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The study aims to develop speech interaction skills in language learning of pre-service restaurant managers with focus on professional skills -- decision-making in conflict and non-conflict communication situations using business simulation games; to explore the effectiveness of GPTChat as a tool for the development of students' speech interaction competence in the context of business simulation games. A mixed research design was employed which involved 44 pre-service restaurant managers of the National University of Food technologies (Kyiv, Ukraine) in 2023. The quantitative research method was used to assess the students' level of speech interaction competence using the Fisher Criterion. The qualitative research method was used for analyzing and interpreting data of the experimental learning. The results showed that the pre-service restaurant managers who were consulted by teachers, used GPTChat and business simulation games for developing their speech interaction and decision-making skills had higher results than those who only used GPTChat. It has been found that business simulation games allow pre-service restaurant managers to better understand the nature of conflict and non-conflict situations in their professional field, develop speech interaction competence, practice in decision-making in simulation environment. GPTChat can be used as a tool for creating various professional situations, analysing the algorithms of decision-making in conflict and non-conflict situations.

Internal displacement to safer regions and migration abroad became a new phenomenon in Ukraine due to Russian military aggression. Accordingly, hotels began to provide services to a new category of consumers – internally displaced persons (in Ukraine) and migrants (abroad). In 2022, Poland received the most migrants from Ukraine due to its geographical position and significant economic ties. This study aims to identify changes in hotel activities in Ukraine and Poland caused by internal and external migration. The results are based on Computer Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) conducted in April-July 2023, to which 300 hotels in Ukraine and Poland were invited. Answers were received from 93 Ukrainian and 94 Polish hotels. The majority (66% in Ukraine and 62% in Poland) have a star rating of 2-3*, with an average capacity of 45 rooms in Poland and 49 in Ukraine. According to hotel managers, the level of occupancy of hotels increased on average – in Ukraine by 6% and in Poland by 13%. The specific weight of migrants in hotels in Poland was 23% of all customers; in Ukraine, it was 12%. Hotels in both countries began to introduce new services, attract different sources of cost coverage (however, Polish hotels used wider opportunities), and attract migrants to employment (34% in Poland and 7.5% in Ukraine), contributing to additional occupancy rates and financial stability. Changes in hotel operations caused by migration processes as a result of the war reflect their adaptability and economic sustainability. Acknowledgment The paper shows the results of the study performed in 2021−2023 at State University of Trade and Economics at the request of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “Forecasting the impact of the tourism system on the country’s economy” (state registration number 0122U001559).The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Kirkland Research Program, the Leaders of Change Foundation, the Polish American Freedom Foundation, Polish Chamber of Commerce for Hotel Industry, and to those who helped to disseminate information about the survey, as well as to the Polish hotels and all those who expressed interest in the results.

Increasing the efficiency of using fossil fuels at thermal power plants is an urgent task. This problem arises most acutely during the operation of pulverized coal power boilers using flare fuel combustion technologies. The purpose of this work is an experimental and computational study and justification of the technology of low-temperature combustion of coal in a combustion chamber with a vertical precessing vortex and the creation of a prototype combustion chamber for a power steam boiler. To achieve this goal, a study of the process of two-stage coal combustion was carried out, when the first stage of coal combustion is carried out in a pre-furnace with a fluidized bed, and the after-combustion of the products of incomplete combustion of coal is carried out with gas illumination in an after-combustion chamber with a vertical precessing vortex. The relationship between the main design parameters of the combustion chamber and the main operating characteristics of the diffusion vortex has been determined. The most important results are: development and experimental validation of the parameters of the combustion chamber with a vertical precessing vortex; determination of optimal operating modes of the furnace when burning coal and combined combustion of coal and gas; creation of a prototype furnace for a power steam boiler with natural circulation, operating on Kansk-Achinsk coal. The significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of their use in the design of new or modernization of existing power boilers in order to increase the efficiency, reliability and environmental safety of operation.

The object of this study is the process of generating an appropriate response by an intelligent agent when detecting and tracking an underwater electrical cable using a decision support system. The goal of the work is to develop the architecture of a decision support system for diagnosing underwater electrical cables and the main algorithms for its operation. To achieve the research goal, intelligent agents with a complex IPK architecture, which includes information, preferences (rules), and knowledge, were used. The combination of the structure of intelligent agents and the advantages of hierarchical knowledge bases allowed for the natural language representation of knowledge. The functional core of the system consists of four main agents, one of which facilitates the interaction between the user and the surrounding environment. To address the uncertainty in the cable's position on the seabed, the capabilities of fuzzy sets, describing its feature space with membership functions, were employed. The most significant results involve planning for the detection and tracking of underwater electrical cables, taking into account past decision-making experiences in similar cases and adapting them to the current situation through case-based reasoning. The importance of the obtained results lies in providing the decision-maker with a possible option for deploying an underwater vehicle based on accepted logic and rules for detecting underwater electrical cables. Further research is focused on implementing automatic target selection for intervention and developing a method for automatic modification of reasoning methods, preference rule bases, and operational knowledge.

Background. Acquired aortic valve disease and coronary heart disease often occur together, and almost two thirds of patients with aortic valve stenosis have severe coronary heart disease. Given the presence of both pathologies, this cohort of patients requires an individual diagnostic and therapeutic approach. The aim of the study was to analyze risk factors for the development of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients after aortic valve replacement with myocardial revascularization. Materials and methods. For this study, a selection of disease histories of adult patients (over 18 years old) who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) together with myocardial revascularization at the State Institution “Heart Institute of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine” from 2018 to 2022 was carried out. Results. We selected 130 case histories of patients who underwent SAVR together with myocardial revascularization: the first group (n = 51) — a combination of SAVR and percutaneous coronary interventions; the second group (n = 79) — a combination of SAVR and coronary artery bypass grafting. The analysis of intraoperative data showed that the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamping in patients of the first group was significantly lower, by 1.5 times (p = 0.0001) and 1.4 times (p = 0.0001), compared to the second group. There was no significant difference between the study groups regarding the frequency of MACCE (p = 0.589). Reliable risk factors for the development of MAССE in the early postoperative period were the evaluation of the operative risk according to the EuroSCORE II scale (odds ratio (OR) 2.13, confidence interval (CI) 1.54–4.48, p = 0.012), the history of myocardial infarction (OR 1.43, CI 1.13–2.45, p = 0.002) and right coronary artery damage (OR 1.79, CI 1.44–3.78, p = 0.021). Conclusions. Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions before SAVR were characterized by a shorter duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamping, however, no significant difference in major early postoperative complications was observed between the study groups. In particular, there were no significant differences regarding the frequency of MACCE in the early postoperative period.

The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants is the document that regulates the nomenclature of taxa belonging to these groups of organisms, and thus it is crucially important for maintaining stability of scientific names applied to them. Stable, universal, and properly regulated nomenclature is a solid basis of biological taxonomy and all fields of science and other human activities depending on knowledge of living and fossil organisms. The Code is governed by the users represented by members of the Nomenclature Section of an International Botanical Congress. The Nomenclature Section has a power to modify the Code by voting and taking actions on formal proposals to amend the Code that are submitted by the users before the Congress. In this article, information is provided on the nomenclatural proposals by Ukrainian botanists (and one mycologist), or with participation of Ukrainian botanists, submitted to the XX International Botanical Congress (XX IBC) held in Madrid in July 2024. In total, nine Ukrainian scientists from Kyiv (M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and Lviv (Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv) have submitted 29 proposals to amend the Code, or 6.7% of the total number of proposals to amend the Code submitted to the XX IBC. These proposals were either single authored, or co-authored by Ukrainian authors and/or authors from other countries. Some of the accepted (3), accepted as amended (2), and rejected proposals are considered and briefly discussed. The participation and contribution of Ukrainian scientists in the process of amending the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants are emphasized.

Background. The massive russian military aggression against Ukraine has been continuing from February 24, 2022, and has caused the number of individuals who received combat wounds and psychological trauma to be significantly increased. After experienced traumatic events, the psychological changes appear first. They further strongly impact the physical condition of people. The acute stress which occurred after body injuring can further lead to the altering in the endocrine system. It is necessary to point out that during military conflict in Ukraine, the studying of hormonal influence on the particularities and rate of wound healing hasn’t been carried out. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the connection between wound volume and altering of some hormone levels in blood serum at different stages of wound healing process in male combatants. Materials and methods. One hundred and twenty male combatants who were divided into 4 groups of 30 individuals depending on the wound volume have taken part in our investigation. The first group was the minor injuries; the second group — the moderate wounding; the third group was the serious injuries, and the fourth group (controls) included not wounded combatants. The certain periodization has been used depending on the processes which occur in the body in particular period: days 1–3, 4–5 and day 14 after wounding. The average age of patients was 34.2 ± 4.3 years, average body mass was 78.0 ± 3.5 kg. The concentrations of human growth hormone, testosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, aldosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free levothyroxine and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were evaluated. Results. The activating of practically all chains and complexes of endocrine system is its usual reaction to the injury. The main links between wound volume and serum hormone levels of combatants at the different stages of wound healing process have been revealed in our research. Conclusions. The metabolic response which occurs in human body independently of trauma severity is associated with necessity of the functioning of all organs and systems at the highest level in order to save lives of victims. The altering of all kinds of metabolism occurs. The metabolic signs of urgent adaptation are formed in the acute period of wound healing process related to katabolic processes. After that, the normalization of homeostasis with activating of anabolic processes gradually occurs. A positive correlation was found between the hormone levels and severity and term of injuring of male combatants. The continuation of monito­ring the hormonal status of male combatants with the involvement of large number of participants and detailing of wound localization, endocrinological history, neurological and mental status, hemodynamic parameters and the system of homeostasis is appropriate.

Abstract Trained deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based controllers can effectively control dynamic systems where classical controllers can be ineffective and difficult to tune. However, the lack of closed‐loop stability guarantees of systems controlled by trained DRL agents hinders their adoption in practical applications. This research study investigates the closed‐loop stability of dynamic systems controlled by trained DRL agents using Lyapunov analysis based on a linear‐quadratic polynomial approximation of the trained agent. In addition, this work develops an understanding of the system's stability margin to determine operational boundaries and critical thresholds of the system's physical parameters for effective operation. The proposed analysis is verified on a DRL‐controlled system for several simulated and experimental scenarios. The DRL agent is trained using a detailed dynamic model of a non‐linear system and then tested on the corresponding real‐world hardware platform without any fine‐tuning. Experiments are conducted on a wide range of system states and physical parameters and the results have confirmed the validity of the proposed stability analysis (https://youtu.be/QlpeD5sTlPU).

Purpose. Development and use of a mathematical model of the stages of formation of high-voltage pulse discharges in gas bubbles in the discharge gap «rod-plane» to identify the features of the electric field intensity distribution in the reactor and determine the current density in the load during disinfection and purification of liquid media by high-voltage pulse discharges and find the most rational treatment. Methodology. To achieve this goal, we used computer modeling using the finite element method as a method of numerical analysis. An experimental reactor model was created that takes into account the dynamics of discharges in gas bubbles in water. The equations describing the system include the generalized Ampere equation, the Poisson equation and the electric displacement equation, taking into account the corresponding initial and boundary conditions, as well as the properties of materials. The dependence of the potential of a high-voltage electrode on time has the form of a damped sinusoid, and the specific electrical conductivity in a gas bubble is a function of time. Processes occurring at the front of the voltage pulse from 0 to 20 ns are considered. Results. It is shown that with an increase in conductivity and high-voltage potential to amplitude values in a gas bubble, the electric field strength in the water layer in the reactor reaches 70 kV/cm, and it is in the water layer that there is a strong electric field. The calculations show that already by 19th ns the density of conduction currents in water prevails over that of displacement currents. At the same time, additional inclusions in the water significantly affect the distribution of electric field strength and current density, creating a significant difference in their values at the boundaries of the interface between the bubble, conductive element and water. Originality. A simulation of the dynamics of transient discharge processes in a gas bubble and a layer of water with impurities was carried out, including an analysis of the distribution of the electric field strength and current density in a system with rod-plane electrodes in the phase transition section of a gas bubble-water. This approach allows us to reveal the features of processes in reactors and to investigate the influence of phase transitions on the distribution of electrophysical quantities. Practical value. Computer simulations confirm the prospect of using nanosecond discharges generated in gas bubbles within a volume of water for widespread industrial use and are of great interest for further experimental and theoretical research. References 25, figures 9.

The article presents theoretical and experimental studies of the patterns of repeatability of seismic waves excited by man-made explosions to assess the earthquake resistance of critical infrastructure objects. The nature of propagation of wave perturbations at the boundary of an elastic half-space during its local excitation is theoretically considered. These studies are based on the integral Laplace and Fourier transformations, the numerical solution of which makes it possible to obtain the values of the repetition periods of elastic wave perturbations at the half-space boundary. On the basis of theoretical studies, the regularity of periods of repetition of perturbations of elastic waves is established, which under certain conditions can create resonant phenomena in protected objects, in particular at a harmonic close to the frequency of natural vibrations of the structure. Confirmation of these results in practice was obtained when critical infrastructure was hit by missile strikes (Kyiv TV tower tower) and in the conditions of blasting operations at quarries, as an example at the Koshchiivske granite quarry of LLC "SIPAN" when assessing the earthquake resistance of critical infrastructure objects, in particular the supports of 330 kW power lines, which are located in the zone of influence of elastic waves. They are based on the formation of patterns of excitation and propagation of elastic waves and determination of their parameters at a distance from the source of excitation (mass explosions at the quarry) using a hardware complex of standard seismic sensors SM-3, a 16-channel analog-to-digital converter (ADC E14-440) of L-Card and a personal computer (PC). Assessment of the influence of the intensity of seismic explosion waves was carried out at the frequency of the amplitude of the maximum speed of vibrations both at the base of the support, which is the norm of seismic safety in accordance with DSTU 4704:2008 and in the structure of the support itself (which is not mandatory in accordance with DSTU 4704:2008). But the presence of harmonics in the explosive spectrum that is close to the natural vibrations of the structure leads to the formation of resonant phenomena in it, which leads to an increase in the speed of vibrations in the structure itself than in the base of the support. Therefore, the maximum speed at a frequency close to its own vibrations or at the base of the support or on its structure is taken as a criterion of seismic safety. Such a wave parameter will best correlate with damage or harm to this structure and was proposed as the norm of its earthquake resistance. The research results obtained in this way prompted the authors to propose a supplement to the current DSTU.

The aim of the article is to investigate and theoretically substantiate the role of project-based technologies as a means of developing multicultural communicative competence in future tourism professionals within the context of blended learning. The effectiveness of tourism and hotel business depends on a set of factors. Among them is the professional competence of employees which reflects the ability and willingness of specialists to use their knowledge and practical skills in practice, and thus forming the model of a practitioner capable of solving problems in the chosen field of activity and demonstrating their high efficiency. In addition to professional competence, a future specialist in the field of tourism must have intercultural communication competence which reveals itself through the specific way of carrying out productive activity, and is formed during the period of training at higher education institution as a part of the process of project activity. It is assumed that project activity is treated as the goal and method of learning which creates conditions for the development of skills underlying the competence. Among the skills are: creative thinking, reflection, goal setting, forecasting, choosing effective solutions, creating working teams, achieving results and evaluation of their effectiveness. The article considers the project technology as a means of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is stated that expedient and properly organized work on the project during the study of language material will help to form and improve specific language skills, which will lead to the development of multicultural communicative competence. The article focuses on the implementation of principles of project technology into the process of teaching foreign languages to students of speciality 242 “Tourism and Recreation”. The paper presents the analysis of the main features of project-based learning as well as the stages of work project. It also reflects the experience of application of project method in the process of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is proved that the use of project method in foreign language classes in the sphere of professional communication contributes to the development of students’ competencies as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that ensure their readiness to solve specific problems in a multicultural environment. The main advantages of implementation of project technology were defined based on the conceptual analysis of pedagogical literature, own pedagogical experience, systematization of theoretical approaches and methods existing in the educational environment of higher school. It is noted that properly organized work on the project at classes on professionally oriented foreign language not only forms multicultural communicative competence, but also allows forming professional, social competences in parallel. As a result, one more goal of training in higher education institution is achieved, namely the formation of students’ project competence. It has been concluded that project-based activities not only enable students to learn the language, thereby developing multicultural communicative competence, but also contribute to the acquisition of academic skills and the formation of integrative project-based experience in the process of studying a range of academic disciplines.

The article explores a recursive algorithm for determining Bhattacharyya parameters, which is a measure of the degree of channel polarization for telecommunications with polar coding. A method is given for determining the positions of information and fixed bits in a polar code. The principles of constructing a polar encoder and a polar decoder successive cancellation are considered. The Field-Programmable Gate Array implementation of the successive cancellation list decoder is considered. Experimental studies of the construction of a polar code using Gaussian approximation have been carried out. The influence of the design signal-to-noise ratio on the bit error rate of telecommunications with polar codes has been studied. The use of multi-position modulation in telecommunications with polar codes has been studied. It is expected that the results obtained will be useful in hardware and software implementation of 5G telecommunications with polar coding.

The article provides theoretical and methodological substantiation for the step-by-step construction of a cognitive-discursive model of the diachronic plurality in translation of a time-remote original work, which appears as a tool for revealing the internal mechanisms of translating a literary work and determining the criteria for the adequacy of the original and translation. This is a case study of W. Shakespeare’s tragedies as time-remote original works of England of the late 16th – early 17th centuries and their Ukrainian retranslations of the 19th–21st centuries. The algorithm of the complex methodology of cognitive-discursive modelling of literary translation, which incorporates the methods of discourse analysis and cognitive translation studies, involves five stages of construction of three modules: discursive, cognitive, and retranslation. The construction of a discursive module, the aim of which is to reveal the objective and subjective factors that influence the process and result of the translator’s interpretation of a time-remote original work, involves the construction of three components – extralingual, lingual, and interpretation, which takes place in the first three stages. The fourth stage is the building of a cognitive module, which reveals the internal mechanisms of the translation process caused by cognitive consonance (harmonious identity of the mental processes of the author and the translator) or cognitive dissonance (epistemological, ideological, and cultural-aesthetic). Cognitive consonance and cognitive dissonance result from the similarities and differences in the contexts of original creation and retranslations, which are previously defined in the discursive module. The translator’s decision to choose one or another translation strategy and local tactic in conditions of cognitive consonance or cognitive dissonance determines different degrees of cognitive proximity of the original and the translation: cognitive equivalence, cognitive analogy, and cognitive variance. The fifth stage is the construction of a retranslation module, which affirms that the translator’s choice of strategy (modernization or archaization, domestication or foreignization) and tactic (reproductive or adaptive) of transformational translation is conditioned by cognitive consonance or dissonance. The relevance of the research is determined by its appeal to the leading cognitive-discursive paradigm of modern translation studies and by the tendency of cognitive translation studies for the translation process modelling, according to which not only the translation result is the subject of study, but also the prerequisites that determine the translator’s approach to the reproduction of the original text in one way or another. Analysis and comparison of retranslations of a time-remote original text in the course of modelling the process of literary translation allows following the influence of discursive and cognitive factors on the process and result of translation. The creation of the cognitive-discursive model of the diachronic plurality in translation of the time-remote original text explains the translation decisions regarding the choice of the general strategy and local tactic of retranslations and, respectively, the diachronic plurality in translations of a time-remote original text.

Медична допомога є однією з базових категорій медичного права. Законодавство її тлумачить як діяльність професійно підготовлених медичних працівників, спрямовану на профілактику, діагностику та лікування у зв’язку з хворобами, травмами, отруєннями і патологічними станами, а також у зв’язку з вагітністю та пологами. Вона зорієнтована на забезпечення реалізації конституційного права людини на охорону здоров’я. Однак охорона здоров’я в критичних ситуація може здійснюватися і шляхом надання інших видів допомоги: домедичної та невідкладної. Інтерес до останніх особливо зріс під час війни, коли невідкладні стани людини стали зустрічатись значно частіше, а кількість осіб, спроможних надавати медичну допомогу, скоротилась. На практиці виникають неоднозначні тлумачення категорії «домедична допомога» та суміжним із нею понять, а тому правове регулювання надання домедичної допомоги потребує вдосконалення. Термін «невідкладна допомога» не використовується законодавством, але його зміст у статті проаналізований, щоб охарактеризувати комплекс дій, спрямованих на подолання невідкладних станів, які надають люди, що не мають освіти, необхідної для здійснення медичної та домедичної допомога. Запропоновано три критерії для порівняння медичної, домедичної та невідкладної допомоги: 1) підстави (умови надання допомоги), 2) обсяг допомоги, яка надається, та 3) суб’єкти, уповноважені надавати медичну, домедичну та невідкладну допомогу. Завдяки цим критеріям, встановлено спільні риси у цих видах домедичної допомоги, а також відмінності між ними. Виявлено комплекс недоліків у правовому регулюванні надання домедичної допомоги, основні з яких пов’язані з проблемою встановлення кола осіб, які мають право та зобов’язані надавати домедичну допомогу. Поставлено питання правомірності здійснення медичних маніпуляцій щодо потерпілих, які перебувають у невідкладному стані, особами, які мають право надавати лише невідкладну допомогу.

The article substantiates the expediency of assessing the content of essential amino acids in the samples obtained during the controlled slaughter of bulls for the protein of chicken eggs as an effective means of improving the quality of the management processes for producing biologically complete products. To ascertain the biological value of beef, samples of the longest back muscle were obtained from bulls of six domestic dairy breeds (Black-and-White, Red Steppe, and Angler dairy breeds and Simmental, Lebedyn, and Gray Ukrainian dairy breeds of combined productivity) at the ages of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months. The experiments were conducted using the ion-exchange liquid column chromatography method on an automatic amino acid analyser (T-339 M) manufactured by Microtechna (Czech Republic). It has been demonstrated that the biological value of meat from bulls of the studied breeds is limited during ontogeny, primarily due to age-related factors. As bulls grow older and gain weight, their meat proteins exhibit increased biological value, approaching the reference index of chicken egg proteins. The first peak in the average values of the amino acid index in beef of bulls of 12 months of age (0.89%) was followed by a consistent decrease to 15 months (0.68%) and a repeated increase in values in animals of 21 months of age (0.83%). This is mainly due to the rise in the scores for methionine by 0.16%, isoleucine by 0.16%, histidine by 0.42%, arginine by 0.18%, and threonine by 0.20%. The increase in the biological value of the remaining amino acid scores in the age trend of changes did not exceed 0.15%. The identified patterns indicate the presence of additional reserves in the near-term scenario, which can be utilised to ensure the production of high-grade beef while optimising the age parameters of slaughtering bulls of different productivity directions.