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This study was conducted to evaluate the pineal glands of the foal and adult horses with histomorphometry. The pineal glands were sectioned at a thickness of 40 µm and stained with AgNOR for stereological analyses. The weight and volume of the pineal gland as well as the number of pinealocytes were significantly higher in the adult horses (P=0.009). However, the number of pinealocytes in per volume was similar between foals and adult horses. Such data indicate that growth in the size of the gland is related to increase in the number of pinealocytes. The pinealocyte nucleus is significantly larger in adults (P= 0.009). Such a size difference should be further investigated if it is due to an increase in the number of cells with increased DNA content. Melanin was distributed throughout the foal pineal gland whereas it was focally localized to connective tissue in adults. The different patterns in melanin distribution suggest that foals and adult horses may differ by means of melanin metabolism in the pineal gland. © 2018, Chartered Inst. of Building Services Engineers. All rights reserved.

To investigate the potential protective effects of losartan on varicocele-induced germ cell apoptosis, 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: a sham operation was performed in SHAM group, and experimental left varicocele was created in VAR and VAR+LOS groups. Additionally, in VAR+LOS group, losartan was administered for 30days starting on the day of surgery. At the end of 30days, all animals were sacrificed and left orchiectomy was performed. Testicular injury and spermatogenesis were evaluated according to Johnsen scoring system. To assess the nitrosative stress, immunohistochemical staining for endothelial nitric oxide synthase was used and evaluated by H-score and apoptotic index (AI) of germ cells was analysed by TUNEL method. A significant decrease in the mean Johnsen score (JS) was observed in VAR group compared with SHAM (p

Background/aim: To evaluate the effects of the storage/total International Prostate Symptom Score (s/T) ratio on the selection and success of medical therapy in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Materials and methods: A total of 54 men (>45 years of age) with moderate or severe LUTS were divided into 2 groups according to the s/T ratio: Group 1 at 0.43. Tamsulosin (0.4 mg to Group 1) and tolterodine ER (4 mg to Group 2) were administered. Patients were evaluated during the 1st and 3rd months of follow-up treatment. Results: Thirty-seven (68.5%) and 17 (31.5%) patients were in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean s/T ratios in Groups 1 and 2 increased to 0.38 +/- 0.19 from 0.33 +/- 0.08 (P = 0.03) and decreased to 0.54 +/- 0.18 from 0.59 +/- 0.1 (P = 0.17) during the 3rd month of follow-up, respectively. The treatment success rates of Groups 1 and 2 were 88.4% and 75.7%, respectively. Nine unsuccessful cases were treated with combination therapy and the treatment success was 86.6% at follow-up. Conclusion: The s/T ratio is effective to determine symptom dominance in men with LUTS and can guide medical treatment selection through better identification of symptoms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs), erectile dysfunction (ED) and symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism (SLOH) in ageing men in the Aegean region of Turkey. Five hundred consecutive patients >40 years old who had been in a steady sexual relationship for the past 6 months and were admitted to one of six urology clinics were included in the study. Serum prostate-specific antigen and testosterone levels and urinary flow rates were measured. All patients filled out the International Prostate Symptom Score and Quality of Life (IPSS-QoL), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale forms. Of the patients, 23.9% had mild LUTSs, 53.3% had moderate LUTSs and 22.8% had severe LUTSs. The total testosterone level did not differ between groups. Additionally, 69.6% had ED. The presence of impotence increased with increasing LUTS severity. Symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism (AMS>27) was observed in 71.2% of the patients. The prevalence of severe hypogonadism symptoms increased with the IPSS scores. A correlation analysis revealed that all three questionnaire scores were significantly correlated. In conclusion, LUTS severity is an age-independent risk factor for ED and SLOH. LUTS severity and SLOH symptoms appear to have a strong link that requires etiological and biological clarification in future studies.

Aim: The aim of this review is to determine the current standard treatment modality via comparing oncological and functional outcomes of treatment options under current literature in patients with low-intermediate risk prostate cancer. New Findings: In 2011, in United States, 240.890 new prostate cancer cases was detected and 90% of these cases were at the stage of localized disease. Treatment alternatives for low-intermediate risk prostate cancer involves active suveillance, radical surgical treatments, radiotherapy, focal ablative treatments, and experimental treatment modalities. While making decision about the optimum treatment modality, patient's lif expectancy, comorbidity, tumor biology, risks and complications of the treatment modality and clinically insignificant disease should be considered. Results: Because of the lack of clearness about the indication criteria, needing intensive follow-up and the absence of randomised controlled trials which have long term results, active surveillance could not become a standard treatment modality currently. The oncological outcomes of radical prostatectomy are superior and the morbidity is similar to radiotherapy, so that, in 2013, radical prostatectomy is the standard treatment modality in patients with low-intermediate risk prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid cancer for men in the developed countries. Individual decision making is necessary for each patient because of the diversities in the biological characteristics of the PCa. It is difficult to guess how it will be diagnosed in which patient and how the course of the illness will be. Because of that, nomograms which have been created by the prognostic factors are frequency referenced sources for predicting the parameters of PCa. Having an information about the prognosis is important to make a choice between treatment alternatives and determine the risks on the subsequent periods. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), Gleason grade and clinical stage are seemed to be the most important prognostic factors in patients with PCa. Additionally, the pathological parameters on biopsy or radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens are remarkable prognostic criteria. The Partin tables for predicting the RP pathology and Kattan nomograms for predicting the biochemical recurrences free survival rates are the most frequently used nomograms. Today, these nomograms should not replace the clinical decisions but they give significant information for the patients' prognosis, treatment selection and follow up. This review focused on which of and when the nomograms that has been most recently developed and validated for PCa will be used.

The ratio of gray and white matter is an important clinical parameter in the diagnosis of diffuse and compressive diseases of the spinal cord. Although histological methods are used to determine this parameter, there are some difficulties encountered in histological studies related to tissue size. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible modifications to overcome these difficulties. In the study, nine tissue samples taken from the C6 segment of a female Shetland pony and selected by systematic random sampling were used. The dehydration process of the spinal cord of the horse was supported by applying a vacuum. Paraffin blocks were prepared and cut into 10 ?m sections to be stained separately with the different staining methods. Six different staining methods, including Modified May - Grunwald - Giemsa (MMGG), were compared and used to image entire slides. The stains, Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG), Masson's trichrome (MT), AgNORs, Kluver Barrera (KB) and MMGG, were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically by participants who were unaware of which staining methods had been used. The staining methods were scored from worst (1) to best (5) using a Likert scale. Vacuum application was found to reduce the difficulties related to inadequate tissue dehydration. MMGG was selected as the best staining method in differentiating gray and white matter in the spinal cord of the horse.

The effects of replacing corn in the diets of laying hens with 100% barley containing different enzymes as an energy source on different yields and egg quality traits were investigated in this study. A total of 300 laying hens (average 22 weeks of age) were used. The study was carried out with five groups, 2 controls (60% corn, 60% barley) and 3 experimental groups. Each group of 60 hens was also divided into six subgroups. Enzymes such as Betaglucanase (Allzyme BG), xylanase (Allzyme PT) and amylase (Allzyme AB) were separately added at a rate of 0.05% in the order of betaglucanase, betaglucanase + xylanase and betaglucanase + xylanase + amylase to each of the groups fed 60% barley.

This study was carried out to investigate to possibility of replacing corn in the diets of laying hens with 50% barley containing different enzymes as an energy source. A total of 300 laying hens (average 22 weeks of age) were used. The study was conducted with five groups as two controls (60% corn, 30% corn + 30% barley) and 3 experimental groups. Each group of 60 hens was further divided into six subgroups. In the present study, enzymes such as betaglucanase (Allzyme BG), xylanase (Allzyme PT) and amylase (Allzyme AB) were separately added at a rate of 0.05% in the order of betaglucanase, betaglucanase + xylanase or betaglucanase + xylanase + amylase to each of the groups fed 50% barley. The study lasted for 135 days.

Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerdeki formaldehit muamelesinin soya küspesinin (SK) rumendeki kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP), efektif kuru madde (EKMP) ve efektif protein parçalanabilirliği (EPP), ile bunlara ait parçalanma parametreleri (a, b, a+b, c) üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada SK ham protein miktarının %0, 0.3, 0.6 ve 0.9'u düzeyinde formaldehit ile muamele edilerek 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 ve 48 saatlik sürelerde nanende inkubasyona tabi tutulmuştur. Muamelesiz ve %0.3, 0.6 ve 0.9'u düzeyinde formaldehit muameleli SK'nin 48 saatlik inkubasyonda kuru madde parçalanabilirliği sırasıyla %89.38, 85.04, 77.09, 70.81 ham protein parçalanabilirliği %87.67, 79.98, 68.42, 58.61 olarak bulunmuştur (P < 0.01). Yine k=0.05 de efektif kuru madde parçalanabilirliği %58.58, 55.15, 52.38, 49.85 efektif ham protein parçalanabilirliği ise %49.48, 44.55, 39.75, 36.73 olarak tespit edilmiştir (P < 0.01). Çalışmada parçalanma parametrelerinin de (b, a+b) muamelelerden önemli derecede etkilendiği saptanmıştır (P < 0.05). SK'nin gerek kuru madde gerekse ham protein parçalanma oranlarının formaldehit muamelesi ile önemli derecede azaldığı, bu azalmanın formaldehit düzeyi ile doğru orantılı olduğu belirlenmiştir., This study was conducted to determine the effects of different level of formaldehyde treatments on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), effective DM (EDMD), effective CP (ECPD) degradabilities and degradation kinetic parameters of soybean meal in the rumen. Soybean meal was treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% formaldehyde and then incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours. Degradability of DM was 89.38, 85.04, 77.09, and 70.81 degradability of CP was 87.67, 79.98, 68.42, and 58.61% for soybean meal treated with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively (P < 0.01). At the passage rate of 0.05, EDMD was 58.58, 55.15, 52.38, and 49.85% and ECPD was 49.48, 44.55, 39.75, and 36.73% for increasing level of formaldehyde respectively (P < 0.01). There were also significant effects of formaldehyde treatments on "b" and "a+b" kinetic parameters (P < 0.05). In conclusion, degradabilities of DM and CP in the rumen decreased accordingly with increased levels of formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal.