82 results on '"Boikhutso Tlou"'
Search Results
2. Challenges of clinical accompaniment amongst undergraduate nursing students: University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Author
-
Seaka Ramoeletsi and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
clinical accompaniment ,clinical learning practice ,facilitation ,challenges ,student nurses ,clinical setting ,clinical supervision ,clinical learning environment ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: Clinical accompaniment is an activity predominantly supervised by the clinical facilitator to develop the skills of the students. In South Africa, clinical accompaniment aims to develop the skills of the students to equip them in delivering efficient health services to the patients. Previous studies revealed that students experienced challenges and were negatively affected due to inadequate clinical accompaniment in the learning practice. Aim: The aim was to determine the challenges faced by University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) undergraduate nursing students during their clinical accompaniment. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study design, with an analytic component was implemented. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Of the 400 registered nursing students, 245 were undergraduates; of these, 241 consented to participate in this study. Data captured into SPSS Statistics Package V28. ANOVA were used in comparing challenges amongst participants. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 241 participants responded to the questionnaires, which yielded a response rate of 98.4%. This study comprised first-year (32.4%), second-year (32.8%) and third-year (34.9%) students. There was no remarkable difference in terms of challenges amongst study participants (1st; 2nd; 3rd), p=0.592. Conclusion: This study revealed the challenges faced by undergraduate nursing students during their clinical accompaniment. Contribution: Study results might assist in developing effective guidelines to resolve the challenges encountered by students.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Knowledge, attitudes and acceptance of voluntary medical male circumcision among males attending high school in Shiselweni region, Eswatini: a cross sectional study
- Author
-
Mirriam Hlelisani Shezi, Boikhutso Tlou, and Saloshni Naidoo
- Subjects
Voluntary medical male circumcision ,Acceptance ,Knowledge ,Attitudes ,Adolescents ,Eswatini ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background In countries such as Eswatini, where there is a high HIV prevalence and low male circumcision the World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS recommend infant and adult circumcision be implemented. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and acceptability of voluntary medical male circumcision amongst males attending high school in Eswatini. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted during February and March of 2018 amongst 407 young males (15–21 years) attending Form 4, in nine high schools in the Shiselweni region of Eswatini using a self-administered questionnaire of 42 close ended questions. Sociodemographic details, circumcision status, acceptance of voluntary medical male circumcision, knowledge and attitude scores analysed in Stata® 14 statistical software were described using frequencies, medians and ranges respectively. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression was used to assess the impact of independent variables on circumcision status and acceptance of voluntary medical male circumcision. The level of statistical significance was p
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Tracking health system performance in times of crisis using routine health data: lessons learned from a multicountry consortium
- Author
-
Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay, Borwornsom Leerapan, Patricia Akweongo, Freddie Amponsah, Amit Aryal, Daisuke Asai, John Koku Awoonor-Williams, Wondimu Ayele, Sebastian Bauhoff, Svetlana V. Doubova, Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka, Mahesh Dulal, Anna Gage, Georgiana Gordon-Strachan, Damen Haile-Mariam, Jean Paul Joseph, Phanuwich Kaewkamjornchai, Neena R. Kapoor, Solomon Kassahun Gelaw, Min Kyung Kim, Margaret E. Kruk, Shogo Kubota, Paula Margozzini, Suresh Mehata, Londiwe Mthethwa, Adiam Nega, Juhwan Oh, Soo Kyung Park, Alvaro Passi-Solar, Ricardo Enrique Perez Cuevas, Tarylee Reddy, Thanitsara Rittiphairoj, Jaime C. Sapag, Roody Thermidor, Boikhutso Tlou, and Catherine Arsenault
- Subjects
Routine health information systems ,Health systems ,Quality of care ,COVID-19 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract COVID-19 has prompted the use of readily available administrative data to track health system performance in times of crisis and to monitor disruptions in essential healthcare services. In this commentary we describe our experience working with these data and lessons learned across countries. Since April 2020, the Quality Evidence for Health System Transformation (QuEST) network has used administrative data and routine health information systems (RHIS) to assess health system performance during COVID-19 in Chile, Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa, Republic of Korea and Thailand. We compiled a large set of indicators related to common health conditions for the purpose of multicountry comparisons. The study compiled 73 indicators. A total of 43% of the indicators compiled pertained to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH). Only 12% of the indicators were related to hypertension, diabetes or cancer care. We also found few indicators related to mental health services and outcomes within these data systems. Moreover, 72% of the indicators compiled were related to volume of services delivered, 18% to health outcomes and only 10% to the quality of processes of care. While several datasets were complete or near-complete censuses of all health facilities in the country, others excluded some facility types or population groups. In some countries, RHIS did not capture services delivered through non-visit or nonconventional care during COVID-19, such as telemedicine. We propose the following recommendations to improve the analysis of administrative and RHIS data to track health system performance in times of crisis: ensure the scope of health conditions covered is aligned with the burden of disease, increase the number of indicators related to quality of care and health outcomes; incorporate data on nonconventional care such as telehealth; continue improving data quality and expand reporting from private sector facilities; move towards collecting patient-level data through electronic health records to facilitate quality-of-care assessment and equity analyses; implement more resilient and standardized health information technologies; reduce delays and loosen restrictions for researchers to access the data; complement routine data with patient-reported data; and employ mixed methods to better understand the underlying causes of service disruptions.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Effect of perceived HIV risk on initiation of antiretroviral therapy during the universal test and treat era in South Africa
- Author
-
Sabina M. Govere, Sean Galagan, Boikhutso Tlou, Tivani Mashamba-Thompson, Ingrid V. Bassett, and Paul K. Drain
- Subjects
Perceived risk ,Universal test and treat ,Rapid ART initiation ,HIV/AIDS ,90–90–90 ,Retention in care ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background South Africa has not achieved the 90–90–90 goals, in part due to low rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among those aware of their HIV status. Perceived risk of HIV at the time of testing may affect likelihood of rapid ART initiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with perceived risk of HIV and the relationship between perceived HIV risk and rapid ART initiation during the universal test and treat era which was adapted in October 2016. Methods We conducted a prospective study of adults undergoing HIV testing from October 2016–February 2019 at Ithembalabantu Clinic in Durban. Eligible participants reported not previously being diagnosed with HIV. Before HIV testing, participants were asked to assess their perceived HIV risk on a four-level scale. We categorized “definitely not” and “probably not going to acquire HIV” as a low perceived risk, and “probably will” and “definitely will become HIV-infected” as a high perceived risk of HIV infection. Participants were followed for up to 14 months following HIV testing to assess ART initiation. Results Among 1519 people newly diagnosed with HIV, 55% were female and mean age was 33 years. Among those, 1382 (90.9%) had a high HIV risk perception and 137 (9.1%) reported low HIV risk perception. In the low risk group individuals were more likely to be female (58% vs 55%), unemployed (62% vs 59%), have a partner with unknown HIV status (61% vs 55%) compared to the high risk group. 83.2% of those with low HIV risk perception reported previously HIV testing compared 91.5% of those with high HIV risk perception. In the multivariate model, males were associated with a higher chances of initiating ART compared to females (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.187, CI 1.187 (1.060–1.329) and being unemployed (aHR 0.767 CI (0.650–0.905). Those with a low HIV risk perception were less likely to initiate ART 125 (91%) vs 1310 (95%) p = 0.022), and took longer to initiate on ART after HIV diagnosis (11 days’ vs 4 days, p = 0.042). Conclusion Factors associated with high HIV risk perception included being unemployed, single, and having a partner of unknown HIV status. People living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa who had a low self-perceived risk to HIV infection were less likely to initiate ART. Assessing self-perceived risk of HIV infection may help direct counselling and improve ART initiation to achieve universal 90–90–90 goal.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A qualitative exploratory study of selected physicians’ perceptions of the management of non-communicable diseases at a referral hospital in Zimbabwe
- Author
-
Alexander Cheza and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) ,Healthcare ,Cancers ,Diabetes ,Cardiovascular disease (CVD) ,Hypertension ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have recently become a global public health burden and a leading cause of premature death, mainly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of the study was to explore physicians’ perceptions on the availability and quality of clinical care for the management of NCDs. Methods This was a qualitative exploratory study meant to obtain expert perceptions on clinical care delivery for NCDs in one Zimbabwean central hospital setting. Data was collected from participants who consented and was analyzed using Stata version 13. A four-point Likert scale was used to categorize different levels of perceived satisfaction. Findings Twenty-three doctors participated in the study: four female doctors and nineteen males. Nineteen of the doctors were general practitioners, whilst four were specialists. The findings indicated that both categories perceived some shortfalls in clinical care for NCDs. Moreover, the perceptions of general practitioners and specialists were not significantly different. Participants perceived cancer care to be lagging far behind the other three NCDs under study. Care of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes showed mixed perceptions amongst participants, with positive perceptions almost equaling negative perceptions. Furthermore, hypertension was perceived to be clinically cared for better than the other NCDs under consideration. Reasons for the gaps in NCD clinical care were attributed by 33% of the participants to financial challenges; a further 27% to patient behavioral challenges; and 21% to communication challenges. Conclusions The article concludes that care delivery for the selected NCDs under study at CCH need to be improved. Furthermore, it is crucial to diagnose NCDs before patients show clinical symptoms. This helps disease prognosis to yield better care results. The evaluation of doctors’ perceptions indicates the need to improve NCD care at the institution in order to control NCD co-morbidities that may increase mortality.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Prevalence and associated risk factors of chronic malnutrition amongst children under five in Eswatini
- Author
-
Glorious H. Dlamini and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
prevalence ,malnutrition ,children ,risk factors ,stunting ,associated ,nutrition. ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: About 20 million children under fi-ve in Southern Africa have chronic malnutrition. This study determines the prevalence of chronic malnutrition and associated risk factors amongst children under five. Aim: To determine the proportion of children with chronic malnutrition and investigate associated risk factors of chronic malnutrition. Setting: The study was conducted in communities in the four regions of Eswatini. Methods: This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study that used data from a Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in 2014. The study involved 3261 children who are under 5 years of age. Data on nutritional status and household characteristics were used. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with chronic malnutrition in the univariable and multivariable models, respectively. Results: Results showed that 18.1% (confidence interval [CI]: 18.5–21.5) of children under five have chronic malnutrition. The highest prevalence was 20.8% (CI: 17.4–24.7) in the Shiselweni region, followed by the Manzini region with 17.6% (CI: 14.5–21.1) and the Lubombo region with 17.2% (CI: 13.9–21.2). The lowest prevalence of chronic malnutrition at 16.7% (CI: 13.6–20.3) was the Hhohho region. The results indicated that low birth weight (odds ratio [OR] = 4.63, CI: 1.12–19.2), mothers’ lack of education (OR = 1.50, CI: 1.04–2.17) and children aged 12–24 months (OR = 1.28, CI: 0.88–1.87) were significantly associated with chronic malnutrition. Conclusion: The findings showed that malnutrition is an important public health problem in children under five and needs a multisectoral response. Low birth weight, mothers’ education and the child’s age are risk factors associated with chronic malnutrition. Contribution: The results inform evidence-based programming for the prevention of chronic malnutrition in children thus assist the country to meet sustainable development goals.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland: a cross-sectional study
- Author
-
Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Diabetes ,Hypertension ,Non-communicable diseases ,Out-patients ,Pre-diabetes ,Risk factors ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Four major non-communicable diseases (NCD), including T2DM, contributed to nearly three-quarters of all deaths worldwide in 2017. Dietary and lifestyle actors associated with NCDs are potentially modifiable. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the dietary and lifestyle factors associated with T2DM, pre-diabetes, and hypertension among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland. Methods A random sample of 385 subjects aged 18 years and above was selected. The data regarding demographics, socio-economic status, lifestyle behaviour, diet, and physical activities were collected. Additionally, participants’ anthropometric measurements and vital signs were taken. A biochemical examination was done for fasting plasma glucose, and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, where necessary. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for this data analysis, and the level of statistical significance was set at p
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Overview of lower urinary tract symptoms post-trauma intensive care unit admission
- Author
-
Emmanuel Owusu Sekyere, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Ronisha Sathiram, and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Urethral catheterisation (UC) ,Indwelling urethral catheter (IUC) ,Urethral catheter complications ,Core lower urinary tract symptoms score ,Intensive care unit ,Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology ,RC870-923 - Abstract
Abstract Background The study was undertaken to assess the incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after short-term indwelling urethral catheter (IUC) in polytrauma patients admitted to a level one trauma unit using core lower urinary tract symptom score (CLSS). Data of patients admitted between January 2013 and December 2015 and meeting the study criteria were retrieved from the hospital informatics system. Chart review was done, and patients were subsequently interviewed telephonically. Results Ninety-four respondents comprising of 81.9% males and 18.1% females out of the 221 eligible patients were contacted. The most common LUTS reported was urethral pain, and 90% had mild to moderate symptoms. No severe LUTS were identified. There was a positive correlation between the duration of IUC and LUTS, but there was no statistically significant association between age and LUTS in our study population. Conclusion Short-term duration of IUC in the trauma ICU patient is associated with predominantly mild irritative LUTS which are mostly self-limiting and may not need further investigations and management. CLSS was found to be a useful screening tool. Further studies are needed to confirm findings in our study.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among adults attending an outpatient department at a tertiary referral hospital in Swaziland: a cross-sectional study
- Author
-
Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Abnormal glucose metabolism ,Diabetes ,Pre-diabetes ,Prevalence ,Swaziland ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background The exact prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes in Swaziland remains unknown. Estimates suggest that the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus is between 2.5 and 6.0% in Swaziland. The disparity in these estimates is due to a lack of quality data but the prevalence of diabetes is increasing in Swaziland. This study estimates the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes among patients in a tertiary hospital in Manzini, Swaziland. Methods A cross-sectional observational survey was used to estimate the crude and age-adjusted prevalence rates of diabetes and pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)) in the Manzini regional referral hospital of Swaziland. Diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and pre-diabetes was defined as an FBG of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L (110–125 mg/dL) and an FBG
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Erratum: Factors associated with stroke survivors’ inconsistent uptake of physiotherapy interventions at Turton Community Health Centre, KwaZulu-Natal
- Author
-
Ntombifuthi Mlambo, Boikhutso Tlou, and Khumbulani Hlongwana
- Subjects
Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
No abstract available.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Determinants of Confidence in Overall Knowledge About COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers in South Africa: Results From an Online Survey
- Author
-
Thabang Manyaapelo, Tholang Mokhele, Sibusiso Sifunda, Philisiwe Ndlovu, Natisha Dukhi, Ronel Sewpaul, Inbarani Naidoo, Sean Jooste, Boikhutso Tlou, Mosa Moshabela, Musawenkosi Mabaso, Khangelani Zuma, and Priscilla Reddy
- Subjects
knowledge ,confidence ,COVID-19 ,health care workers ,South Africa ,pandemic ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: Adequate information and knowledge about COVID-19 has been shown to induce the confidence and positive performance among healthcare workers (HCWs). Therefore, assessing the relationship between confidence in knowledge and associated factors among HCWs is vital in the fight against COVID-19. This paper investigates factors associated with HCWs' confidence in their overall knowledge about COVID-19 in South Africa in the early stages of the epidemic.Methods: Data utilized in this paper were from an online survey conducted among HCWs using a structured questionnaire on a data free online platform. The study population were all the medical fraternity in South Africa including medical and nurse practitioners as well as other healthcare professionals. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to examine the factors associated with confidence in HCWs' overall knowledge about COVID-19.Results: Overall, just below half (47.4%) of respondents indicated that they had confidence in their overall knowledge about COVID-19. Increased odds of having confidence in the knowledge about COVID-19 were significantly associated with being male [aOR = 1.31 95% CI (1.03–1.65), p < 0.05], having a doctorate degree [aOR = 2.01 (1.23–3.28), p < 0.05], being satisfied with the information about COVID-19 guidelines [aOR = 6.01 (4.89–7.39), p < 0.001], having received training in 6–8 areas [aOR = 2.54 (1.89–3.43), p < 0.001] and having received training in 9–11 areas [aOR = 5.33 (3.81–7.47), p < 0.001], and having already treated COVID-19 patients [aOR = 1.43 (1.08–1.90), p < 0.001]. Those who were highly concerned with the levels of training of HCWs [aOR = 0.47 (0.24–0.92), p < 0.05] had decreased odds of having confidence in their overall knowledge about COVID-19.Conclusion: This study sheds light on the importance of capacitating HCWs with knowledge and adequate relevant training as part of infection prevention control measures during pandemics. Future training and information sharing should be sensitive to knowledge gaps by age, gender, qualifications, professional categories, and experience.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Effect of timing of mother’s death on child survival in a rural HIV hyper-endemic South African population
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Benn Sartorius, and Frank Tanser
- Subjects
Timing ,Maternal mortality ,Child survival ,Socio-economic status ,HIV ,Rural South Africa ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Maternal mortality remains a tragedy and a key determinant for child survival. There is increasing evidence that the hazard ratio of demising for young children escalates after the death of their mothers, but few studies has been done in rural areas were HIV/AIDS is more prevalent. The aim of this study is to investigate the survival of children who lost their mothers soon or after their births in a rural setup with high HIV prevalence in South Africa. Methods This study used a data set from Africa Health Research Institute in rural South Africa.The study population comprised children (0–10 years of age) from 2000 to 2014. We employed a Cox regression modelling approach to estimate greatest temporal hazard of the child after the death of their mothers, accounting for the confounding influence of wealth index of the household and HIV status of the mother. Results We found 62,600 live births, and that 2191 children died when they were less than or equal to 10 years old. The mortality rates for
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Healthcare providers’ knowledge and perceptions regarding the use of modern contraceptives among adolescent girls in Umlazi Township, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa
- Author
-
Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Boikhutso Tlou, and Khumbulani Hlongwana
- Subjects
contraceptive use ,healthcare providers ,knowledge ,perceptions ,adolescents ,Medicine - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: the phenomenon of unintended adolescent pregnancy continues to be a reproductive and public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Healthcare providers play an important role in influencing the use of contraceptives among adolescent girls. This study assessed knowledge and perceptions of healthcare providers regarding the use of modern contraceptives among adolescent girls in Umlazi Township, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. METHODS: this was a descriptive study involving 35 healthcare providers covering all 10 primary healthcare clinics in Umlazi Township. Data collected through a structured questionnaire were coded, entered into Epi data Manager (version 4.6) and exported to STATA (version 15.0) for analysis. RESULTS: of the thirty-five healthcare providers that participated in this study, professional nurses (54.3%) and enrolled nurses (17.1%) constituted the majority. The mean age of the participants was 42.11 years, with 88.6% being females. More than a third (37.1%) of healthcare providers did not know whether or not modern contraceptives make users promiscuous, while more than half (57%) had negative attitudes towards adolescents exploring contraceptive methods. Healthcare providers viewed health systems challenges, such as poor working conditions, long queues, and contraceptives stock-outs, as deterrents towards the provision of quality sexual behaviour counselling and modern contraceptive education to users. CONCLUSION: poor health systems and negative behaviours by healthcare providers influences the delivery of family planning services in primary healthcare clinics and serve as barriers to quality family planning services provided to younger women.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Assessment of knowledge of drug-food interactions among healthcare professionals in public sector hospitals in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal
- Author
-
Emmanuella Chinonso Osuala, Boikhutso Tlou, and Elizabeth Bolanle Ojewole
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Background Foods and the nutrients they contain can interact with drugs and thereby interfere with their therapeutic safety and efficacy. Adequate knowledge of healthcare professionals (HCPs) about drug-food interactions can help in preventing potential drug-food interactions among patients. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of HCPs about common drug-food interactions. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 459 HCPs from three public hospitals in eThekwini district, KwaZulu-Natal between November 2018, and January 2019. Informed consent was obtained from the HCPs, and a structured questionnaire was thereafter administered. Data were analysed using SPSS® version 25. Factors associated with knowledge of the HCPs were determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 459 participants, 22.2% (n = 102) were doctors, 11.3% (n = 52) pharmacists, 63.8% (n = 293) nurses and 2.6% (n = 12) dietitians. Most of the HCPs were females 79.7% (n = 366), the mean age of the HCPs was 38.61±0.48. The knowledge score of the HCPs was 22.66±0.25 out of an overall score of 46. The HCPs poorly identified food types that interact with drugs and correct administration time of drugs relative to meals. Being a pharmacist (OR: 14.212, CI: 4.941–40.879, pConclusion The HCPs in this survey had low drug-food interaction knowledge. These findings suggest the need for additional training and educational courses for the HCPs on drug-food interactions.
- Published
- 2021
16. Incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in HIV patients on ART in a developing country: Case of Zimbabwe's Chitungwiza Central Hospital-A retrospective cohort study (2010-2019).
- Author
-
Alexander Cheza, Boikhutso Tlou, and Danai Tavonga Zhou
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
IntroductionThe incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been reported to be rising over the years leading up to 2010. In Zimbabwe, there are few studies done to examine the incidence of NCDs in people living with HIV (PLHIV) on anti-retroviral treatment (ART).ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of NCDs in HIV patients on ART at the Chitungwiza Central Hospital over ten years and the associated risk factors.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study using data from 203 patients enrolled on ART at the Chitungwiza Central Hospital between 2010 and 2019. All 500 records were considered and the selection was based on participants' consenting to the study and their strict adherence to ART without absconding. The incidence of NCDs was determined and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to estimate the association between NCDs and the selected risk factors.FindingsData collected at the study's baseline (2010) showed that the most prevalent NCD was hypertension, found in (18/203) 8.9% of the study participants, followed by diabetes (6.9%), then followed by cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (3.9%), and the least common NCD was cancer (1.9%). Incidences of all of these NCDs showed an increasing trend as the time of follow-up progressed. The factors found to be significantly associated with the development of NCDs were gender (p = 0.002) and follow-up time (pConclusionsNCDs and HIV comorbidity is common with women more likely than males to develop NCDs as they advance in age. There is need to devise targeted intervention approach to the respective NCDs and risk factors since they affect differently in relation to the demographic details of the participants.RecommendationsThis paper recommends a multi-stakeholder approach to the management of NCDs, with researchers, clinicians and the government and its various arms taking a leading role.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hospital-based staff regarding physical activity at a private hospital in Johannesburg
- Author
-
Yurisha Ramautar, Boikhutso Tlou, and Thembelihle P. Dlungwane
- Subjects
knowledge ,hospital-based staff ,physical activity ,practice ,attitude ,Medicine - Abstract
healthcare environment. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of private hospital-based staff regarding physical activity in Johannesburg. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed with a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics. A p-value less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: A total number of 217 participants responded to the questionnaire. The majority of participants (n = 179; 82.49%) displayed excellent knowledge of physical activity, had a good attitude towards physical activity (n = 157; 72.35%) and displayed satisfactory practices (n = 137; 63.13%). Participants with the highest level of education had better mean knowledge, attitude and practice scores as opposed to those with lower levels of education. There was a statistically significant difference amongst staff categories in terms of knowledge (p = 0.004) and practice scores (p = 0.031). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference amongst different levels of education in terms of knowledge (p = 0.000), attitude (p = 0.02) and practice scores (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Staff members who participated in the study displayed only satisfactory physical activity practices. The hospital’s employee wellness programme should establish appropriate strategies to improve staff practices of physical activity in order to promote health.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Risk factors associated with high prevalence of intimate partner violence amongst school-going young women (aged 15-24years) in Maputo, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Maria Suzana Maguele, Boikhutso Tlou, Myra Taylor, and Nelisiwe Khuzwayo
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundIn many countries, there is evidence that intimate partner violence is prevalent among young women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with intimate partner violence in young women (aged 15-24 years) attending secondary schools in Maputo, Mozambique.MethodUsing a probability proportional sampling strategy, 431 participants were recruited, and the data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between IPV and sociodemographic and sociocultural factors. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported.ResultsOf the 413 participants, 248 (60%) (95% CI: 55.15-64.61) had experienced at least one form of IPV in their lifetime. Then, of the 293 participants who had a partner in the previous 12 months prior to the data collection, 186 (63.4%) (95% CI: 57.68-69.00) reported IPV in the 12 months prior to data collection. The psychological violence was the predominant type of violence, lifetime prevalence 230 (55.7%), and over the previous 12 months 164 (55.9%). The risk of IPV was associated with young women lacking religious commitment (AOR, 1.596, 95% CI: 1.009-2.525, p = 0.046) and if the head of the young women's household was unemployed (AOR, 1.642 95% CI: 1.044-2.584, p = 0.032). In the bivariate analysis the odds of being abused remained lower among the younger teenage women (OR, 0.458 95% CI: 0.237-0.888, p = 0.021), and higher, among young women if the partner was employed (OR, 2.247 95% CI: 1.187-4.256, p = 0.013) and among the young women believing that males are superior to females (OR, 2.298 95% CI:1.014-5.210. p = 0.046).ConclusionThese findings reveal a high prevalence of IPV among young women. Comprehensive programs should incorporate socioeconomic empowerment strategies to increase women's autonomy. There is a need to address religious beliefs through cultural perspectives, to improve social interactions that promote violence free relationships, gender egalitarian norms, and physical and emotional wellbeing for young women.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Availability and Use of Mobile Health Technology for Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Support by Health Workers in the Ashanti Region of Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Survey
- Author
-
Ernest Osei, Kwasi Agyei, Boikhutso Tlou, and Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
- Subjects
mHealth applications ,disease diagnosis ,treatment support ,sub-Saharan Africa ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Mobile health (mHealth) technologies have been identified as promising strategies for improving access to healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. However, the extent of availability and use of mHealth among healthcare professionals in Ghana is not known. The study’s main objective was to examine the availability and use of mHealth for disease diagnosis and treatment support by healthcare professionals in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 285 healthcare professionals across 100 primary healthcare clinics in the Ashanti Region with an adopted survey tool. We obtained data on the participants’ background, available health infrastructure, healthcare workforce competency, ownership of a mobile wireless device, usefulness of mHealth, ease of use of mHealth, user satisfaction, and behavioural intention to use mHealth. Descriptive statistics were conducted to characterise healthcare professionals’ demographics and clinical features. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the influence of the demographic factors on the availability and use of mHealth for disease diagnosis and treatment support. STATA version 15 was used to complete all the statistical analyses. Out of the 285 healthcare professionals, 64.91% indicated that mHealth is available to them, while 35.08% have no access to mHealth. Of the 185 healthcare professionals who have access to mHealth, 98.4% are currently using mHealth to support healthcare delivery. Logistic regression model analysis significantly (p < 0.05) identified that factors such as the availability of mobile wireless devices, phone calls, text messages, and mobile apps are associated with HIV, TB, medication adherence, clinic appointments, and others. There is a significant association between the availability of mobile wireless devices, text messages, phone calls, mobile apps, and their use for disease diagnosis and treatment compliance from the chi-square test analysis. The findings demonstrate a low level of mHealth use for disease diagnosis and treatment support by healthcare professionals at rural clinics. We encourage policymakers to promote the implementation of mHealth in rural clinics.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Factors associated with physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a public clinic in Gaborone, Botswana, in 2017
- Author
-
Sunungurai Shiriyedeve, Thembelihle P. Dlungwane, and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
PAL ,type 2 diabetes mellitus ,burden of diabetes ,Africa ,Botswana ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: Physical activity plays a significant role in the managing of type 2 diabetes and is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus. A number of factors influence non-adherence to physical activity: social, personal, environmental and economic factors. Diabetes research conducted in Botswana has focused on behavioural change, treatment adherence and nutrition. The physical activity levels of type 2 diabetes patients and associated factors are not known. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the physical activity levels (PALs) and factors associated with physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus Setting: The study was conducted at a public clinic in Gaborone, Botswana, in 2017. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at a public clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to assess the PALs and factors associated with physical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Data were captured on Excel and exported to SPSS software version 25 for analysis. Chi-square test, Fischer’s exact test and Pearson’s moment correlation examined the relationship between participants’ characteristics and their engagement in regular exercise. Results: The majority of the study participants had low PALs (54.7%). The results showed a non-significant negative correlation between age and PAL (r = −0.085) and between sitting time (sedentary time) and PAL (−0.098). Conclusion: Most type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had low PALs. Health-promoting activities are needed to promote physical activity and thus prevent complications associated with physical inactivity.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Accessibility of pregnancy-related point-of-care diagnostic tests for maternal healthcare in rural primary healthcare facilities in Northern Ghana: A cross-sectional survey
- Author
-
Desmond Kuupiel, Boikhutso Tlou, Vitalis Bawontuo, and Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
- Subjects
Health profession ,Public health ,Obstetrics and gynecology ,Reproductive medicine ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Background: Improving access to maternal healthcare in resource-limited settings plays a critical role in improving maternal health outcomes and reducing maternal deaths. However, barriers and challenges may exist in rural clinics and could affect successful implementation. This study assessed the current accessibility of pregnancy-related point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests for maternal healthcare in rural primary healthcare (PHC) clinics in northern Ghana. Method: We randomly selected 100 PHC clinics providing maternal healthcare from a total list of 356 PHC clinicss obtained from the Regional Health Directorate. Selected clinics were surveyed from February to March 2018, using an adopted survey tool. We obtained data for clinic-level staffing, availability, usage, and desired POC diagnostic tests. Stata 14 was used for data analysis. Findings: Majority (64%) of the respondents were midwives. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) years of work experience and working hours per week were estimated at 5.6 years ± 0.4 and 122 hours ± 5.2 respectively. Average antenatal clinic attendance (clinic census) per month was 65 ± 67 pregnant women (Range: 3–360). The mean ± SD POC tests available and use was 4.9 tests ± 2.2. POC tests for malaria, HIV, urine pregnancy, and blood pressure monitoring devices were available in most clinics. POC tests requested by the clinics to assist them care for pregnant women included: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (95%); hepatitis C (94%); sickling (91%); tuberculosis, blood glucose and blood type (89%) each; urinary tract infection (87%); urine protein (81%); hepatitis B (78%); haemoglobin (76%); and syphilis (76%). Interpretation: There is poor accessibility to pregnancy-related POC diagnostic tests for maternal healthcare due to low availability (≤5 tests per PHC clinic) of POC tests in rural PHC clinics in northern Ghana.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Poor supply chain management and stock-outs of point-of-care diagnostic tests in Upper East Region's primary healthcare clinics, Ghana.
- Author
-
Desmond Kuupiel, Boikhutso Tlou, Vitalis Bawontuo, Paul K Drain, and Tivani P Mashamba-Thompson
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
INTRODUCTION:Several supply chain components are important to sustain point-of-care (POC) testing services in rural settings. To evaluate the availability of POC diagnostic tests in rural Ghana's primary healthcare (PHC) clinics, we conducted an audit of the supply chain management for POC diagnostic services in rural Upper East Region's (UER) PHC clinics, Ghana to determine the reasons/causes of POC tests deficiencies. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We conducted a review of accessible POC diagnostics in 100 PHC clinics in UER, Ghana from February to March 2018. We used a monitoring audit tool adopted from the World Health Organization and Management Science for Health guidelines for supply chain management of diagnostics for compliance. We determined a clinic's compliance with the stipulated guidelines, and a composite compliant score was defined as a percentage rating of 90 to 100%. We used univariate logistic regression analysis in Stata 14 to determine the level of association between supply chain management and the audit variables. RESULTS:Overall, the composite compliant score of supply chain management for existing POC tests was at 81% (95%CI: 79%-82%). The mean compliance with distribution guidelines was at 93.8% (95%CI: 91.9%-95.6%) the highest score, whilst inventory management scored the lowest, at 53.5% (95%CI: 49.5%-57.5%) compliance. Of the 13 districts in the region, the results showed complete stock-out of blood glucose test in all selected PHC clinics in seven (53.8%) districts, haemoglobin and hepatitis B virus test in three (23.1%), and urine protein test in two (15.4%) districts. Based on our univariate logistics regression models, stock-out of tests at the Regional Medical and District Health Directorates stores in the region, high clinic attendance, lack of documentation of expiry date/expired tests, poor documentation of inventory level, poor monitoring of monthly consumption level, and failure to document unexplained losses of the various POC tests were significant predictors of complete test stock-out in most of the clinics in the Upper East Region. DISCUSSION:There is poor supply chain management of POC diagnostic tests in UER's PHC clinics. Improvement in inventory management and human resource capacity for POC testing is critical to ensure accessibility and sustainability of POC diagnostic services in resource-limited settings PHC clinics.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Electronic Health Information Systems to Improve Disease Diagnosis and Management at Point-of-Care in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Narrative Review
- Author
-
Thokozani Khubone, Boikhutso Tlou, and Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson
- Subjects
electronic health information system ,diagnosis ,treatment ,point-of-care ,low and middle income countries ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
The purpose of an electronic health information system (EHIS) is to support health care workers in providing health care services to an individual client and to enable data exchange among service providers. The demand to explore the use of EHIS for diagnosis and management of communicable and non-communicable diseases has increased dramatically due to the volume of patient data and the need to retain patients in care. In addition, the advent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in high disease burdened low and middle income countries (LMICs) has increased the need for robust EHIS to enable efficient surveillance of the pandemic. EHIS has potential to enable efficient delivery of disease diagnostics services at point-of-care (POC) and reduce medical errors. This review provides an overview of literature on EHIS’s with a focus on describing the key components of EHIS and presenting evidence on enablers and barriers to implementation of EHISs in LMICs. With guidance from the presented evidence, we proposed EHIS key stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities to ensure efficient utility of EHIS for disease diagnosis and management at POC in LMICs.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Knowledge, attitudes and self-care practices of patients with glaucoma in uThungulu in KwaZulu-Natal
- Author
-
Aita V. Aghedo, Boikhutso Tlou, and Saajida Mahomed
- Subjects
Knowledge ,attitudes ,self-care practices ,glaucoma ,Ophthalmology ,RE1-994 - Abstract
Background: Glaucoma remains one of the leading causes of blindness in South Africa. Early detection, effective treatment and strict compliance with treatment are instrumental to prevent further damage to the optic nerve and thus preserve vision. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and self-care practices of patients with glaucoma in KwaZulu-Natal. Setting: The study was conducted in the ophthalmology outpatient department of a public hospital and a private ophthalmology practice in the uThungulu district. Methods: This was an observational, analytic, cross-sectional study. Structured questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitudes and self-care practices were administered to patients presenting for follow-up glaucoma management. Results: The median age of the 384 patients in this study was 60 (interquartile range [IQR] 48.5–69.5) and 59 years (IQR 49.0–66.5) for males and females, respectively (p > 0.05). Two hundred and thirty-eight (62.0%) patients had good knowledge of glaucoma. Age, gender and duration of glaucoma diagnosis were significantly associated with good knowledge of glaucoma. Three hundred and forty-four (89.6%) patients reported having good self-care practices. Patients over the age of 65 years were significantly less likely to have good self-care practices compared to patients aged 26–45 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.2, confidence interval [CI]: 0.1–0.6, p = 0.01). Good knowledge of glaucoma was significantly associated with good self-care practices of glaucoma (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Elderly patients do not have sufficient knowledge of glaucoma and have poor self-care glaucoma practices. It is important to involve family members of these patients in the education and counselling of glaucoma to facilitate improved disease management.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Space-time variations in child mortality in a rural South African population with high HIV prevalence (2000-2014).
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Benn Sartorius, and Frank Tanser
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the key determinants of child mortality 'hot-spots' in space and time.Comprehensive population-based mortality data collected between 2000 and 2014 by the Africa Centre Demographic Information System located in the UMkhanyakude District of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, was analysed. We assigned all mortality events and person-time of observation for children 20 per 1000 person-years in 2001-2003 to 4 per 1000 person-years in 2014. The two scanning spatial techniques identified two high-risk clusters for child mortality along the eastern border of the study site near the national highway, with a relative risk of 2.10 and 1.91 respectively.The high-risk communities detected in this work, and the differential risk factor profile of these communities, can assist public health professionals to identify similar populations in other parts of rural South Africa. Identifying child mortality hot-spots will potentially guide policy interventions in rural, resource-limited settings.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Social Media for Enhanced e-Education at Namibian Schools
- Author
-
Jere, Nobert Rangarirai, Boikhutso, Tlou, Maoneke, Pardon Blessings, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory editor, Mishra, Durgesh Kumar, editor, Azar, Ahmad Taher, editor, and Joshi, Amit, editor
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Knowledge and perceptions about non-communicable diseases by people living with HIV: a descriptive cross-sectional study from Chitungwiza Central Hospital Zimbabwe
- Author
-
Alexander Cheza and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) ,HIV ,Knowledge ,Perceptions ,General Medicine - Abstract
Background: Sub-Saharan Africa has shown a rise in morbidity and mortality due to NCDs. PLHIV have shown to be more exposed to NCDs and identifying the knowledge gaps might help the management of NCDs in PLHIV. Objective: The study was conducted in order to determine knowledge and perceptions regarding NCDs in PLHIV from Chitungwiza Hospital. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey on 324 participants from Chitungwiza Hospital. Data collection was through a designed questionnaire. Knowledge and perceptions were evaluated, and the associated risk factors were identified using the Logistic Regression Model. Results: Results showed a 65% level of knowledge and 80% positive perceptions on NCDs. Participants
- Published
- 2022
28. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards drug-food interactions among patients at public hospitals in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Author
-
Emmanuella C, Osuala, Boikhutso, Tlou, and Elizabeth B, Ojewole
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Food-Drug Interactions ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,South Africa ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Hospitals, Public ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,Female ,Drug-food interactions ,patients ,knowledge ,attitudes ,practices ,General Medicine - Abstract
Background: Drug-food interactions can lead to adverse drug reactions and therapy failure which can potentially impact patient safety and therapy outcome. Objectives: This study assessed patients’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding drug-food interactions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients at three public hospitals in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS® version 25. The association between demographic variables and patients’ knowledge, attitudes and practices were assessed. Results: Of the 342 patients, 70.5% were female, and the mean age was 42.87±0.89 years. Almost 50% of patients had secondary level education, and 64% were unemployed. About 52% of patients had high knowledge of drug-food interactions; however, only 30-50% of the patients could identify potential drug-food interactions of their drugs. More than halfof the patients (51.5%) answered that they took multivitamin pills with medications and 61.7% responded they consulted healthcare professionals for drug-food interactions’ information before taking new medications. Few patients (15.2%) had experienced drug-food interactions. Conclusions: Overall, patients had gaps in their knowledge and practices, and positive attitudes towards drug-food interactions. Many patients could not identify food items that can potentially interact with their drugs. It is important that education and medication counselling are provided to patients to prevent drug-food interactions, ensure optimal drug therapy and patient safety. Keywords: Drug-food interactions; patients; knowledge; attitudes; practices.
- Published
- 2022
29. Corrigendum: A mixed-method analysis of inequalities associated with adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes and the requisite interventions among young women in Durban informal settlements, South Africa
- Author
-
Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, primary and Boikhutso, Tlou, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Social Media for Enhanced e-Education at Namibian Schools
- Author
-
Jere, Nobert Rangarirai, primary, Boikhutso, Tlou, additional, and Maoneke, Pardon Blessings, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Effect of perceived HIV risk on initiation of antiretroviral therapy during the universal test and treat era in South Africa
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Paul K. Drain, Sabina M Govere, Ingrid V. Bassett, Sean R. Galagan, and Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Retention in care ,Universal test and treat ,Rapid ART initiation ,HIV Infections ,Perceived risk ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Affect (psychology) ,Time-to-Treatment ,90–90–90 ,South Africa ,Medical microbiology ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,medicine ,Humans ,Prospective Studies ,Prospective cohort study ,business.industry ,Research ,Hazard ratio ,virus diseases ,medicine.disease ,Risk perception ,Infectious Diseases ,Tropical medicine ,Test and treat ,HIV/AIDS ,Female ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Background South Africa has not achieved the 90–90–90 goals, in part due to low rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among those aware of their HIV status. Perceived risk of HIV at the time of testing may affect likelihood of rapid ART initiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with perceived risk of HIV and the relationship between perceived HIV risk and rapid ART initiation during the universal test and treat era which was adapted in October 2016. Methods We conducted a prospective study of adults undergoing HIV testing from October 2016–February 2019 at Ithembalabantu Clinic in Durban. Eligible participants reported not previously being diagnosed with HIV. Before HIV testing, participants were asked to assess their perceived HIV risk on a four-level scale. We categorized “definitely not” and “probably not going to acquire HIV” as a low perceived risk, and “probably will” and “definitely will become HIV-infected” as a high perceived risk of HIV infection. Participants were followed for up to 14 months following HIV testing to assess ART initiation. Results Among 1519 people newly diagnosed with HIV, 55% were female and mean age was 33 years. Among those, 1382 (90.9%) had a high HIV risk perception and 137 (9.1%) reported low HIV risk perception. In the low risk group individuals were more likely to be female (58% vs 55%), unemployed (62% vs 59%), have a partner with unknown HIV status (61% vs 55%) compared to the high risk group. 83.2% of those with low HIV risk perception reported previously HIV testing compared 91.5% of those with high HIV risk perception. In the multivariate model, males were associated with a higher chances of initiating ART compared to females (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.187, CI 1.187 (1.060–1.329) and being unemployed (aHR 0.767 CI (0.650–0.905). Those with a low HIV risk perception were less likely to initiate ART 125 (91%) vs 1310 (95%) p = 0.022), and took longer to initiate on ART after HIV diagnosis (11 days’ vs 4 days, p = 0.042). Conclusion Factors associated with high HIV risk perception included being unemployed, single, and having a partner of unknown HIV status. People living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa who had a low self-perceived risk to HIV infection were less likely to initiate ART. Assessing self-perceived risk of HIV infection may help direct counselling and improve ART initiation to achieve universal 90–90–90 goal.
- Published
- 2021
32. A Mixed-Method Analysis of Inequalities Associated With Adverse Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes and the Requisite Interventions Among Young Women in Durban Informal Settlements, South Africa
- Author
-
Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, primary and Boikhutso, Tlou, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Does acid reflux precipitate ischaemia in subjects with acute coronary syndrome?
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Sunil K George, Datshana P Naidoo, and Somalingum Ponnusamy
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi ,Acute coronary syndrome ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Chest pain ,Risk Assessment ,Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ,Electrocardiography ,South Africa ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Acute Coronary Syndrome ,Esophagitis, Peptic ,Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ,ST depression ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Reflux ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,Case-Control Studies ,Concomitant ,Gastroesophageal Reflux ,Cardiology ,Female ,Radiopharmaceuticals ,medicine.symptom ,Metabolic syndrome ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Aim It has been postulated that gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) may trigger coronary ischaemia through viscerocardiac reflex vasoconstriction in subjects with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of GORD in subjects with IHD who present with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to determine whether GORD may serve as a trigger for ischaemic events. Methods Twenty patients with isolated reflux oesophagitis and 39 with acute coronary syndrome (ACS with concomitant GORD) were studied. Twenty-two subjects comprising normal volunteers and those who were admitted for minor surgical trauma were used as normal controls. All subjects underwent oesophago-gastroduodenal endoscopy (EGD) and acid instillation with hydrochloric acid (0.1 M), as well as nuclear imaging (sestaMIBI) with technetium99. Ischaemia was detected by ST depression using ECG monitoring for one hour during and immediately after EGD. Results Of the 111 subjects with ACS, 39 (35.1%) had erosive GORD and comprised the study group. Subjects with ACS had more incidence of diabetes (p = 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.002), a history of smoking (p = 0.006) and elevated serum triglyceride levels (p = 0.008) compared to the GORD group. Risk-factor clustering in the form of the metabolic syndrome was more common in ACS subjects (44 vs 5%; p = 0.008). ST depression was documented in 8/39 (20.5%) patients in the ACS group and 5/20 (25%) in the GORD group (p = 0.958). Reversible perfusion defects on sestaMIBI scan were seen in 35.6% of the ACS subjects. Conclusions Although GORD is common in subjects with ACS, we have not been able to show that GORD may serve as a trigger for ischaemia in these subjects.
- Published
- 2020
34. Modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland: a cross-sectional study
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou and Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multivariate analysis ,Adolescent ,Cross-sectional study ,Population ,Vital signs ,T2DM ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Prediabetic State ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Epidemiology ,Outpatients ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Healthy Lifestyle ,Non-communicable diseases ,education ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Diabetes ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Anthropometry ,Middle Aged ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Risk factors ,Out-patients ,Hypertension ,Female ,Biostatistics ,Swaziland ,Diet, Healthy ,Pre-diabetes ,business ,Eswatini ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Four major non-communicable diseases (NCD), including T2DM, contributed to nearly three-quarters of all deaths worldwide in 2017. Dietary and lifestyle actors associated with NCDs are potentially modifiable. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the dietary and lifestyle factors associated with T2DM, pre-diabetes, and hypertension among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland. Methods A random sample of 385 subjects aged 18 years and above was selected. The data regarding demographics, socio-economic status, lifestyle behaviour, diet, and physical activities were collected. Additionally, participants’ anthropometric measurements and vital signs were taken. A biochemical examination was done for fasting plasma glucose, and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, where necessary. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for this data analysis, and the level of statistical significance was set at p Results A total of 385 (197 men and 188 women) subjects aged 18 years and older participated in the study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 48.3%, while the prevalence of hypertension stage 1 and 2 were 29.4 and 19%, respectively. Smoking, SES and consumption of sweet drinks, salty processed foods, fruits, and vegetables were significantly associated with T2DM. However, in the multivariate analysis, only consumption of vegetables (p p =0.014), sweet drinks (p = 0.042), and salty processed foods (p = 0.005) remained significantly associated with T2DM. Smoking (p = 0.002) and consumption of fruits (p p p = 0.043) were independently associated with pre-diabetes, while the consumption of vegetables (p = 0.002) and salty processed foods (p = 0.003) were the factors independently associated with hypertension. Conclusions The factors associated with T2DM, pre-diabetes, and hypertension are potentially modifiable. Therefore, interventions which target lifestyle changes at primary health care and population levels are warranted to address the growing burden of these chronic conditions in Swaziland.
- Published
- 2020
35. Factors associated with physical activity amongst patients with hypertension in two community health centres in uMgungundlovu health district, KwaZulu-Natal, 2018
- Author
-
Thembelihle Dlungwane, Boikhutso Tlou, and SW Mbambo
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Public health ,Mortality rate ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Physical activity ,Physical activity level ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Community health ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,Family Practice ,business ,Kwazulu natal - Abstract
Background: Hypertension (HPT) is a global public health challenge. It predisposes to cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases and disability as well as contributing to high death rates. HPT is inc...
- Published
- 2019
36. COVID-19 and resilience of healthcare systems in ten countries
- Author
-
Catherine Arsenault, Anna Gage, Min Kyung Kim, Neena R. Kapoor, Patricia Akweongo, Freddie Amponsah, Amit Aryal, Daisuke Asai, John Koku Awoonor-Williams, Wondimu Ayele, Paula Bedregal, Svetlana V. Doubova, Mahesh Dulal, Dominic Dormenyo Gadeka, Georgiana Gordon-Strachan, Damen Haile Mariam, Dilipkumar Hensman, Jean Paul Joseph, Phanuwich Kaewkamjornchai, Munir Kassa Eshetu, Solomon Kassahun Gelaw, Shogo Kubota, Borwornsom Leerapan, Paula Margozzini, Anagaw Derseh Mebratie, Suresh Mehata, Mosa Moshabela, Londiwe Mthethwa, Adiam Nega, Juhwan Oh, Sookyung Park, Álvaro Passi-Solar, Ricardo Pérez-Cuevas, Alongkhone Phengsavanh, Tarylee Reddy, Thanitsara Rittiphairoj, Jaime C. Sapag, Roody Thermidor, Boikhutso Tlou, Francisco Valenzuela Guiñez, Sebastian Bauhoff, and Margaret E. Kruk
- Subjects
Communicable Disease Control ,Income ,COVID-19 ,Humans ,General Medicine ,Child ,Delivery of Health Care ,Pandemics ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
Declines in health service use during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could have important effects on population health. In this study, we used an interrupted time series design to assess the immediate effect of the pandemic on 31 health services in two low-income (Ethiopia and Haiti), six middle-income (Ghana, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa and Thailand) and high-income (Chile and South Korea) countries. Despite efforts to maintain health services, disruptions of varying magnitude and duration were found in every country, with no clear patterns by country income group or pandemic intensity. Disruptions in health services often preceded COVID-19 waves. Cancer screenings, TB screening and detection and HIV testing were most affected (26–96% declines). Total outpatient visits declined by 9–40% at national levels and remained lower than predicted by the end of 2020. Maternal health services were disrupted in approximately half of the countries, with declines ranging from 5% to 33%. Child vaccinations were disrupted for shorter periods, but we estimate that catch-up campaigns might not have reached all children missed. By contrast, provision of antiretrovirals for HIV was not affected. By the end of 2020, substantial disruptions remained in half of the countries. Preliminary data for 2021 indicate that disruptions likely persisted. Although a portion of the declines observed might result from decreased needs during lockdowns (from fewer infectious illnesses or injuries), a larger share likely reflects a shortfall of health system resilience. Countries must plan to compensate for missed healthcare during the current pandemic and invest in strategies for better health system resilience for future emergencies.
- Published
- 2021
37. Mapping evidence on predictors of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes among young women in South Africa: A scoping review
- Author
-
Bolarinwa, Obasanjo A., primary and Boikhutso, Tlou, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Determinants of Confidence in Overall Knowledge About COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers in South Africa: Results From an Online Survey
- Author
-
Mosa Moshabela, Musawenkosi Mabaso, Natisha Dukhi, Boikhutso Tlou, Sean Jooste, Tholang Mokhele, Priscilla Reddy, Ronel Sewpaul, Sibusiso Sifunda, Khangelani Zuma, Inbarani Naidoo, Philisiwe Ndlovu, and Thabang Manyaapelo
- Subjects
Male ,knowledge ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Nurse practitioners ,Health Personnel ,education ,030501 epidemiology ,Logistic regression ,health care workers ,Odds ,South Africa ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Pandemic ,Health care ,Humans ,Medicine ,Infection control ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Original Research ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,pandemic ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,COVID-19 ,Family medicine ,Population study ,Public Health ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,confidence ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Background: Adequate information and knowledge about COVID-19 has been shown to induce the confidence and positive performance among healthcare workers (HCWs). Therefore, assessing the relationship between confidence in knowledge and associated factors among HCWs is vital in the fight against COVID-19. This paper investigates factors associated with HCWs' confidence in their overall knowledge about COVID-19 in South Africa in the early stages of the epidemic.Methods: Data utilized in this paper were from an online survey conducted among HCWs using a structured questionnaire on a data free online platform. The study population were all the medical fraternity in South Africa including medical and nurse practitioners as well as other healthcare professionals. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to examine the factors associated with confidence in HCWs' overall knowledge about COVID-19.Results: Overall, just below half (47.4%) of respondents indicated that they had confidence in their overall knowledge about COVID-19. Increased odds of having confidence in the knowledge about COVID-19 were significantly associated with being male [aOR = 1.31 95% CI (1.03–1.65), p < 0.05], having a doctorate degree [aOR = 2.01 (1.23–3.28), p < 0.05], being satisfied with the information about COVID-19 guidelines [aOR = 6.01 (4.89–7.39), p < 0.001], having received training in 6–8 areas [aOR = 2.54 (1.89–3.43), p < 0.001] and having received training in 9–11 areas [aOR = 5.33 (3.81–7.47), p < 0.001], and having already treated COVID-19 patients [aOR = 1.43 (1.08–1.90), p < 0.001]. Those who were highly concerned with the levels of training of HCWs [aOR = 0.47 (0.24–0.92), p < 0.05] had decreased odds of having confidence in their overall knowledge about COVID-19.Conclusion: This study sheds light on the importance of capacitating HCWs with knowledge and adequate relevant training as part of infection prevention control measures during pandemics. Future training and information sharing should be sensitive to knowledge gaps by age, gender, qualifications, professional categories, and experience.
- Published
- 2021
39. The influence of marital status on HIV infection in an HIV hyperendemic area of rural South Africa, 2000–2017
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Rural Population ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,HIV Infections ,South Africa ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Virology ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Marriage ,Empowerment ,media_common ,030505 public health ,Marital Status ,business.industry ,Proportional hazards model ,Public health ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Age Factors ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Malnutrition ,Infectious Diseases ,Marital status ,Female ,Biostatistics ,0305 other medical science ,business ,biostatistics, epidemiology, malnutrition, public health, sub-Saharan Africa ,Demography - Abstract
Marital status is one of the factors whose impact on HIV infection has always been studied but contradictory findings have been reported. The drastic changes in marriage patterns in South Africa influences the role of marital status on HIV infection. This study aims to give evidence-based information on the association between marital status and HIV infection in a hyperendemic HIV area in rural South Africa. This study was conducted on longitudinal data collected from the African Health Research Institute (AHRI) based in northern rural KwaZulu-Natal from 2000 to 2017 using multivariable Cox regression. The multivariable Cox regression results found marital status to be a significant factor of HIV infection. Compared to those who were married, the risk of HIV infection was approximately two times in those who were never married while those who were widowed presented as much as twice the risk of HIV infection. In addition, less educated participants were at more risk of HIV infection than those with tertiary education. Furthermore, as expected, the risk of HIV infection increased with age (20–24 HR: 3.05 (2.32–4.02); 25–34 HR: 3.98 (3.12–5.07) and 35–49 HR: 4.36 (3.36–5.67). Women were more susceptible to HIV infection than men were. This study found marital status to be an influential factor of HIV infection together with other socio- economic and demographic factors. This finding will help guide policy makers on empowerment programmes and policies targeting HIV and other health related issues in rural South Africa.Keywords: biostatistics, epidemiology, malnutrition, public health, sub-Saharan Africa
- Published
- 2019
40. Space-time patterns in maternal and mother mortality in a rural South African population with high HIV prevalence (2000-2014): results from a population-based cohort
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Benn Sartorius, and Frank Tanser
- Subjects
Adult ,Rural Population ,Maternal mortality ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Adolescent ,Population ,Mothers ,HIV Infections ,Rural South Africa ,Cohort Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,South Africa ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Epidemiology ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,10. No inequality ,education ,Spatial-temporal clustering ,education.field_of_study ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public health ,Mortality rate ,1. No poverty ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Obstetric transition ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,Standardized mortality ratio ,Risk factors ,Space-Time Clustering ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Demography ,Forecasting ,Research Article - Abstract
Background International organs such as, the African Union and the South African Government view maternal health as a dominant health prerogative. Even though most countries are making progress, maternal mortality in South Africa (SA) significantly increased between 1990 and 2015, and prevented the country from achieving Millennium Development Goal 5. Elucidating the space-time patterns and risk factors of maternal mortality in a rural South African population could help target limited resources and policy guidelines to high-risk areas for the greatest impact, as more generalized interventions are costly and often less effective. Methods Population-based mortality data from 2000 to 2014 for women aged 15–49 years from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System located in the Umkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa were analysed. Our outcome was classified into two definitions: Maternal mortality; the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of cessation of pregnancy, regardless of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or exacerbated by the pregnancy or its management but not from unexpected or incidental causes; and ‘Mother death’; death of a mother whilst child is less than 5 years of age. Both the Kulldorff and Tango spatial scan statistics for regular and irregular shaped cluster detection respectively were used to identify clusters of maternal mortality events in both space and time. Results The overall maternal mortality ratio was 650 per 100,000 live births, and 1204 mothers died while their child was less than or equal to 5 years of age, of a mortality rate of 370 per 100,000 children. Maternal mortality declined over the study period from approximately 600 per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 400 per 100,000 live births in 2014. There was no strong evidence of spatial clustering for maternal mortality in this rural population. However, the study identified a significant spatial cluster of mother deaths in childhood (p = 0.022) in a peri-urban community near the national road. Based on our multivariable logistic regression model, HIV positive status (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.5, CI 95%: [1.5–4.2]; primary education or less (aOR = 1.97, CI 95%: [1.04–3.74]) and parity (aOR = 1.42, CI 95%: [1.24–1.63]) were significant predictors of maternal mortality. Conclusions There has been an overall decrease in maternal and mother death between 2000 and 2014. The identification of a clear cluster of mother deaths shows the possibility of targeting intervention programs in vulnerable communities, as population-wide interventions may be ineffective and too costly to implement.
- Published
- 2021
41. Space-time variations in child mortality in a rural South African population with high HIV prevalence (2000-2014)
- Author
-
Benn Sartorius, Frank Tanser, and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
Rural Population ,RNA viruses ,Psychological intervention ,lcsh:Medicine ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Pediatrics ,Geographical locations ,South Africa ,Families ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immunodeficiency Viruses ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Cluster Analysis ,Public and Occupational Health ,030212 general & internal medicine ,lcsh:Science ,Children ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Mortality rate ,Child Health ,3. Good health ,Geography ,Community Ecology ,Medical Microbiology ,Child, Preschool ,Viral Pathogens ,Child Mortality ,Viruses ,Pathogens ,Infants ,Research Article ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Death Rates ,Population ,History, 21st Century ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,HIV Seroprevalence ,Retroviruses ,medicine ,Humans ,Risk factor ,education ,Microbial Pathogens ,Demography ,Public health ,lcsh:R ,Lentivirus ,Ecology and Environmental Sciences ,Organisms ,Infant ,Biology and Life Sciences ,HIV ,030227 psychiatry ,Child mortality ,Age Groups ,Relative risk ,People and Places ,Africa ,lcsh:Q ,Population Groupings ,Residence - Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to identify the key determinants of child mortality ‘hot-spots’ in space and time. Methods Comprehensive population-based mortality data collected between 2000 and 2014 by the Africa Centre Demographic Information System located in the UMkhanyakude District of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, was analysed. We assigned all mortality events and person-time of observation for children Findings Of the 49 986 children aged < 5 years who resided in the study area between 2000 and 2014, 2010 (4.0%) died. Childhood mortality decreased by 80% over the period from >20 per 1000 person-years in 2001–2003 to 4 per 1000 person-years in 2014. The two scanning spatial techniques identified two high-risk clusters for child mortality along the eastern border of the study site near the national highway, with a relative risk of 2.10 and 1.91 respectively. Conclusions The high-risk communities detected in this work, and the differential risk factor profile of these communities, can assist public health professionals to identify similar populations in other parts of rural South Africa. Identifying child mortality hot-spots will potentially guide policy interventions in rural, resource-limited settings.
- Published
- 2021
42. Effects of an Indigenous Food Diet on Nutritional Outcomes for Under-Five Children in Early Childhood Development Centres, Limpopo Province, South Africa: A Pretest-Posttest Quasi-Experimental Study
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Gundo Nepfumbada, and Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson
- Subjects
genetic structures ,Under five children ,Pretest posttest ,Environmental health ,Quasi experimental study ,Early childhood ,Psychology ,Indigenous - Abstract
Background: Access to an adequate diet is a key criterion for improving nutritional status. Indigenous food (IF) can play a big role in improving dietary variety in rural populations. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of an IF diet for under-five children in Early childhood development (ECD) centres.Method: A one-group pretest-posttest experimental design study was undertaken in three ECD centres from three different villages of Sekhukhune district, the former Fetakgomo municipality, in Limpopo, South Africa. An IF diet intervention was implemented for a period of six months with 253 children aged 0-5 attending three ECD centres. Anthropometric measurements were taken pre-introduction of an IF diet and post-intervention. The dependent sample t-Test was used to compare the pre- and post-anthropometric measures, and a p-valueResults: Significant improvement in the nutritional outcomes of the participating children were recorded, a majority (50%) of who were aged three. The study showed significant differences in pre- and post-anthropometric measurements for weight pConclusion: The adapted IF diet is shown to be effective for the nutritional outcomes of children and can be used to promote the use of IF and address nutritional deficiencies amongst under-five children in Limpopo, South Africa.
- Published
- 2021
43. Assessment of knowledge of drug-food interactions among healthcare professionals in public sector hospitals in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Emmanuella Chinonso Osuala, and Elizabeth Ojewole
- Subjects
Male ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Health Care Providers ,Nurses ,Logistic regression ,Pharmacists ,Food-Drug Interactions ,South Africa ,Informed consent ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Drug Interactions ,Medical Personnel ,media_common ,Allied Health Care Professionals ,Multidisciplinary ,Public sector ,Drugs ,Professions ,Antihypertensive Drugs ,Medicine ,Female ,Clinical Competence ,Kwazulu natal ,Research Article ,Drug ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,education ,MEDLINE ,Pharmacist ,Physicians ,medicine ,Humans ,Nutritionists ,Nutrition ,Pharmacology ,Health professionals ,business.industry ,Hospitals, Public ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Drug-Food Interactions ,Diet ,Health Care ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Food ,Family medicine ,People and Places ,Population Groupings ,business - Abstract
BackgroundFoods and the nutrients they contain can interact with drugs and thereby interfere with their therapeutic safety and efficacy. Adequate knowledge of healthcare professionals (HCPs) about drug-food interactions can help in preventing potential drug-food interactions among patients. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of HCPs about common drug-food interactions.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out among 459 HCPs from three public hospitals in eThekwini district, KwaZulu-Natal between November 2018, and January 2019. Informed consent was obtained from the HCPs, and a structured questionnaire was thereafter administered. Data were analysed using SPSS® version 25. Factors associated with knowledge of the HCPs were determined using logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf the 459 participants, 22.2% (n = 102) were doctors, 11.3% (n = 52) pharmacists, 63.8% (n = 293) nurses and 2.6% (n = 12) dietitians. Most of the HCPs were females 79.7% (n = 366), the mean age of the HCPs was 38.61±0.48. The knowledge score of the HCPs was 22.66±0.25 out of an overall score of 46. The HCPs poorly identified food types that interact with drugs and correct administration time of drugs relative to meals. Being a pharmacist (OR: 14.212, CI: 4.941–40.879, pConclusionThe HCPs in this survey had low drug-food interaction knowledge. These findings suggest the need for additional training and educational courses for the HCPs on drug-food interactions.
- Published
- 2021
44. Utilization of Rehabilitation Services at a Public Health Facility in KwaZulu-Natal
- Author
-
Jeanine D. Kisten, Boikhutso Tlou, and Thembelihle P. Dlungwane
- Subjects
General Medicine - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation services are recognized as part of an essential service within all levels of care across the health system. The aim of the study was to assess the utilization of rehabilitation services at a public health facility. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was implemented. Data were collected utilizing a questionnaire. A systematic random sampling strategy was used. Descriptive statistics were summarised using frequencies and binary logistic regression model was used. A p-value less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. RESULTS: Eighty-three (26.3%) participants utilized rehabilitation services. The most common reason for utilizing rehabilitation services at the public health facility was close proximity 23 (28%) whilst 18 (22%) of the participants highlighted that they had been referred to the hospital. Fifteen participants (18%) reported that they utilized the chosen health facility due to personal preference and 12 (14%) indicated that the facility was the only one they knew. Nine (11%) participants utilized the facility due to reduced transport cost incurred and six (7%) of participants chose a facility due to the perceived reduced waiting times in comparison to other facilities. Race was strongly associated with utilization of rehabilitation services. CONCLUSION: The utilization of rehabilitation services in the public health facility was low. Convenience and patient referral to the hospital were the main reasons why patients chose a facility. The health professionals involved in rehabilitation services should raise awareness about the services available in the facility.
- Published
- 2022
45. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- Author
-
Manisha Dubey, Fatemeh Rajati, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Amir Khater, Reza Shirkoohi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Ronny Westerman, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Ravi Mehrotra, Sezer Kisa, Junaid Khan, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Marcel Ausloos, Getnet Gedefaw, Hamed Zandian, Edward J Mills, Aparna Lal, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Yousef Veisani, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Oliver J. Brady, David Laith Rawaf, Tamer H. Farag, Simin Mouodi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Samad Azari, Getinet Ayano, Faris Lami, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Maryam Adabi, Alaa Badawi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Amir Hasanzadeh, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Bineyam Taye, Nader Jafari Balalami, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Kewal Krishan, Muhammad Ali, Ehsan Sadeghi, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Lal B. Rawal, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Behnam Heidari, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Eric L. Ding, Noushin Mohammadifard, Nihal Thomas, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sanghamitra Pati, Addisu Melese, Niranjan Kissoon, Farzad Manafi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Yahya Salimi, Pranab Chatterjee, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Benjamin K. Mayala, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Zahid A Butt, Olufemi Ajumobi, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Shafiu Mohammed, Charles Shey Shey Wiysonge, Félix Carvalho, Masresha Tessema Anegago, Yun Jin Kim, Ai-Min Wu, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Ana-Laura Manda, Aziz Eftekhari, Rakhi Dandona, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Nicole Davis Weaver, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Marwa Rashad Salem, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Dongyu Zhang, Saeed Safari, Vivekanand Jha, Keivan Ahmadi, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Hamidreza Haririan, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Surendra Karki, Kirsten E. Wiens, Boikhutso Tlou, Soraya Siabani, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Asnakew Achaw Ayele, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Susanna Dunachie, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Tissa Wijeratne, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, André Karch, Ebrahim Babaee, Akram Pourshams, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bal Govind Chauhan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vera Marisa Costa, Mehdi Yaseri, Tahereh Pashaei, Benn Sartorius, Helen Derara Diro, Anelisa Jaca, Mostafa Hosseini, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Franz Castro, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chalachew Genet Akal, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Sonia Lewycka, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Ibrahim A Khalil, Genet Melak Alamene, George C Patton, Andem Effiong, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Collins Chansa, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Van C. Lansingh, Chabila C Mapoma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Aubrey J. Levine, Miliva Mozaffor, Till Bärnighausen, Ali Rostami, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Colm McAlinden, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Neeraj Bedi, Irfan Ullah, Winfried März, Rajeev Gupta, Masood Ali Shaikh, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Abbas Mosapour, Javad Nazari, Obinna Onwujekwe, Narinder Pal Singh, Dabere Nigatu, Tanuj Kanchan, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aklilu Endalamfaw, Hajer Elkout, Michelle L. Bell, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nefsu Awoke, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Muki Shey, Christiane Dolecek, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Syed Ather Hussain, Birhan Tamene Alemnew, Arash Etemadi, Anwar E. Ahmed, Vinay Nangia, Sachin R Atre, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Robert C. Reiner, Rajat Das Gupta, Aniruddha Deshpande, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Chi Linh Hoang, Bahram Armoon, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Ebrahim M Yimer, Rashmi Gupta, Ahmed Omar Bali, Dadi Marami, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Getnet Mengistu, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Ali S. Akanda, Satar Rezaei, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Irina Filip, Mohammad Fareed, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Yared A Asmare Aynalem, Gelin Xu, Zubair Kabir, Khalid A Altirkawi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Yibeltal Alemu Bekele, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Quique Bassat, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Nuruzzaman Khan, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Nathaniel J Henry, Meghnath Dhimal, Hosein Shabaninejad, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Eugenio Traini, Mohammad Zamani, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Rafael Moreira Claro, Pushpendra Kumar, Shai Linn, Lucas Earl, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Getenet Dessie, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, John S. Ji, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Aisha Elsharkawy, Ken Lee Chin, Mustafa Z. Younis, Daniel Diaz, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Tomohide Yamada, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Platon D. Lopukhov, Alireza Rafiei, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Hossein Poustchi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Francesco Saverio Violante, Leonardo Roever, Giovanni Damiani, Maha El Tantawi, Nuworza Kugbey, Hadi Pourjafar, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Dinh-Toi Chu, Farkhonde Salehi, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Farnam Mohebi, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Senbagam Duraisamy, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Eleonora Dubljanin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Fakher Rahim, Jasvinder A. Singh, Jai K Das, Savita Lasrado, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Santosh Varughese, Adnan Kisa, Laurie B. Marczak, Amira Shaheen, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Arash Ziapour, Alex Yeshaneh, Ninuk Hariyani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Asmamaw Demis, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Praveen Hoogar, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Yunquan Zhang, Yousef Mohammad, Iman El Sayed, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Marzieh Nojomi, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sameh Magdeldin, Anton Sokhan, Nauman Khalid, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ben Lacey, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Khanh Bao Tran, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Parvaneh Mirabi, Boris Bikbov, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Assefa Desalew, Yasir Waheed, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Brian J. Hall, James A Platts-Mills, Gbenga A. Kayode, Jan-Walter De Neve, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Navid Manafi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ali Bijani, Hedley Quintana, Shanshan Li, Kebreab Paulos, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Oladimeji Adebayo, David Teye Doku, Brijesh Sathian, Bakhtiar Piroozi, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Netsanet Fentahun, Shymaa Enany, Ayman Grada, Salvatore Rubino, Kenji Shibuya, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Andrea Farioli, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Mohsen Afarideh, Maciej Banach, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Rakesh Lodha, David M. Pigott, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Hadi Hassankhani, Daniel Adane Endalew, Siamak Sabour, Yoshan Moodley, Preeti Dhillon, Dilaram Acharya, Anas M. Saad, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Mohammad Rabiee, Ajay Patle, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Davide Guido, Chuanhua Yu, Abdallah M. Samy, Ali Talha Khalil, Ashish Awasthi, Pascual R. Valdez, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taweewat Wiangkham, Anthony Masaka, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Huyen Phuc Do, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Farah Daoud, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Suleman Atique, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Indang Trihandini, Mario Poljak, Bartosz Miazgowski, Huda Basaleem, Rafael Alves Guimares, Mina Anjomshoa, Peng Jia, Yafeng Wang, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Itamar S. Santos, Alireza Khatony, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Samath D Dharmaratne, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Konrad Pesudovs, Tina Beyranvand, Liliana Preotescu, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Enrico Rubagotti, Amira Hamed Darwish, Mahdi Safdarian, Ali Yadollahpour, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Moses K. Muriithi, Azmeraw T. Amare, Si Si, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Khaled Khatab, Masoud Behzadifar, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, G Anil Kumar, Margaret Kosek, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Kimberly B. Johnson, Andrew T Olagunju, Mowafa Househ, In-Hwan Oh, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Jae Il Shin, Ahmed Abdelalim, Catherine A. Welgan, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Sebastian Vollmer, Xiu-Ju Zhao, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Degu Abate, Ali S. Shalash, Davide Rasella, Melese Abate Reta, Hedayat Abbastabar, Manu Raj Mathur, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Joseph Frostad, Eirini Skiadaresi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Brigette F. Blacker, Carlo La Vecchia, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Foad Abd-Allah, Elias Merdassa Roro, Agus Sudaryanto, Fariba Ghassemi, Behzad Karami Matin, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Maheswar Satpathy, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Pallab K. Maulik, Amir Kasaeian, Ali H. Mokdad, Alemayehu Toma Mena, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ali Kabir, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Aberash Abay Tassew, Kala M. Mehta, Ionut Negoi, Hosni Salem, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Saleem M Rana, Engida Yisma, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Hossein Farzam, Krishna K. Aryal, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Juan Sanabria, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Shirin Djalalinia, Suraj Bhattarai, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Claudiu Herteliu, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Mohsen Bayati, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Gulfaraz Khan, Mostafa Leili, Nasir Salam, Ehsan Khodamoradi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Vahid Alipour, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rajesh Sagar, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Manasi Kumar, Mehdi Sharif, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Navid Rabiee, Gvs Murthy, Hamed Kalani, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Claudio Alberto Davila, Oluchi Okpala, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Mathew M. Baumann, Bereket Duko Adema, Lorenzo Monasta, Paul S. F. Yip, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Dhirendra N Sinha, Farid Najafi, Kebede Deribe, Paula Moraga, Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Vishnu Renjith, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Kamarul Imran Musa, Getaneh Alemu Abebe, Farshad Pourmalek, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Derrick A Bennett, Ahmad Daryani, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Apurba Shil, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Salman Khazaei, Jennifer Rickard, Ali Almasi, Sandra B. Munro, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Local Burden Dis Diarrhoea, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, Reiner, Robert C, Wiens, Kirsten E, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Baumann, Mathew M, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, Tampere University, Health Sciences, University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborator, and Violante FS
- Subjects
Low income countries ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Global Health ,THERAPY ,Global Burden of Disease ,0302 clinical medicine ,Prevalence ,Global health ,Medicine ,WATER ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Children ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,Incidence ,Mortality rate ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,1. No poverty ,General Medicine ,3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health ,Diarrhoea ,3. Good health ,Child, Preschool ,Middle income countries ,A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified ,TERRITORIES ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Infants ,Diarrhea ,AFRICA ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Childhood deaths ,RJ ,sanitation ,Developing country ,Childhood diarrhoeal morbidity ,ITC-HYBRID ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medicine, General & Internal ,General & Internal Medicine ,Environmental health ,SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS ,Life Science ,Humans ,Healthcare Disparities ,Oral rehydration therapy ,Risk factor ,hand washing ,Developing Countries ,Disease burden ,Global Nutrition ,Wereldvoeding ,Science & Technology ,SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY ,business.industry ,CHOLERA ,Public health ,Bayes Theorem ,diarrheal disease ,Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators ,ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE ,NA ,Human medicine ,Diarrea ,business - Abstract
Background: Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods: We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings: The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation: By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). S Aljunid reports additional funding from the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project outside of the study. A Awasthi is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through the INSPIRE Faculty Program outside of the study. A Badawi reports additional funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada outside of the study. A Barac reports additional funding from the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (no III45005) outside of the study. T Bärnighausen reports additional funding by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research outside of the study. F Carvalho and E Fernandez report additional funding from the Portuguese national funds (UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019) outside of the study. V M Costa reports additional funding from Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for her grant (SFRH/BPD/110001/2015), which was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitória – DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 outside of the study. J De Neve reports additional funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation outside of the study. K Deribe reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 201900) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship outside of the study. D Endalew and M Moradi report additional funding from Wolkite University. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana report additional funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI (project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084) outside of the study. C Herteliu reports additional funding from the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness (Project ID P_40_382) and the European Fund for Regional Development, through InterReg Romania-Hungary (project code EMS ROHU 217) outside of the study. P Hoogar reports additional funding from the Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalaghatagi and The Department of Studies in Anthropology, Karnatak University, D S Islam reports additional funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University outside of the study. A Khatony reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah outside of the study. J Khubchandani reports additional funding from Merck Research Laboratories outside of the study. K Krishan reports additional funding from the UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India outside of the study. M Kumar reports additional funding from the Fogarty Foundation/NIH through a K43 award (TW010716-01A1) outside of the study. B Lacey reports additional funding from the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK) outside of the study. A M Samy reports additional funding from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program (EFMP) outside of the study. S Seyedmousavi reports additional funding from the Intramural Program of National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA outside of the study. M Shey reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust Kenji Shibuya reports additional funding from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology outside of the study. M Sobhiyeh reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences outside of the study. J Soriano reports additional funding from Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain outside of the study. N Taveira reports additional funding from the LIFE study (RIA2016MC-1615) of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) program supported by the European Union outside of the study. B Unnikrishnan reports additional funding from the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India outside of the study. T Wijeratne reports additional funding from the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka outside of the study. C S Wiysonge reports additional funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa outside of the study.
- Published
- 2020
46. Electronic Health Information Systems to Improve Disease Diagnosis and Management at Point-of-Care in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Narrative Review
- Author
-
Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson, Boikhutso Tlou, and Thokozani Khubone
- Subjects
low and middle income countries ,020205 medical informatics ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,diagnosis ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Review ,02 engineering and technology ,Disease ,Health informatics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pandemic ,Health care ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Point of care ,lcsh:R5-920 ,treatment ,business.industry ,electronic health information system ,Service provider ,medicine.disease ,Low and middle income countries ,point-of-care ,Business ,Medical emergency ,lcsh:Medicine (General) - Abstract
The purpose of an electronic health information system (EHIS) is to support health care workers in providing health care services to an individual client and to enable data exchange among service providers. The demand to explore the use of EHIS for diagnosis and management of communicable and non-communicable diseases has increased dramatically due to the volume of patient data and the need to retain patients in care. In addition, the advent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in high disease burdened low and middle income countries (LMICs) has increased the need for robust EHIS to enable efficient surveillance of the pandemic. EHIS has potential to enable efficient delivery of disease diagnostics services at point-of-care (POC) and reduce medical errors. This review provides an overview of literature on EHIS’s with a focus on describing the key components of EHIS and presenting evidence on enablers and barriers to implementation of EHISs in LMICs. With guidance from the presented evidence, we proposed EHIS key stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities to ensure efficient utility of EHIS for disease diagnosis and management at POC in LMICs.
- Published
- 2020
47. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hospital-based staff regarding physical activity at a private hospital in Johannesburg
- Author
-
Yurisha Ramautar, Thembelihle Dlungwane, and Boikhutso Tlou
- Subjects
hospital-based staff ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,knowledge ,Physical activity ,lcsh:Medicine ,Good attitude ,physical activity ,Health Promotion ,Hospitals, Private ,03 medical and health sciences ,South Africa ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Exercise ,Original Research ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,lcsh:R ,Significant difference ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Hospital based ,practice ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Family medicine ,attitude ,0305 other medical science ,Family Practice ,business - Abstract
Background: Physical activity has been established as an important component to incorporate into a healthy lifestyle. Hospital-based staff are also threatened by the risks of sedentary lifestyles, despite their association with a healthcare environment. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of private hospital-based staff regarding physical activity in Johannesburg.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed with a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics. A p-value less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.Results: A total number of 217 participants responded to the questionnaire. The majority of participants (n = 179; 82.49%) displayed excellent knowledge of physical activity, had a good attitude towards physical activity (n = 157; 72.35%) and displayed satisfactory practices (n = 137; 63.13%). Participants with the highest level of education had better mean knowledge, attitude and practice scores as opposed to those with lower levels of education. There was a statistically significant difference amongst staff categories in terms of knowledge (p = 0.004) and practice scores (p = 0.031). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference amongst different levels of education in terms of knowledge (p = 0.000), attitude (p = 0.02) and practice scores (p = 0.004).Conclusion: Staff members who participated in the study displayed only satisfactory physical activity practices. The hospital’s employee wellness programme should establish appropriate strategies to improve staff practices of physical activity in order to promote health. 
- Published
- 2020
48. Overview of lower urinary tract symptoms post-trauma intensive care unit admission
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou, Emmanuel Owusu Sekyere, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, and Ronisha Sathiram
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Urology ,Urinary system ,030232 urology & nephrology ,lcsh:RC870-923 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Urethral catheterisation (UC) ,Lower urinary tract symptoms ,Chart review ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Intensive care unit ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Trauma intensive care unit ,business.industry ,Core lower urinary tract symptoms score ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Indwelling urethral catheter (IUC) ,lcsh:Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology ,medicine.disease ,Polytrauma ,Informatics ,Population study ,business ,Urethral catheter complications - Abstract
BackgroundThe study was undertaken to assess the incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after short-term indwelling urethral catheter (IUC) in polytrauma patients admitted to a level one trauma unit using core lower urinary tract symptom score (CLSS). Data of patients admitted between January 2013 and December 2015 and meeting the study criteria were retrieved from the hospital informatics system. Chart review was done, and patients were subsequently interviewed telephonically.ResultsNinety-four respondents comprising of 81.9% males and 18.1% females out of the 221 eligible patients were contacted. The most common LUTS reported was urethral pain, and 90% had mild to moderate symptoms. No severe LUTS were identified. There was a positive correlation between the duration of IUC and LUTS, but there was no statistically significant association between age and LUTS in our study population.ConclusionShort-term duration of IUC in the trauma ICU patient is associated with predominantly mild irritative LUTS which are mostly self-limiting and may not need further investigations and management. CLSS was found to be a useful screening tool. Further studies are needed to confirm findings in our study.
- Published
- 2020
49. Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among adults attending an outpatient department at a tertiary referral hospital in Swaziland: a cross-sectional study
- Author
-
Boikhutso Tlou and Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cross-sectional study ,Prevalence ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Prediabetic State ,Tertiary Care Centers ,Impaired glucose tolerance ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Internal medicine ,Glucose Intolerance ,Outpatients ,Ambulatory Care ,Humans ,Medicine ,Outpatient clinic ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Prediabetes ,Abnormal glucose metabolism ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Diabetes ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Impaired fasting glucose ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Female ,Pre-diabetes ,Swaziland ,business ,Eswatini ,Research Article - Abstract
Background The exact prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes in Swaziland remains unknown. Estimates suggest that the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus is between 2.5 and 6.0% in Swaziland. The disparity in these estimates is due to a lack of quality data but the prevalence of diabetes is increasing in Swaziland. This study estimates the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes among patients in a tertiary hospital in Manzini, Swaziland. Methods A cross-sectional observational survey was used to estimate the crude and age-adjusted prevalence rates of diabetes and pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)) in the Manzini regional referral hospital of Swaziland. Diabetes was defined as a fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) and pre-diabetes was defined as an FBG of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L (110–125 mg/dL) and an FBG Results The crude prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes was 7.3% [95% CI 4.9–10.3] and 6.5% [95% CI 4.2–9.4], respectively, with clear gender differences in the prevalence of diabetes (men 1.6% vs women 5.7%, p = 0.001). On the other hand, significantly more men (3.6%) had pre-diabetes than women (2.9%) (p = 0.004). The overall age-adjusted prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes were 3.9 and 3.8%, respectively. Among the diabetic group, 3 (10.7%) had known T2DM, whereas 25 (89.3%) were newly diagnosed during the study. Advancing age, gender, raised blood pressure, abnormal body mass index, and wealth index were significant risk factors for T2DM or prediabetes. Conclusion The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adult outpatients in the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial hospital was higher than previously reported in the health facility in Manzini; suggesting the need for routine T2DM screening at outpatient departments.
- Published
- 2020
50. Additional file 1 of Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among adults attending an outpatient department at a tertiary referral hospital in Swaziland: a cross-sectional study
- Author
-
Mojeed Akorede Gbadamosi and Boikhutso Tlou
- Abstract
Additional file 1: Supplementary file 1. Crude and age-adjusted prevalence rates of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.