen migrieren nach Österreich mit dem Ziel, eine Arbeit zu finden. Das Motiv der Sprache in der Migrationsliteratur ist zu erkennen, wenn Migranten Spas und Ilija mit der deutschen Sprache konfrontiert sind. Sie verwenden verschiedene Techniken, um die Fremdsprache in kurzer Zeit zu erwerben. Transkulturalität wird in der Erzählung in Form einer Gesellschaft gekennzeichnet. Jeder Migrant, der im Zug wohnt, präsentiert eine Kultur. Wenn diese miteinander kommunizieren, tauschen sie Informationen aus. So funktionieren sie in Form einer transkulturellen Gesellschaft, die sich Gründlich von Multikulturalität unterscheidet. Pričujoča diplomska naloga se ukvarja s problematiko migracije v sodobni avstrijski književnosti. Migracija je osrednja tema v pripovedih Wechselbäder in Spas schläft avstrijskega avtorja bolgarskega rodu Dimitreja Dineva. Cilj dilomskega dela je, izhajajoč iz teoretskih konceptov migracijske književnosti podrobno analizirati tematiko in motiviko pripovedi z gledišča migracijske izkušnje in ugotoviti vzroke migracije in njenih vplivov na identiteto posameznika. V teoretičnem delu so predstavljeni temeljni elementi migracijske književnosti. Pod drobnogledom je razvoj migracijske književnosti od devedesetih let prejšnjega stoletja v Avstriji, predstavljena sta koncepta transkulturnosti in multikulturnosti. Pomemben koncept v migracijski književnosti je hibridizacija kot proces mešanja družbenih in kulturnih elementov, ki nastanejo kot posledica migracije. Na oblikovanje človekove identitete v sklopu procesa migracije vpliva tudi tujost. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljeno življenje avtorja Dimitreja Dineva, ki je tudi sam migriral iz Bolgarije v Avstrijo v devedesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja. Je pomemben predstavnik migracijske književnosti v sodobni avstrijski literaturi. V empiričnem delu je izpeljana motivno-tematska analiza in podrobneje predstavljeno življenje migrantov v novem družbenem in kulturnem okolju. V pripovedi Wechselbäder sem prikazal pomembne elemente ilegalne migracije. Zaradi slabih razmer, ki vladajo v Bolgariji, so migranti prisiljeni v migracijo. Tretji model tujosti po teoriji Ortfrieda Schäffterja sem uporabil na primeru migranta Stojana Wetreva. Stojan Wetrev je migrant, ki neprestano menja identiteto, okolje ter partnerice. Rezultat ponavljajočih se sprememb v njegovem življenju je odtujenost. Snov v pripovedi Spas schläft je delovna migracija. Migranti odhajajo v novo okolje s ciljem, da v čim krajšem času najdejo zaposlitev. V procesu iskanja zaposlitve je razviden tudi motiv jezika v migracijski književnosti po teoriji Sandre Vlaste. Migranta Spas in Ilija uporabljata različne metode učenja tujega jezika. Iz pripovednega prikaza migrantske družbe je razviden koncept transkulturnosti. Komunikacija med migranti, ko vsak predstavlja svojo kulturo, privede do izmenjave informacij. Vsak migrant je pripravljen sprejeti drugačno kulturo. S tem pride do mešanja in povezovanja različnih kultur, kar je pomemben dejavnik transkulturne družbe. V tem primeru se transkulturna družba popolnoma razlikuje od medkulturne, ki temelji na homogenosti.

Evropska unija se je začela intenzivneje posvečati Romom ob koncu devetdesetih let, zaradi širitve na vzhodno in srednjo Evropo. Eden večjih dosežkov EU v boju proti diskriminaciji je bila Direktiva o rasni enakosti iz leta 2000. EU je namenila tudi veliko denarja romskim projektom. Kljub vsemu pa se Romi še vedno srečujejo z diskriminacijo in ekonomskimi problemi. Anelia Georgieva Nikolova ima v bolgarskem mestu Dupnica, natančneje v mestni četrti Gizdova Mahala, trgovino z živili. V tej mestni četrti je večina romskega prebivalstva. Zaradi pogostih manipulacij električnih števcev, se je bolgarsko elektrodistribucijsko podjetje (v nadaljevanju ČEZ RB) samo v tej četrti poslužilo sporne prakse, saj je števce namestilo na višino sedmih metrov, tako da je onemogočeno preverjanje porabe. A.G.Nikolova se je zaradi tega ukrepa pritožila pri Komisiji za zaščito pred diskriminacijo (v nadaljevanju KDZ). KDZ je ugotovilo diskriminacijo, nato pa je podjetje ČEZ RB podalo tožbo na Upravnem sodišču v Sofiji. To sodišče je kasneje postavilo deset predhodnih vprašanj sodišču EU. V sodbi je sodišče poudarilo, da se načelo enakega obravnavanja ne uporablja samo za osebe neke narodnosti, ampak tudi za ostale osebe, ki se zaradi diskriminatornega ukrepa obravnavajo manj ugodno. Poudarilo je tudi da to, da v mestni četrti živijo prebivalci, ki niso Romi ne izključuje tega, da je sporna praksa nastala zaradi večine romskega prebivalstva. Sporna praksa je sicer primerna za doseganje cilja, a je Sodišče poudarilo, da je nesorazmerna glede na interese prebivalcev mestne četrti. The European union became increasingly concerned about the situation of the Roma in the late 1990's, because of the expansion on the Eastern and Central Europe. One of the biggest achievements of the EU in the fight against discrimination was Racial equality Directive in year 2000. EU also financed many project for Roma. Despite everything, the Roma continue to face economic difficulties and discrimination. Anelia Georgieva Nikolova has a small shop in Bulgarian city Dupnica, in small neighborhood called Gizdova mahala. The majority of population in this neighborhood are the Roma. Because of the numerous unlawful connections to the network, the Bolgarian electricity undertaking (ČEZ RB) decided to install the electricity meters at a height of six meters, with reason that the consumers cannot check the consumption. Because of this inappropriate practice, A.G. Nikolova lodged a complaint at the Commission for protection against discrimination (KDZ). The KDZ later found that Ms. Nikolova has been discriminated. ČEZ RB than brought an appeal against that decison before Administrative Court in Sofia. That court has asked the Court of Justice ten preliminary questions. In the judgement the Court of Justice states, that the principle of equal treatment applies not only to persons who have a certain ethnic origin, but also to those who are treated less favourable because of the certain practice. The Court pointed out that the presence of the inhabitants, who are not Roma, does not rule out that a contested practice was imposed because of the etnicity of the majority population. The practice is effective in order to achieve aims, but the Court pointed out that it seems to be disproportionate to the aims and legitimate interests of the inhabitants of the district concerned.

Že od nekdaj je pobiranje davkov pomembno za državo, saj omogoča izdatno polnjenje državne blagajne. Za pravne in fizične osebe pa davki predstavljajo dodaten strošek, zato težijo k njihovemu znižanju. Da bi davčna zakonodaja ugodila zahtevam po zniževanju davčnega bremena, so se na davčnem področju uzakonile olajšave, ki predstavljajo zakonsko odobrene ukrepe namenjene za zmanjševanje lastnega obdavčljivega dohodka zavezanca in s tem za zmanjševanje davčnih bremen. Države z njimi na posredni način zagotavljajo razvoj podjetij ter s tem rast gospodarstva, pri fizičnih osebah pa zagotavljajo boljšo ekonomsko in socialno raven posameznika. Tudi Slovenija in Bolgarija nista pri tem nobeni izjemi. Zaradi harmonizacije med državami Evropske unije, ju povezuje podobna davčna politika, vendar z nekaterimi izjemami, kot so različen sistem obdavčevanja in različne vrste davčnih olajšav. V diplomski nalogi smo obravnavali pomen zniževanja davčnega bremena z možnostjo uveljavljanja davčnih olajšav za fizične in pravne osebe v Sloveniji in Bolgariji. Zaradi lažje primerljivosti med državama smo najprej spoznali zakonodajo obeh držav, temu sledi primerjalna analiza davčnih olajšav obeh držav na podlagi teoretičnega dela in na podlagi konkretnih izračunov obdavčitve fizičnih in pravnih oseb. Since ages, taxes are important for the county, because they allow substantial filling of a state treasury. For the natural and legal persons taxes represent an additional cost and therefore their purpose is to reduce them. In order to satisfy the demands for lowering the tax burden, the tax reliefs were legislated. They represent legally approved measures intended to reduce their own taxable income of the taxpayer and thereby reducing the tax burden. With them countries in indirect manner provide developments of enterprises and the economy growth, while for natural persons they provide better economics and social level. Also Slovenia and Bulgaria are not exception to this. Because of harmonization between EU Member States, is tying up them similar tax policy, but with some exceptions as it is different manner of taxing and different kind of tax reliefs. The thesis discussed the importance of reducing the tax burden with the possibility of using tax reliefs for natural and legal persons in Slovenia and Bulgaria. In order to facilitate comparability between countries, the legalization policy of both countries are introduced and followed by a comparative analysis of the tax reliefs based on theoretical work and on specific calculations of natural and legal person’s taxation.

Since 1990, nature conservation NGOs are the main players in the running of nation-wide research and monitoring schemes for raptors in Bulgaria. Among them, the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) and Green Balkans are most active, covering the most threatened diurnal raptors in the country. The key species covered by comprehensive monitoring schemes are the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture Aegypius monachus, Saker Falcon Falco cherrug and Red-footed Falcon F. vespertinus. Information on their distribution, numbers, breeding success, productivity, diet, movements etc. is gathered on annual basis. The Buzzard Buteo buteo and Kestrel F. tinnunculus are also regularly monitored at the national level by the Common Bird Monitoring scheme. Distribution of all raptor species has been studied for the purpose of the Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. The contemporary satellite telemetry methods revealed important aspects of movements and threats to eagles and vultures from Bulgaria within the country and abroad. Main threats for the raptors in Bulgaria are related to habitat loss, unnatural mortality and disturbance. The main gaps in raptor monitoring in Bulgaria are related to the lack of coverage of most of the diurnal species and owls. There is a strong national and international cooperation in conjunction with the work concerning Imperial Eagle, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures. However, further enhancement of cooperation on other raptor species and issues such as lobbying for implementation of raptor-friendly agricultural practices and enhancement of various economic sectors are needed

Status of the Gannet Morus bassanus in the Black Sea region (E Bulgaria) The Gannet Morus bassanus is a rare vagrant species in the Black Sea region (E Bulgaria). There are altogether 9 records of Gannet in Bulgaria over the last 100 years, all on the Black Sea coast. This paper describes the three most recent records. On 29-31 July 2008 6 individuals were observed in the vicinity of St. Constantine and Elena Resort (12 km north of the town of Varna, Varna Region, NE Bulgaria). Gannets were fishing by numerous (typical) dives, accompanied by a flock of Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and Yellow-legged Gulls Larus michahellis. A review of all the species' records in Bulgaria, as well as the subfossil records in the Black Sea region is given.

Leta 1878 se je končala zadnja v nizu rusko-osmanskih vojn 19. stoletja. Ruska zmaga je dokončno zapečatila usodo nekdaj ogromnega Osmanskega imperija, ki je že dobro stoletje pešalo in izgubljalo ozemlja. Rezultat vojne je bil podpis Sanstefanskega miru, ki je prinesel priznanje neodvisnosti Srbiji, Črni Gori in Romuniji ter po 500 letih ponovno vzpostavitev bolgarske države v obliki kneževine. A uspešna ruska ekspanzija je prestrašila evropske velesile še posebej je na novem balkanskem zemljevidu izstopala nova država- Velika Bolgarija. Sledila je revizija dogovora v obliki Berlinskega kogresa, ki je Veliko Bolgarijo razkosal na tri dele: na Kneževino Bolgarijo, Vzhodno Rumelijo in Makedonijo. Slednji sta bili vrnjeni pod osmansko oblast. Bolgari so z mešanimi občutki sprejeli velik izziv: po več stoletjih so dobili svojo državo, obenem pa so premogli malo intelektualcev in vodij, ki bi bili izkušeni v političnih veščinah in organizaciji države. Morali so krmariti med evropsko politiko in njenimi ekspanzionističnimi težnjami in, kar je bilo še huje, gasiti notranje politične spore. Hkrati so ves čas razmišljali, kako bi razkosano deželo združili v eno, ne da bi zanetili politični požar. Po uspešni združitvi so bili v najranljivejših trenutkih napadeni s strani sosede, ki bi jim morala stati ob strani, saj se je sama dolgo časa borila za samostojnost. Ko so uspešno rešili še ta problem, pa so nenadoma ostali brez kneza. V tem delu bomo tako spremljali politične dogodke v letih 18781886 v luči slovenskih časnikov Slovenski narod in Slovenec. Spremljali bomo njuno navdušenje in kritiko nad Bolgari, knezom, Evropo, politiko, skratka vse pisanje, ki sta ga tekom osmih let objavila o kneževini in dogajanju znotraj nje. In tega ni bilo malo. In the year 1878 has finished the last in teh string of Russo-Turkish wars of the 19th century. The russian victory ultimately sealed fate of mighty Ottoman Empire which was losing strenght and territories throughout almost entire century. The result of war was signing of Treaty fo San Stefano that brought admission to independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania plus renewed reestablishment of the country of Bulgaria in the form of principality after 500 years. But successful russian expansion has scared european Great Powers and especially was standing out a new country by the name of Greater Bulgaria on the map of the Balkans. Revision of agreement in the form of the Congress of Berlin followed which broke the Greater Bulgaria on three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia in which the latter two were given back under the Ottoman Empire. Bulgarians stepped towards big challenge with mixed feelings because they gainde their own country after many centuries and at the same time they possessed only few intellectuals and leaders that would be experienced in political skills and organization of the state. They were forced to steer between european politics and its expansion aspirations and what was even worse to slake inner political conflicts. Simultaneously they constantly thought about how to unie a country which was broken in pieces into one country without causing a political firestorm. And when they succeeded with an union they became assaulted by their neighbour which should stand by their side because she fought for a long time for her own independence. And when they successfully solved even this problem they suddenly became left without a prince. In this part we will accompany political events in the years 1878-1886 in the spotlight of slovenian newspapers Slovenski narod and Slovenec. We will be following their enthusiasm and critique from both on Bulgarians, prince, Europe and politics. In one word their entire writing that they both published during period of eight years about principality and what has been happening inside. And there was plenty of it.

V diplomski nalogi obravnavamo trende kriminalitete v Bolgariji v obdobju od leta 1995 do leta 2007. V nalogi smo poudarili primerjavo trendov kriminalitete za posamezna kazniva dejanja s področja t.i. klasične kriminalitete. Obravnavamo spremembe in gibanje trendov kriminalitete v zadnjih desetih letih. Predstavljamo tudi gibanje kriminalitete po posameznih vrstah kaznivih dejanj in ponazorila prostorske porazdeljenosti glede na kriminalitetno število po posameznih regijah Bolgarije. V diplomski nalogi smo uporabili primarne in sekundarne vire. S pomočjo analize vsebine izbranih knjig in člankov smo skušali prikazati teoretična spoznanja o trendih kriminalitete v sodobnih evropskih družbah, še posebej v Bolgariji. Empirično smo preverili obstoj trenda (s Spearmanovim koeficientom korelacije in t-testom) in izračunali enačbo trenda, napoved za leto 2008 in standardno napako ocene trenda. Na spletni strani European sourcebook of crime and Criminal Justice Statistics pa smo pridobili statistične podatke za posamezna kazniva dejanja, ki so zbrani tako, da so ti podatki primerljivi. Is this diploma thesis i show the trends of crime in Bulgaria in period from 1995 to 2007. The thesis highlights the comparison of crime trends for individual offenses in the area of the classic crime. I discuss the changes and trends of crime of chosen offences. I presented the trends of crime by type of crime, and illustrated the spatial distribution depending of the number of criminal investigation in individual regions of Bulgaria. In this thesis i use primary and secondary sources. Through content analysis of selected books and articles, i have tried to show theoretical knowledge about crime trends in contemporary European societies, especially in Bulgaria. I have used websites of the Europian Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics to obtain statistics for individual offenses, which are collected in such a way, that date are comparable.

The geographic position of Bulgaria results in a variety of climatic and biogeographic influences on the country’s vegetation. We aim to describe the plant diversity of dry grasslands distributed in the transitional belt between the south-eastern European and Mediterranean biogeographic regions in SE Bulgaria, and to reveal if there are any obvious differences in soil properties, presence of life forms and chorotypes between syntaxa. The data set consists of 349 releves of vascular plants and bryophytes sampled in different semi-natural herbaceous vegetation types. By applying TWINSPAN, we classified 176 releves of dry grasslands to eight associations and one unranked community. One association and two subassociations are described here for the first time. Data on soil depth, soil moisture, soil pH, humus and total N content, numbers of different life forms and chorotypes were analysed statistically. The dry grasslands in SE Bulgaria were classified into different vegetation classes sharing the same territory: their communities present similarities in species composition and they have similar ratios of hemicryptophytes/therophytes and Euro-Asiatic/Mediterranean species. Dry grassland vegetation occupies mostly shallow and dry soils that vary slightly in pH, humus content and soil moisture between associations.

Bolgari so eno tistih evropskih ljudstev, ki je svojo državo ustvarilo že v srednjem veku. To državo so slabili notranji boji med fevdalci, šibka osrednja oblast, vpadi Tatarov ter vojne s sosednjimi državami. Kljub temu so vzpostavili močno pravoslavno cerkev, bolgarska kultura pa je temeljila na kronikah, analih in letopisih vladarjev, patriarhov itd. Vse to pa se je spremenilo s prihodom močnega Osmanskega imperija. Bolgarija je postala prva balkanska država, ki si jo je Osmanski imperij popolnoma podredil. Pod novo oblastjo so Bolgari kot kristjani postali drugorazredni državljani z manj pravicami kot muslimani. V prvih stoletjih osmanske oblasti večjih uporov ni bilo. Kmalu so se med Bolgari začeli pojavljati posamezniki, ki so ljudi spodbujali k uporom, tuje vladarje pa k pomoči. Večja upora sta se tako zgodila med avstrijsko-turškimi vojnami konec 16. in konec 17. stoletja v Trnovu in Čiprovcih. Upora nista bila uspešna, represalije pa so bile grozljive. V 17. in 18. stoletju sta gospodarski napredek in odpiranje imperija tujim vplivom prispevala k večji ozaveščenosti Bolgarov. Razvijalo se je šolstvo v obliki celičnih šol. Pomembna osebnost tega obdobja pa je bil menih Paisij. Bulgarians belong to those European nations which had formed a state in the medieval times. The state was weakened by internal conflicts among feudal lords, a weak central rule, Tatar invasions, and wars with its neighbours. Nonetheless, they were able to form a strong Orthodox church, whilst their culture had its foundations in chronicles and annals of their rulers, patriarchs, etc. The situation changed with the arrival of the strong Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria became the first Balkan state to be entirely subjected under the empire’s rule. As Christians, Bulgarians were second-class citizens to Muslims. Yet, major rebellions did not take place in the first centuries of the Ottoman rule. However, later-on several individuals started to encourage people to rebel, whilst pleading to foreign rulers for help. Two major rebellions took place during the Austro-Ottoman wars at the end of the 16th and 17th centuries in Trnovo and Čiprovci. They were not successful and the retaliation was devastating. In the 17th and 18th centuries, economic progress and the opening of the empire to foreign influences contributed to a greater awareness of Bulgarian people. The school system started to emerge with the so-called cell schools. An important personality of the era was monk Paisius.

For the world as well as Europe the end of World War II meant a radical transformation of the geopolitical reality. The world was divided into two strong blocs with antagonistic socio-political, economic, cultural and other characteristics. On one hand, the United States encouraged parliamentary democracy with market capitalism, while the USSR sought solutions in the people's democracy, nationalisation of economy and abolishment of private property. The following contribution outlines the Eastern European countries that found themselves at the threshold of the new socialist future following the "agreement" between the superpowers. The march of the Red Army far towards the west and with it the returning communists and simultaneous strengthening of the local Communist Parties enabled the effective and decisive Sovietisation of these countries. In his contribution the author focuses on the depiction of the processes of the political Sovietisation of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Sovietisation, which roughly took place in three stages, depended on many internal and external factors. Therefore it differed from country to country up to a certain degree, but the outcome was the same everywhere. These states became a part of the Eastern Bloc - Soviet satellite states., Konec druge svetovne vojne je za svet in Evropo pomenil korenito preoblikovanje geopolitične realnosti. Svet se je razdelil na dva močna bloka z antagonističnimi družbenopolitičnimi, gospodarskimi, kulturnimi in drugimi značilnostmi. ZDA na eni strani je vzpodbujala parlamentarno demokracijo s tržnim kapitalizmom, ZSSR pa je iskala rešitve v ljudski demokraciji, podržavljanju gospodarstva in odpravi privatne lastnine. V prispevku so orisane države iz vzhodne Evrope, ki so se po "dogovoru" med velesilama znašle pred vrati nove socialistične prihodnosti. Pohod Rdeče armade daleč proti zahodu in z njo vračajoči se komunisti ter hkratna krepitev lokalnih komunističnih partij so omogočili učinkovito in odločno sovjetizacijo teh držav. Avtor se v prispevku posveča prikazu procesov politične sovjetizacije Poljske, Češkoslovaške, Madžarske, Romunije in Bolgarije. Sovjetizacija, ki je v grobem potekala v treh fazah, je bila odvisna od številnih notranjih in zunanji dejavnikov, zato se je do neke mere od države do države razlikovala, vendar pa je bil zaključek povsod enoten. Te države so postale del Vzhodnega bloka in sovjetski satelit.

In the paper, the author examines political, economic and cultural relations between Slovenia and Bulgaria from 1991 to 2001. The introduction also outlines the relations in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth., Avtor v članku opisuje odnose med Slovenijo in Bolgarijo od leta 1991 do 2001, v uvodnem delu se omeji tudi na stike v 19. in v prvi polovici 20. stoletja. Obravnava zajema tako politične, kot tudi gospodarske in kulturne odnose.