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The grazing method of feeding allows small ruminants - goats and sheep, constant contact with transitional hosts and eggs and larval forms of parasites, so that there is no sheep that is not infected with at least one parasite species. Permanent pastures represent the greatest health risk for sheep and goats, especially if they have been used unplanned for many years. Uncultivated pastures with poor floristic composition cause nutritional imbalances, but cultivated pastures that are used improperly are also a place for constant infections, especially parasitic agents. The cultivation of pasture directly depends on the geological and pedological composition of the soil, hydrological conditions (standing, running water) and microclimatic conditions. The main goal of cultivation is to obtain a pasture that contains a minimum of infectious agents in the soil, which is maximally free from vectors and transitional hosts of certain diseases (molluscs, arthropods) and infectious forms of parasites. At the same time, the grass must be of optimal quality, density and nutritional value. Successful cultivation must be based on real data. This means that in addition to the floristic and pedological composition of the soil, parasitological control of the soil and grass must be done. Interventions on pastures can be a good prerequisite for controlling and preventing parasitic diseases. The solution can be sought in the form of grazing - it can be mixed and grazing, and also the limitation of the number of individuals in the pasture can be applied. Mixed grazing implies the grazing of different herbivores on one pasture, which certainly has a positive effect on the reduction of parasitic infections. Cross-country grazing is a method of using pastures to move animals from one part of the pasture to another at certain time intervals and return to them only after a certain period of rest.

Biosigurnost, doborbit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika u kritičnom kontrolnim tačkama su veoma značajni elementi za intenzivnu proizvodnju svinja. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera presudna je u zaštiti zdravlja svinja i uspeha same proizvodnje. U ovom predavanju koji je deo bilaterlanog projekta, dat je prikaz rešenja i rutinski postupci u zaštiti od biološke kontaminacije, kao i odnos proizvođača prema potrebi da zaštite zdravlje svojih životinja i obezbede opstanak i isplativost proizvodnje, na primerima kontrolisanih farmi različitog kapaciteta. Svest zaposlenih o stvarnoj potrebi zaštite proizvodnje u celini, aktivan odnos prema postojećim opasnostima i preduzete mere predstavljaju ključ uspeha u osmišljavanju i pripremi planova biosigurnosti za svaku konkretnu situaciju,odnosno farmu svinja.

Broj živorođene i zalučene prasadi po krmači predstavlja jedan od najznačajnijih pokazatelja uspešnosti i profitabilnosti svinjarske proizvodnje. Visokoselekcionisane krmače daju legla koja fiziološki ne mogu sama da othrane, što uz manju telesnu masu oprašene prasadi, predstavlja jedan od većih izazova moderne svinjarske proizvodnje. Iz tog razloga postoji potreba za primenom odgovarajućih strategija kako bi se što veći broj prasadi doveo do momenta zalučenja. Najčešće primenjene strategije podrazumevaju razdvajanje legla i formiranje dva manja (engl. split suckling), premeštanje prasadi pod krmaču sa slobodnim mamarnim kompleksima (engl. cross fostering), upotreba krmače dojilje i upotreba zamena za mleko. Nekada je nezaobilazno žrtvovanje određenog broja prasadi zarad boljeg napredovanja ostale prasadi iz istog legla. Od presudnog značaja je predviđanje potencijala prasadi u leglu u ranom periodu, koje je omogućeno sve češćom upotrebom modifikovane APGAR skale, koja je preuzeta iz humane medicine. Upotreba APGAR skale podrazumeva bodovanje pojedinih parametara na osnovu kojih se dodeljuje ocena novorođenčetu, kao osnovni pokazatelj njegove vitalnosti. Pored broja respiracija, boje kože, telesne temperature, refleksa sisanja i oglašavanja, pojedine forme APGAR skale uključuju i izgled pupčane vrpce, izgled placente, oblik glave i zaprljanost mekonijumom, kako bi se što lakše razlučila prasad sa intrauterinim retardacijama od zdravih, i bila preduzeta najbolja strategija za to leglo. Ovakav pristup podrazumeva ocenu svake pojedinačne jedinke u leglu, što je često vremenski zahtevno, usled čega su osmišljene i skale za ocenu celih legala. Značaj adekvatnog pristupa leglima sa velikim brojem prasadi se prvenstveno ogleda u dobrobiti i humanom postupanju sa životinjama. Napred navedeno mora biti uzeto u obzir zbog pooštravanja pravilnika iz oblasti Zakona o dobrobiti životinja i usklađivanja sa regulativama Evropske Unije, što će se direktno odraziti na mogućnosti izv

Držanje i eksploatacija nerastova na komercijalnim farmama imaju za cilj proizvodnju doza sperme za sopstvenu upotrebu. Životni vek nerastova a samim tim i dužina njihove eksploatacije u velikoj meri zavise od njihovog zdravstvenog stanja. Zbog toga kontrola zdravstvenog stanja nerastova, kontrola kvaliteta sperme za veštačko osemenjavanje kroz nadzor nad celokupnim procesom od uzimanja sperme do kvaliteta osemenjivačke doze, optimizacija ambijentalnih i sveobuhvatnih uslova držanja (smeštaj, mikroklimat, ishrana, napajanje, odnos zaposlenih), predstavljaju važne parametre sa aspekta zdravstvene kontrole samih nerastova, zdravstvene kontrole čitavog zapata ali i ekonomskih parametara produktivnosti farme kao i rentabilnosti čitave proizvodnje. Jedan od često prisutnih zdravstvenih probelma predstavljaju oboljenja lokomotornog sistema nerastova koji na farmama komercijalnog tipa imaju najveće učešće kada su u pitanju uzroci isključenja nerastova iz procesa proizvodnje. Problemi se često javljaju već posle prvog skoka, kao posledica slabe okoštalosti hrsakvice butne kosti (raskrečenost zadnjih nogu). Kod mladih zdravih nerastova šepanje nastaje kao rezltat oštećenja jastučića papaka i prskanja rožine infekcije. Kao posledica smeštaja na betonskoj podlozi javljaju se poremećaji u stavovima nogu, krivljenje distalnih delova ekstremiteta i posledična šepavost, odbijanje skoka i isključenje takvih nerastova na samom početku eksploatacije. U toku eksploatacije nerasta treba omoguciti da ishrana obezbedjuje njegov razvoj i normalnu priplodnu kondiciju. Priplodna kondicija se obezbedjuje precizno normiranom i kontroloisanom ishranom.

Patološke lezije na koži mogu biti posledica primarnog oboljenja kože ili klinička manifestacija sistemske bolesti. Tako na primer, postoje primarne bolesti kože, kod kojih uglavnom nema patoloških promena na unutrašnjim organima. U takve bolesti ubrajamo: nekrozu ušne školjke kod svinja, pitiriasis rosea, boginje svinja i dr. Primarne bolesti kože mogu biti bakterijske, virusne, gljivične, parazitske etiologije, genetske ili idiopatske. Postoje sistemske bolesti koje zahvataju jedan ili više organskih sistema, a koje se mogu manifestovati promenama na koži u koje ubrajamo klasičnu kugu svinja, crveni vetar, dermatitis nefropatija sindrom svinja (PDNS) i dr. U ovom radu dat je pregled različitih oboljenja koja se manifestuju patološkim promenama na koži i ukazano je na mogućnosti diferencijalne dijagnostike.

Degenerativne bolesti zglobova (engl. degenerative join deseases, DJD) predstavljaju učestalu patologiju kod domaćih životinja. Kod farmskih životinja, posebno svinja, zbog specfičnosti njihovog uzgoja i namene degenerativne promene na zglobovima retko se dijagnostikuju, terapija se gotovo i ne sprovodi, a prevencija bolesti temelji se na osnovu rasne selekcije. Uzgoj mesnatih rasa svinja trpi gubitke posebno zbog hromosti uzrokovane razvojem degenerativnih bolesti zglobova. Iako hromost može biti uzrokovana kongenitalnim ili razvojnim poremećajima, najčešće je posledica bolnosti povezana s različitim infekcijama, ozledama ili bolestima metabolizma. To je ujedno i važno pitanje jer učestalost hromosti u stadu utiče na održivost, rast i reprodukciju svinja. Pristup dijagnostici i lečenju hromosti u svinja mora biti sveobuhvatan i multidisciplinaran, kako bi se što ranije postavila prava dijagnoza i primenile mere sprečavanja ili lečenja bolesti koštano-mišićnog sistema. Vrste i uzroci hromosti kod svinja zavise od starosti, načina držanja, pola i rase. Artritis je nespecifičan pojam koji označava zapaljenski proces zglobova. Sve bolesti zglobova velikih životinja prati zapaljenska reakcija različitog tipa. Od artritičnih oboljenja zglobova u svinarskoj proizvodnji najznačajniji su traumatski artritis, osteochondrosis dissecans, subhondralne cistične lezije, zapaljenski artritis i osteoartritis (degenerativne bolesti zglobova). Uprkos svojoj važnosti i relevantnim istraživanjima sprovedenim u poslednjih desetak godina, uzroci i nastanak osteoartritisa nisu u potpunosti razrešeni. Još uvek nedostaju potpune informacije o epidemiologiji, patofiziologiji bolesti, spoljašnjim faktorima i genetskoj predispoziciji za nastanak bolesti. Trenutno ne postoji lek za osteoartritis, a najčešći tretmani samo ublažavaju simptome bolesti. Dakle, prevencija je jedina mera u ovom trenutku, dok su istraživanja usmerena pronalasku različitih biomarkera za ranu dijagnozu bolesti i razvoju

Dislokacija sirišta je značajan zdravstveni problem u patologi ji digestivnog trakta visokomlečnih krava. Ona predstavlja topografsku gastropatiju koja se pojavljuje u više oblika: kao dislokacija sirišta na levo, dislokacija sirišta na de sno i torzija sirišta. Na nivou stada visokomlečnih krava, dislokacija sirišta je široko rasprostranjeno oboljenje goveda, čija učestalost pojavljivanja iznosi oko 5%. Od uku pnog broja obolelih životinja, prevalencija levostrane dislokacije iznosi oko 80%, dok se ostali oblici promene položaja sirišta pojavljuju ređe. Pored direktnog uticaja na zdrav stveni status i smanjenje proizvodnje mleka kod obolelih životinja, ovo oboljenje ima i negativan uticaj na plodnost krava. Tokom poslednjih šezdeset godina, razvijeno je više metoda lečenja dislokacije sirišta, od konzervativnih do hiruških tehnika koje daju naj više izgleda za povoljan ishod. Klasične hirurške metode lečenja imaju za cilj repoziciju sirišta u anatomski normalan položaj i njegovu fiksaciju za abdominalni zid. Sa razvo jem savremenih tehnika u humanoj medicini, u poslednje dve decenije značajno mesto u hirurškom trertmanu dislokacije sirišta zauzimaju i laparoskopske tehnike koje su minimalno invazivne. U odnosu na klasične hirurške tehnike, laparoskopska fiksacija sirišta ima nekoliko prednosti. Pored manje traume, bolja je abdominalna vizuelizaci ja, jednostavna je za izvođenje, brza, manje stresna po životinju i primenljiva je u svim terenskim uslovima, Displaced abomasum is a significant problem in pathology of the di gestive system of high-yielding cows. Displaced abomasum represents a topographical gastropathy that occurs in multiple forms: left displaced abomasum, right displaced abomasum and rotated abomasum. In dairy cow herds, displaced abomasum is wide spread pathology with a frequency of occurrence of 5%. The prevalence of left displaced abomasum is about 80% of the affected animals, while other forms appear less fre quently. In addition to the direct effect on the health status and the reduction in milk production of the affected animals, this disease also has a negative impact on the fer tility of cows. Over the last 60 years, several methods for treating displaced abomasum have been developed, from conservative to surgical techniques, the latter having the best chance of a favorable outcome. Classic surgical techniques aim to return the dis placed abomasum to its anatomically normal position and fix it to the abdominal wall. Parallel to the development of surgical techniques in human medicine, laparoscopic treatment, which is minimally invasive, has taken an important place in the surgical treatment of displaced abomasum in the last 10 years. Compared to the classic surgical techniques, laparoscopic fixation of the displaced abomasum has several advantages. In addition to being less traumatic, the abdominal visualization is better, the procedure is simpler, quicker and less stressful for the animal, and the method is applicable in the field practice.

Askaridoza svinja je parazitsko oboljenje koje izaziva nematoda Ascaris suum Za askaridozu slobodno možemo reći da predstavlja najčešće, najznačajnije i najraširenije parazitsko oboljenje domaćih i divljih svinja. Ova parazitoza ima globalnu rasprostranjenost i ustanovljena je i u organskoj i ekstenzivnoj proizvodnji i na industrijskim farmama svinja. Gubici koji proističu od askaridoze su ravni, čak i veći od mnoštva zaraznih bolesti. Osim velikih zdravstvenih problema koje nanosi svinjarskoj proizvodnji askaridoza je zoonotsko obolenje., Pig ascariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Ascaris suum We can say that ascariasis is the most common, most significant and widespread parasitic disease of domestic and wild pigs. This parasitosis has a global distribution and has been established both in organic and extensive production and in industrial pig farms. Losses from ascariasis are flat, even higher than many infectious diseases. Apart from the major health problems it causes to pig production, ascariasis is a zoonotic disease.key wors: askaridoza, Ascaris suum, svinje.

Stajski način držanja ovaca sa velikim brojem životinja na realtivno malom prostoru, sa ujednačenim mikroklimatom i dubokom prostirkom pogoduju nastanku protozoarnih infekcija, posebno kokcidijama, naročito kod mlađih kategorija životinja. Na osnovu istraživanja u svetu i kod nas utvrđeno je da ova obolenja dominiraju kod jagnjadi i po prevalenci i po incidenci i praćena su značajnim morbiditetom i malim do umerenim mortalitetom. Fecesom inficiranih jedinki izlučuju se oociste ovih protozoa koje nisu sporulisane (i zbog toga su neinfektivne) a postaju infektivne nakon sporulisanja u spoljnoj sredini. Kada se kaže kokcidioza uobičajeno se misli na oboljenje uzrokovano protozoa iz familije Eimeridae – rod Eimeria. Osim familije Eimeridae, u rod kokcidija spadaju daleko opasnije zoonotske vrste - Cryptosporidium sp, Toxoplasma gondii i Sarcocysta sp., ali zadnje dve su u malom procentu prisutne kod nas. Kako su kokcidije iz roda Eimeria a zatim i Cryptospora primarni i najznačajniji uzročnici obolenja jagnjadi u radu je dat prikaz biosigurnosnih mera koje se koriste u njihovoj kontroli., The stable way of sheep breding with a large number of animals in a relatively small space, with a uniform microclimate and a deep mat favors the occurrence of protozoan infections, especially coccidia, especially in younger categories of animals. Based on research in the world and in our country, it was determined that these diseases dominate in lambs both in terms of prevalence and incidence and are accompanied by significant morbidity and low to moderate mortality. In the feces of infected individuals, oocysts of these protozoa are excreted, which are not sporulated (and therefore non-infectious), and become infectious after sporulation in the external environment. When we say coccidiosis, we usually mean the disease caused by protozoa from the family Eimeridae - genus Eimeria. Apart from the Eimeridae family, the coccidia genus includes far more dangerous zoonotic species - Cryptosporidium sp., Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocysta sp. but the last two are present in a small percentage here. Since coccidia from the genus Eimeria and then Cryptospora are the primary and most important causes of illness in lambs, the paper presents the biosecurity measures used in their control.

Ispitivanje krpelja u Srbiji ima dugu tradiciju i rađeno je sistematski. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja krpelja kod ovaca na širem područja Beograda u periodu od 2011. do 2018. godine. Ukupno je pregledano 97 stada (2 297 ovaca) poreklom iz 43 sela u okolini Beograda. Tokom ovih istraživanja, kod ovaca na području Beograda su ustanovljeni I. ricinus (41,91%), Dermacentor marginatus (32,91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (17,22%), R. sanguineus (6,72%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2,21%) i D. pictus (1,09%). Odnos polova kod dominantnih vrsta krpelja je bio sledeći: od ukupnog broja prikupljenih krpelja, 52,35% su bile ženke, a 47,65% mužjaci. Odnos polova nađenih vrsta krpelja ukazao je na veći broj ženki u četiri vrste: I. ricinus, Ha. punctata, R. sanguineus i D. marginatus, dok je veći broj mužjaka otkriven kod jedne vrste – R. bursa i jednak broj kod krpelja D. pictus. U martu su nađeni I. ricinus, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus i Ha. punctata. U aprilu su pronađeni D. pictus i R. bursa. Maksimum brojnosti u aprilu dostižu D. marginatus i Ha. punctata, a u maju I. ricinus i D. pictus. U junu, populacijski pik imaju R. sanguineus i R. bursa, koje su najčešće nalažene vrste i u julu i u avgustu. U septembru je zapažen porast populacije I. ricinus i D. marginatus, dok je u oktobru uočen porast R. sanguineus., The examination of ticks in Serbia has a long tradition and is carried out systematically. In our work, we present results of research on ticks in sheep from the wider area of Belgrade in the period from 2011. to 2018. A total of 97 flocks (2 297 sheep) originating from 43 villages in the vicinity of Belgrade were examined. During these investigations, Ixodes ricinus (41.91%), Dermacentor marginatus (32.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (17.22%), R. sanguineus (6.72%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2.21%) and D. pictus (1.09%) were found in sheep in the Belgrade area. The gender ratio of the dominant species of ticks was as follows: of the total number of ticks collected, 52.35% were females and 47.65% males. The sex ratio of the tick species found, showed a higher number of females in four species I. ricinus, Ha. punctata, R. sanguineus and D. marginatus, while a higher number of males was detected in one species - R. bursa and an equal number in D. pictus ticks. In March, I. ricinus, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus and Ha. punctata were found. D. pictus and R. bursa were found in April. D. marginatus and Ha. punctata reach their maximum abundance in April and I. ricinus and D. pictus in May. In June, the population peak were recorded for R. sanguineus and R. bursa, which were the most frequently found species in both July and August. In September, we observed an increase in the population of I. ricinus and D. marginatus, while in October we observed an increase in R. sanguineus presence.

Hromost goveda predstavlja značajan zdravstveni problem, a sa aspekta ekonomskog značaja nalazi se odmah iza poremećaja u reprodukciji. Prosečna incidenca hromosti na farmama mlečnih krava je oko 7%. Međutim, ona se kreće u širokom rasponu od 5 pa sve do 60%, a stopa isključenja krava iz stada zbog oboljenja papaka je od 5 do 10%. Razvoj hromosti kod mlečnih krava je uslovljena sinergističkim delovanjem mnogobrojnih činilaca od izlaganja metaboličkom stresu na početku laktacije, mehaničkom delovanju tvrdih i grubih betonskih podova, kratkih ležišta, konstantnog izlaganja rožine papaka vlažnoj prostirci, kao i neblagovremenog korigovanja rožine papaka ili nestručne korekcije. Veći udeo koncentrovanih hraniva bogatih energijom u odnosu na kabasti deo obroka doprinosi pojavi oboljenja papaka, što ukazuje da prevencija acidoze buraga u stadima predstavlja bitan činilac u kontroli hromosti kod goveda. Sa intenziviranjem procesa fermentacije lako svarljivih ugljenih – hidrata u buragu opada vredost pH sadržaja, povećava se propustljivost sluzokože kako za endotoksine bakterija, tako i za de novo sintetisane vazoaktivne amine (histamin, serotonin, bradikinin) koji dovode do poremećaja mikrocirkulacije u korijumu papaka. Supakutna acidoza buraga i metabolički poremećaji zdravlja tokom rane laktacije su glavni etiološki činioci za bolesti papaka kako neinfektivne, tako i infektivne etiologije.

Metastrongylidosis or pulmonary strongylidosis of pigs is a disease caused by several species of nematodes from the genus Metastrongylus. Metastrongylides belong to biohelminths whose causative agents use transitional hosts for their development and maintenance of the biological cycle, in this case numerous species of lumbricides (earthworms). The larvae acquire infectivity only when they eat by earthworms - intermedial host. The seasonal variation of microclimate conditions in the soil has a large part in the life of earthworms, and the inhibitory factors in their seasonal dynamics are directly related to the spread of metastrongylidosis. Overview of research conducted in the five-year period in the area of Belgrade it was established that the dominant species of earthworms which are intermediate hosts to lungworm: Eisenia foetida, Eisenia rosea, Dandreobena rubida, Allopbophora caliginosa, Allopbophora jassyensis, Lubricus terrestris and Lubricus rubbelus. Also, species occur as transitional hosts of metastrongylidosis was Eisenia veneta, Eisenella tetraedra, Allopbophora longa, Octolasium complanatuum, Octolasium lacteum, Octolasium rebeli, Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena subrubicunda, Dendrobaena mariupoliensis, Bimastus tenius and less often species from the genus Heledrillus spp.

Biosecurity measures are considered the most important instrument for preventing the introduction of African swine fever (ASF) into pig production systems. Especially in extensive pig production, biosecurity measures must be practical to implement, and understandable for farmers. In 2023, the bilateral Serbia-Slovenia country project has started with the aim of mapping and evaluating biosecurity measures in different pig production systems and establishing a link between herd biosecurity and the potential risk of ASF introduction. On the one hand, the project will address this through a recent epidemiological study in ASF-infected pig units (small farms, backyards) in Serbia. On the other hand, Slovenia, as an ASF-free country, is currently in the highest preparedness phase in view of the cases detected in the neighbouring countries. In 2019, ASF was detected in Serbia in extensive pig production. The rearing of pigs in backyards is a traditional practise in villages, but under certain conditions this type of unit can also be operated commercially. In contrast, extensive backyard pig production exists in Slovenia, but with varying degrees of regulation. In addition to backyard pig farming, there is an outdoor pig production oriented to the well-recognised pig breeds with labelled meat products (Krskopoljska pig). In 2023, the research groups from two countries visited Serbia and Slovenia to record and evaluate the specific factors in the structure of the country's pig production system. In Serbia, the field visits were carried out in the regions affected by ASF. In Slovenia, the extensive pig production units with outdoor pig production were visited and the country's measures to combat ASF were presented. The global dimension of ASF, including long-distance translocations, shows that all countries are at risk: Human-mediated spread to domestic pigs can occur at any time and in any country, regardless of the distance to ongoing infections.

Due to their antiketogenic and antioxidant effects, chestnut tannins may offer a viable approach to manage the impaired immune and renal functions in transition cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with chestnut tannins on haematological, biochemical and antioxidant indices, as well as cortisol levels in prepartum dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were divided into two homogeneous groups (n = 20): a control (CON), and an experimental group (CNT) receiving 20 g/day of chestnut tannins for the last 25 ± 2 days of pregnancy. Haematological and biochemical indices, cortisol concentration and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured in blood samples collected 25 (day −25) and 5 days (day −5) before the expected parturition. The addition of chestnut tannins exerted no significant effect on red blood cells indices; however, white blood cell (P = 0.02), lymphocyte (P = 0.05) and platelet (P < 0.01) counts were higher, while the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.03) was lower on day −5 in the CNT group compared to the CON group. Significantly higher values of T-AOC (P = 0.03) and significantly lower levels of triglycerides (P = 0.03) and gammaglutamyl transferase (P = 0.02) were also found in CNT compared to CON on day −5. The improved haematological profile in CNT cows was accompanied by lower serum creatinine concentration (P = 0.04), while total protein, calcium, phosphorus and cortisol did not differ significantly between CNT and CON cows. These data demonstrate that dietary chestnut tannin supplementation in a closeup diet has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and could potentially mitigate immune suppression and kidney dysfunction near parturition. Further research should be conducted concerning the mechanisms underlying these responses.

The lameness is the earliest but also the most important clinical symptom of the acropodium disease in cattle. According to literature data, in 90% of cases, the cause of lameness is localized in the hooves, and in 10% of cases it is in other anatomical parts of the limb. In 88% of cases, the pathological process has been manifested at the hind limbs. Laminitis is an aseptic inflammation of the corium of the hooves. In addition to mechanical overloading of the hooves, the toxic causes are also addressed as the causes of this disease. Longer feeding with rapidly digested concentrate, rumen acidosis, sudden change of food components, especially diet with green barley, oat, freshly harvested young legumes and nutrition with molded food, can lead to laminitis. Laminitis is often the result of impact of a large number of factors, such as metabolic and digestive disorders, calving stress, mastitis, metritis, abomasal displacement, bedding without or with very little straw, inability to move, obesity and poor diet. The ration that leads to acidosis also leads to laminitis. Such a ration is difficult to correct in a case when the carbohydrates are present in highest percentage. Vasoactive substances (histamine), which enter the bloodstream from rumen, are considered to lead to damage of the hoof corium. Metabolic disorder is caused by a low pH of rumen, which leads to pathophysiological disorders, which eventually result in the ischemia of the hoof corium and clinically manifest laminitis (leg disposal due to pain, and sometimes forced lying). In addition to histamine and bacterial endotoxins, milk acids and others biologically active substances are believed to contribute to the onset of this disease. The application of basic principles of the nutrition of the lactating cows can prevent the appearance of laminitis and therefore the appearance of economic losses due to lameness.

Hromost je najraniji ali i najvažniji klinički simptom oboljenja akropodijuma goveda. Prema literaturnim podacima u 90 % slučajeva uzrok hromosti je lokalizovan u papcima, a u 10 % slučajeva je u drugim anatomskim delovima ekstremiteta. Patološki proces je u 88 % slučajeva ispoljen na zadnjim ekstremitetima. Laminitis predstavlja aseptično zapaljenje korijuma papaka. Kao uzroci nastanka ovog oboljenja, pored mehaničkog preopterećenja papaka, navode se i toksični uzroci. Duže davanje lako svarljive koncentrovane hrane, stvaranje acidoze u buragu, nagla promena hrane, posebno ishrana zelenim ječmom, ovsem, sveže pokošenim mladim leguminozama i ishrana plesnivom hranom, mogu dovesti do pojave laminitisa. Laminitis je često rezultat uticaja velikog broja činioca, kao što su metabolički i digestivni poremećaji, porođaj stres, mastitis, metritis, dislokacija sirišta, ležište bez ili sa vrlo malo prostirke, nemogućnost kretanja, pregojenost i loš menadžment ishrane. Obrok koji dovodi do acidoze dovodi i do laminitisa. Takav obrok je vrlo težak za korekciju, kada se najveći procenat hraniva u obroku sastoji od ugljenohidratnih materija. Smatra se da vazoaktivne materije (histamin), koje ulaze u krvotok iz buraga, dovode do oštećenja korijuma papaka. Metabolički poremećaj nastaje usled niskog pH sadržaja buraga i lančano dolazi do patofizioloških poremećaja, koji na kraju rezultiraju ishemijom korijuma papaka i klinički manifestnim laminitisom (odlaganjem nogu zbog bola, a ponekad i prinudnog ležanja). Veruje se da osim histamina i bakterijski endotoksini, mlečna kiselina i druge biološki aktivne materije doprinose nastanku ovog oboljenja. Primena osnovnih principa ishrane muznih krava mogu prevenirati pojavu laminitisa samim tim i pojavu ekonomskih gubitaka usled hromosti.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) is primary pathogen involved in porcine respiratory diseases complex (PRDC). The objective of this study was to evaluate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) infection in five commercial pig farms by using serology and lung lesion scoring at slaughter. Five Macedonian pig herds with a history of respiratory diseases were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from pigs at 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 weeks of age. Ten animals per age group from each farm were sampled and tested for antibodies to Mhyo. At abattoir, 50 lungs per farm were scored for lesions associated with enzootic pneumonia (EP). All farms were seropositive to Mhyo. Higher seroprevalence to Mhyo was observed in grower and finisher pigs, while significant difference (p<0.001) was detected among farms in 10-, 14-, and 22-week-old pigs. Enzootic pneumonia-like lesions were detected in 91.2% of all tested lungs with range of 82 to 98% on farm level. Mean lung lesion score (LLS) obtained for all farms was 11.5 (8.04–14.4). Significant difference for LLS and significantly higher percentage of severe LLS grade (>10) were found among some of the farms (p<0.001). In conclusion, high seroprevalence to Mhyo in finishing pigs in most of the farms was most likely due to vaccination. Farms with higher seroprevalence to Mhyo obtained lower LLS. Serology monitoring of different pig categories and lung assessment at slaughterhouse is a practical tool for assessing vaccine efficacy of Mhyo in pig farms.

Cows in the peripartal period undergo changes in thyroid hormones and are susceptible to lipomobilization and/or oxidative stress. The addition of chestnut tannins as polyphenolic compounds in the diet may improve feed efficiency and prevent oxidative stress-related health disorders in transition cows. However, the relationship between chestnut tannin supplementation and thyroid function, which plays an important role in metabolic regulation, has not been investigated in dairy cows. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chestnut tannin supplementation during the close-up period on thyroid status and to evaluate the interaction between thyroid hormones and oxidative stress biomarkers in prepartum dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were fed either a diet containing chestnut tannins (CNTs, n = 20, 1.96 g chestnut tannins/kg feed, dry matter) or a non-supplemented diet (CON, n = 20) during the last 25 ± 2 days of gestation. Blood samples were collected on the first day of study (before chestnut tannin supplementation) and d 5 before parturition to measure hormonal and oxidative stress indices. Serum concentrations of T3 (p = 0.04) and T4 (p = 0.05) were higher in CNT cows than in the CON group on day 5 before parturition. Thyroid status of CNT cows was associated with higher serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < 0.01), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, p = 0.03) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, p = 0.01), and reduced glutathione concentration (GSH, p = 0.05). Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were lower (p = 0.04) which was associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p = 0.02), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.01) activities in the CNT than in the CON group. Estradiol and progesterone did not differ between CNT and CON cows. Chestnut tannin supplementation improves antioxidant protection, prevents oxidation-reduction processes, reduces the degree of liver cell membrane damage, and protects thyro

Caprine papillomaviruses (ChPVs, Capra hircus papillomaviruses) were detected and quantified for the first time using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) blood samples of 374 clinically healthy goats from farms located in in Italy, Romania, and Serbia. Overall, ddPCR revealed ChPV DNA in 78 of the 374 examined samples, indicating that ~21% of the goats harbored circulating papillomavirus DNA. In particular, in Italian goat farms, ChPV genotypes were detected and quantified in 58 of 157 blood samples (~37%), 11 of 117 samples from Serbian farms (~9.4%), and 9 of 100 from Romanian blood samples (9%). Blood samples fromItalian goat farms showed a high prevalence of ChPV1, which was detected in 45 samples (28.6%). The ChPV2 genotype was detected in 13 samples (~8.3%). Therefore, significant dierences in prevalence and genotype distributions were observed. On Serbian and Romanian farms, no significan dierences were observed in the genotype prevalence of ChPVs. Molecular findings are consistent with ChPV prevalence, characterized by a territorial distribution similar to that of papillomaviruses in other mammalian species. Furthermore, this study showed that ddPCR is a very sensitive and accurate assay for ChPV detection and quantification. The ddPCR may be the molecular diagnostic tool of choice, ultimately providing useful insights into the molecular epidemiology and field surveillance of ChPV.

Lameness is one of the high influence production illnesses in intensive dairy production farming, it reduces milk yield andcan also negatively affect the quality of milk. Many factors can affect the production of milk components. Subsequently,breed, nutrition, milk yield, various metabolic disorders, and lameness can have an effect on the synthesis of milk components. White line disease and sole ulcers are widespread hoof diseases of cows in tied-holding systems. Albeit the main cause of lameness, associations between claw disorders of cows and variation of milk components haven’t been widely studied in Simmental cows.The objective of our study was to investigate the effect ofwhite line disease and sole ulcers on the percentage of milk components of Simmental dairy cows kept in the small households in Mačva locality, Serbia. For milk analysis were enrolled36 cowsin the study: affected by white line disease (n=12), sole ulcers (n=12), and healthy cows (n=12)in the early stage of lactation. Milk components (milk protein, fat, and non-fat dry matter) were analyzed using Lactoscan S.Significance of differences in milk component characteristics between white line disease, sole ulcers, and healthy groups were tested using a Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparisons test.The percentage of milk fat of cows affectedby white line disease and cows affected by sole ulcers were significantly lower than those of non-lame cows: 3.80%, 3.69%, and 4.18%, respectively (both p<0.05).However, differences inthe contents of milk protein and the contents of non-fat dry matter of cows affected by white line disease, sole ulcers, and in health cows were not significantly different(p>0.05).Our results indicate that hoof diseases of cows namelywhite line disease and sole ulcers,are associated with reduced significantly milk fat production in lame Simmental cows.

Th is case report describes the acute mastitis with signs of endotoxemia in the 32-month-old Simmental cow, antimicrobial susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from a milk sample, and demonstrates the eff ectiveness of the applied therapy. Case presentation included the cowlying syndrome together with the presence of clinical signs of endotoxemia accompanied by milk discoloration and “clots” formation. Bacteriology fi nding of the K. pneumoniae and antibiogram pointed that the isolate was sensitive to ceft riaxone, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, while resistant to amoxicillin, gentamicin, ampicillin, ceft iofur, and cephalexin. Th e selection of treatment options came from the availability of an adequate route of administration, urgency for treatment, and lack of time for assessment of other body functions. Th e therapy by ceft riaxone at an intravenous dose rate of 8mg/kg with adequate supportive therapy NSAID, vitamin C, and correction dehydration showed a successful eff ect in life-saving procedures. Th e outcome of K. pneumoniae mastitis with endotoxemia did not aff ect the outcome of pregnancy.

Bolesti svinja koje se karakterišu pojavom vezikularnog sindroma su slinavka i šap, vezikularna bolest svinja, vezikularni stomatitis, vezikularni egzantem svinja i Seneka bolest svinja. Virus slinavke i šapa, virus vezikularne bolesti svinja i Senecavirus A pripadaju familiji Picornaviridae. Slinavka i šap je visoko kontagiozna virusna bolest različitih vrsta papkara koja se kod svinja karakteriše apatijom, febrom, pojavom vezikula u predelu rila, usne šupljine, papaka i mlečne žlezde. Klinička slika kod svinja uobičajeno nije teška, a u težim slučajevima može se javiti eksungulacija. Vrata infekcije su sluznica ždrela i tonzile gde se odvija primarna replikacija virusa, a potom sledi viremija sa sekundarnom replikacijom virusa na predilekcionim mestima. Poznato je da inficirana svinja može da proizvede 400 miliona infektivnih doza dnevno i da tako predstavlja značajan izvor infekcije za druge prijemčive vrste. Infekcija Senecavirusom A se karakteriše povišenim mortalitetom kod prsadi na sisi do sedmog dana starosti. Kod priplodnih kategorija svinja, postoji povišena telesna temperatura, anoreksija, letargija, pojava vezikula na rilu, sluznici usne šupljine i koronarnom rubu papaka. Pojava bolesti kod svinja koje se karakterišu vezikularnim sindromom uvek izaziva veliku zabrinutost imajući u vidu da je klinički nemoguće razlikovati lezije koje izaziva virus slinavke i šapa i drugi virusi. Konačnu dijagnozu je moguće jedino potvrditi u laboratoriji. Obzirom da su svinje prijemčive za više vrsta virusa koji dovode do vezikularnog sindroma kao i činjenicu da svinje pozitivne na slinavku i šap izlučuju veliku količinu virusa u spoljašnju sredinu putem aerosola, blagovremeno utvrđivanje dijagnoze je od prvorazrednog značaja. Ukoliko postoji sumnja na neku od bolesti koje se karakterišu vezikularnim sindromom potrebno je bez odlaganja obavestiti nadležnog veterinarskog inspektora i regionalni institut koji zajedno sa terenskom veterinarskom službom utvrđuju dalji postupa

Sindrom ležeće krave predstavlja nemogućnost ustajanja kod visoko gravidnih krava ili krava u ranom puerperijumu, koje traje duže od 24 časa. Životinje leže oslonjenje na sternum, uz očuvanu sposobnost da unose hranu i vodu, pri čemu svest može biti narušena. Etiologija nastanka ovog oboljenja je kompleksna i uključuje više faktora kao što su traumatski, metabolički, neurološki ili infektivni. Iz tog razloga, lista diferencijalnih dijagnoza ovog oboljenja je velika, a najčešće pominjani su distokija, masna jetra, ketoza, hipofosfatemija, septični mastitis, peritonitis kao i desna dislokacija sirišta. Bez obzira na primarni uzrok ležanja, kod svih obolelih goveda kao posledica nemogućnosti ustajanja dolazi do sekundarnog oštećenja mišića i nerava kao posledica njihove kompresije i/ili pritiska usled ležanja na čvrstoj podlozi. U zavisnosti od stepena oštećenja mišića i nerava zavisiće i ishod terapije kao i oporavak krava obolelih od sindroma ležanja. Iz tog razloga, pored detaljnog kliničkog pregleda, a u cilju utvrđivanja pouzdanosti i opravdanosti lečenja obolelih životinja, potrebno je sprovoditi dijagnostičke testove. Najznačajniji biohemijski parametri koji nam služe za procenu stepena oštećenja i uspeha oporavka krava obolelih od sindoma ležanja su koncentracije Ca, P, Mg i K, kao i aktivnost enzima AST, LDH i CK.

Infekcije parazitima predstavljaju značajan zdravstveni problem kod životinja, posebno držanih na zajedničkim pašnjacima, gde se mešaju različite vrste životinja. Uzrokuju ih protozoe, helminti i artropode. Kolika je prevalenca i kojih sve vrsta parazita trenutno ima u Srbiji teško je reći, s obzirom na to da se ovakva istraživanja vrše sporadično. To se pre svega odnosi na autohtone vrste i rase domaćih životinja, koje nisu obuhvaćane uobičajenim merama kontrole parazita. Na osnovu povremenih ispitivanja može se, ipak, steći slika o najčešćim parazitskim infekcijama koje ugrožavaju ove vrste životinja i one će detaljnije biti opisane u daljem tekstu.